Deck 31: Mid-to Late Nineteenth-century Art in Europe and the United States

Question 1

A common theme among Symbolist artists was ____________.

A) Egyptian culture
B) irrational fears and desires
C) the idealized landscape
D) primitive cultures

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What device had artists used since the late Renaissance to project images for reproduction?

A) the camera obscura
B) the daguerreotype
C) negatives
D) lithographs

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In order to emphasize the abstract nature of his paintings, Whistler often chose titles that were more commonly used in ________.

A) psychology
B) music
C) poetry
D) mathematics

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Winslow Homer employed an unadorned realism in depicting the heroic struggles of ____________.

A) African-Americans
B) the working poor
C) soldiers in the Civil War
D) young male athletes

Question 5

__________ artists were committed to painting the modern world honestly.

A) Art Nouveau
B) Symbolist
C) Realist
D) Romantic

Question 6

Rossetti was one of the leaders of the __________ Brotherhood.

A) Romantic
B) Pre-Raphaelite
C) Impressionist
D) Symbolist

Question 7

Nineteenth-century Russian artists shared the __________ interest in presenting unflinching looks at grim reality.

A) Realist
B) Symbolist
C) Art Nouveau
D) Impressionist

Question 8

The Post-Impressionist artists discussed in the text found inspiration from all of the following sources EXCEPT ________.

A) non-western cultures
B) folk art
C) classical art
D) medieval art

Question 9

What painting characteristic of the juste-milieu style of art so captivated Napoleon III that he purchased it for his private collection?

A) Manet's Olympia
B) Cabanel's The Birth of Venus
C) Rude's The Dance
D) Whistler's Nocturne in Black and Gold

Question 10

The influence of Japonisme can best be seen in the paintings of which artist?

A) Courbet
B) Moreau
C) Rossetti
D) Van Gogh

Question 11

Garnering criticism from academicians, Carpeaux's The Dance did not possess the smooth and generalized features of _______________.

A) Neoclassicism
B) juste-milieu
C) Impressionism
D) Orientalism

Question 12

Courbet's A Burial at Ornans was criticized at the Salon for its disrespect of _________________.

A) his father's death
B) the rules of academic composition
C) his allegiance to the Catholic Church
D) the death of the Academy

Question 13

__________ and his compatriots designed furniture, stained glass, tiles, wallpaper, and fabrics.

A) Eakins
B) Homer
C) Whistler
D) Morris

Question 14

Which artist is known for producing portraits of some of Britain's leading intellectuals?

A) Timothy O'Sullivan
B) Henry Fox Talbot
C) Julia Margaret Cameron
D) James Abbott McNeill Whistler

Question 15

Van Gogh's insistence on his emotional state over fidelity to nature contributed to the development of which subsequent movement in modern art?

A) Symbolism
B) Japonisme
C) Expressionism
D) Art Nouveau

Question 16

__________ was regarded as one of the most uncompromising American Realists of the era.

A) Eakins
B) Ingres
C) Repin
D) Gross

Question 17

What significant change occurred in how art was conceptualized and created?

A) Political activism began to play a significant role.
B) Some artists retreated into their own imagination.
C) There was a response among artists to photography.
D) All of the above.

Question 18

Although it still stands today, the __________ was intended to be a temporary structure erected for the 1889 Universal Exposition.

A) Crystal Palace
B) Paris Opéra
C) Statue of Liberty
D) Eiffel Tower

Question 19

During the nineteenth century, who were major patrons of the arts?

A) monarchs
B) workers
C) church officials
D) industrialists and entrepreneurs

Question 20

William Morris's reaction against the mass-production of furniture and other functional objects was rooted in his ____________.

A) desire for his own wealth
B) socialist concerns for industrial workers
C) idea that art was only for the elite
D) religious beliefs

Question 21

The group of artists called the Société Anonyme des Artistes Peintures, Sculptors, Graveurs, etc. is particularly significant for its role in _____________.

A) promoting the work of women artists as equal to that of their male colleagues
B) the rise of independent exhibitions and gallery system to promote a diverse range of art
C) emphasizing the importance of art to represent the fleeting effects of light and color
D) unifying the avant-garde artists in France

Question 22

Manet's Olympia was based on a(n) __________ Renaissance source.

A) Netherlandish
B) German
C) Spanish
D) Italian

Question 23

What common denominator unifies the artists considered Post-Impressionists?

A) They lived in France.
B) Impressionism served as a springboard for their experimentation.
C) They rejected Classical ideas and form.
D) Their work is characterized by heavily built-up areas of paint called impasto.

Question 24

What impact did the suppression of the Paris Commune have on art after 1871?

A) There was a resurgence in political art.
B) Artists turned to lithography and other printed formats for social critique.
C) Overt political commentary diminished in the art of the avant-garde.
D) Avant-garde artists produce politically charged work anonymously and under pseudonyms.

