Deck 16: Plant Names and Classification

Question 1

The first person(s) of note to attempt to organize and classify plants was/were

A) Linnaeus.
B) Theophrastus.
C) Aristotle.
D) Plato.
E) Hogg and Haeckel.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Naming of a new cultigen or clade follows

A) the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).
B) the same rules as those used to name a newly discovered species.
C) a single system for both cultigen and clade; the system differs from the ICBN.
D) two different systems; one for the naming of cultigens and the other for the naming of clades. Both differ from the ICBN.
E) no particular rules; its up to the individual who first developed the cultigen or clade.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Common names for plants (such as squirrel corn) are ________.

A) based on unique, recognizable features of the plant
B) in the local language
C) often different in different regions of the country
D) often used for different plants
E) All of the answer choices are correct.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

One goal of plant taxonomists is to have ________ for each species.

A) a single name in each international language
B) a single Latin name
C) a common name
D) a phrase name
E) two or more Latin names

Question 5

Linnaeus developed the first taxonomic key, a tool that ________.

A) described and named all plants known to him
B) was based on the phrase name for each species
C) allowed other workers to identify plants previously unknown to them
D) allowed people to name plants unknown to Linnaeus
E) is still in use today

Question 6

Which of the following factors lead to changes at the kingdom and domain level of classification?

A) New tools such as microscopes that allow scientists to see more structural and morphological detail.
B) Techniques in molecular biology that allow scientists to compare genetic characteristics.
C) Discovery of different physiology and behaviors of species.
D) Changes in the way data obtained from various sources is analyzed.
E) All of the above drive changes in classification systems.

Question 7

In Linnaeus' book, Species Plantarum, all known plants were

A) classified according to their evolutionary relationships.
B) arranged according to their families and orders.
C) listed by their Latin phrase names, with abbreviated names in the margins.
D) limited to three words or fewer per phrase.
E) lumped into two large classes.

Question 8

The kingdom-level classification system is now preceded by the ________ category, which is based on evolutionary and biochemical characteristics of all living organisms.

A) genus
B) family
C) order
D) division
E) domain

Question 9

Linnaeus' classes were based primarily on

A) leaves.
B) stamens.
C) stems.
D) roots.
E) petals.

Question 10

In the past, all organisms were classified in two kingdoms. Who proposed a three-kingdom system