Question 25

What about Dejeuner sur L'Herbe was particularly shocking?

A) the depiction of the female nude
B) the references to important artworks of the past
C) the "immoral" subject matter
D) all of the above

Question 26

Most of the Impressionists painted en plein air, meaning they painted outside the __________.

A) market
B) studio
C) revolution
D) church

Question 27

While most of the Impressionists were born in France, Mary Cassatt was born in __________.

A) America
B) Japan
C) Portugal
D) Ireland

Question 28

Which artist, known for depicting idyllic and carefree scenes, summed up the essence of painting by saying, "For me a picture should be a pleasant thing, joyful and pretty-yes pretty!"?

A) Rosa Bonheur
B) Mary Cassatt
C) Edgar Degas
D) Auguste Renoir

Question 29

In contrast to some of the other Impressionist painters, Renoir focused on the __________.

A) marketplace
B) street light
C) racecar
D) figure

Question 30

__________ accused Whistler of "flinging pots of paint in the public's face."

A) Morris
B) Ruskin
C) Homer
D) Eakins

Question 31

Napoleon III developed the Salon des Refusés for artists rejected from the official __________.

A) government
B) opéra
C) Salon
D) church

Question 32

What was a disadvantage of a daguerreotype?

A) The image was blurred.
B) The image would fade over time.
C) The image could not easily be reproduced.
D) All of the above.

Question 33

__________ was devoted to anarchist philosophies and developed an exhibition for Impressionists apart from the official Salon.

A) Pissaro
B) Manet
C) Eakins
D) Morris

Question 34

Although artists in different countries developed their own approach to Realism, what common interest united them?

A) a rejection of Academic standards for art
B) a desire to present an unflinching look at the lives of the working poor
C) a preference for oil painting
D) their political affiliation and activist role in society

Question 35

What common practice of early photographers, which seems problematic today, did not concern nineteenth century viewers?

A) Subjects were required to sit for extremely long exposure times.
B) Developments in photography were commercially motivated.
C) The chemicals used in photography were extremely toxic.
D) Documentary photographs were sometimes staged.

Question 36

The artist ____________ was reprimanded by the Ministry of Fine Arts for the sensuality of her figures.

A) Rosa Bonheur
B) Berthe Morisot
C) Camille Claudel
D) Mary Cassatt

Question 37

The earliest photographers asserted the artistic value of their work by ________________.

A) organizing museum exhibitions of their photographs
B) imitating the subjects and styles of painting
C) signing their names to the bottoms of prints
D) seeking patrons who would support their work

Question 38

American-born sculptor Edmonia Lewis employed a ________ style to address modern issues such as slavery.

A) Realist
B) Neoclassical
C) Impressionist
D) Symbolist

Question 39

Although associated with the Academy, Gustave Moreau's sensuous treatment of biblical themes served as a precursor to which art movement?

A) Neo-Impressionism
B) Symbolism
C) Impressionism
D) the Pre-Raphaelites

Question 40

How does Charles Garnier's Opéra illustrate the Academic practice of historicism?

A) It was built with Classical materials and engineering techniques.
B) Its design was based on Baroque architectural forms.
C) Its primary function was to entertain the French social elite.
D) It was part of urban planning efforts to redesign the medieval city of Paris.

Question 41

In Degas' The Rehearsal on Stage the seeming arbitrary cropping of figures suggests the influence of _____________.

A) synthetism
B) historicism
C) photography
D) medieval stained glass

Question 42

Gauguin's interest in __________ led him to give up his affluent lifestyle in search for the more simple pleasures.

A) Japonisme
B) the "primitive"
C) peasants
D) medieval cathedrals

Question 43

The Belgian artist James Ensor frequently used _______in his terrifying paintings, which combined aspects of Symbolism and Expressionism.

A) weapons
B) femme fatales
C) demons
D) masks

Question 44

What innovation seen in Rodin's The Burghers of Calais signaled his departure from established traditions of sculpture?

A) The figure grouping is placed at eye-level.
B) The figures show emotional anguish and despair.
C) Rodin suggests their pain through physical discomfort.
D) All of the above

Question 45

Which artist associated with Realism in the nineteenth century found great success in the Salon system, including receiving France's highest honor of membership in the Legion of Honor?

A) Courbet
B) Manet
C) Bonheur
D) Millet

Question 46

Cézanne's professed aim of painting was to ______________.

A) evoke a strong emotional reaction from the viewer
B) create an image of pure aesthetic pleasure
C) make of Impressionism something solid and durable
D) capture transitory effects of light and atmosphere

Question 47

In contrast to the Realists, Impressionist artists focused on scenes of the ______________.

A) religious icons
B) industrial monuments
C) upper middle class at leisure
D) social issues

Question 48

Antonio Gaudí was the major practitioner of Art Nouveau in Spain, where it was called____________.

A) Divisionism
B) Pointilism
C) Modernismo
D) Symbolism

Question 49

In what context did the notion of an avant-garde among artists first appear?

A) discussions by bourgeois members of the "café society" in Paris
B) alternative exhibitions of artists who had been rejected by the Salon
C) the writings of Karl Marx
D) in programs of French utopian socialists

Question 50

Which of the following was NOT part of Impressionist's painting technique?

A) painting en plein air
B) grinding and mixing his own paint
C) working while in a boat
D) rendering changes in light and atmosphere

Question 51

The reading room at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris demonstrates the tendency of late nineteenth century architects to ______________.

A) fuse a historicizing approach to form with new technologies
B) reject the use of mass-produced and industrial materials in design
C) explore new architectural forms that could reflect the modern world
D) adhere to the dictum that "form ever follows function"

Question 52

Reflecting Richard Morris Hunt's architectural training at the École des Beaux-Arts, the ideal American city he designed for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago was based on the symbolism of __________.

A) the American factory
B) Greek and Roman architecture
C) the skyscraper
D) Gothic cathedrals

Question 53

Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux relied on the English tradition of _______landscaping in designing New York's Central Park.

A) symmetrical
B) picturesque
C) Grand Manner
D) maze

Question 54

Julia Margaret Cameron was a creative early proponent of portrait __________.

A) lithography
B) photography
C) painting
D) sketches

Question 55

George Seurat developed a distinctive style of painting that he called ___________.

A) Divisionism
B) Synthetism
C) Orientalism
D) daguerrotype

Question 56

__________'s famous saying "Form ever follows function" had a significant impact on architectural design in the twentieth century.

A) Victor Horta
B) Charles Garnier
C) Louis Sullivan
D) Antonio Gaudi

Question 57

In what way was Gustave Courbet's Stonebreakers an explicit political statement?

A) He refused to exhibit it in the Salon.
B) His elevated his lower-class subject to the heroic status afforded history painting.
C) He rejected academic conventions to idealize the subject.
D) He depicted an actual event that spawned violent protests outside the city of Ornans.

Question 58

Although known best for his lithographed posters, Toulouse-Lautrec's organic forms and hand-drawn letters can be linked most closely to which art movement?

A) Symbolism
B) Arts and Craft Revival
C) Pre-Raphaelites
D) Art Nouveau

Question 59

The development of structural steel and the ________ were essential to the development of the modern skyscraper.

A) electric elevator
B) pre-cut glass panes
C) ancient techniques of concrete
D) cable car

Question 60

What was George Seurat's goal in his "Divisionist" paintings?

A) to enliven paintings through the use scientific theories about color and optic function
B) to bring Classical structure to the Impressionists' approach to painting
C) to use color to generate a strong emotional response from the viewer
D) to produce an idiosyncratic style characterized by the use of small dots of color

Question 61

Why are engravings important in spreading an artist reputation?

Question 62

How are the first skyscrapers designed and ornamented?

Question 63

How do the works of Mary Cassatt and Berthe Morisot compare to their male colleagues in Impressionism?

Question 64

Why did the Impressionist painters focus on scenes of leisure and landscapes?

Question 65

Art Nouveau artists and architects drew inspiration from _____________.

A) history painting
B) historic battles
C) the subconscious mind
D) nature

Question 66

Monet was fascinated with the subject of _______________ because of the way light played across its surface.

A) Rouen Cathedral
B) The Crystal Palace
C) Mont Sainte-Victoire
D) wooded landscape

Question 67

Who was William Morris?

Question 68

How did Manet break with conventions in his paintings?

Question 69

How is Central Park organized?

Question 70

What is repoussoir and how did Cézanne use it?

Question 71

Probably begun in the last year of his life Cézanne's The Large Bathers returned to ____________.

A) social issues
B) academic convention
C) decorative art nouveau line
D) pointillism

Question 72

Who was Camille Claudel?

Question 73

Garnier revived the __________ style in The Opéra , that earlier period of French greatness.

A) Gothic
B) Byzantine
C) Baroque
D) Oriental

Question 74

What is Art Nouveau?

Question 75

Known as synthetism, Gauguin's style involved brilliantly colored flat shapes, anti-naturalist color and _____________.

A) gold leaf
B) one point perspective
C) bold outlines
D) shading

Question 76

Important to the works of Seurat _________ observed that adjacent objects cast reflections on their neighbors and create the effect of their complementary color.

A) Michel-Eugène Chevreul
B) Edmund Burke
C) Charles Baudelaire
D) Cornelius Vanderbilt

Question 77

How is early photography related to Realism?

Question 78

What is Japonisme?

Question 79

In what ways was Henry Ossawa Tanner unlike his contemporaries in the Paris art world?

Question 80

What is Symbolism?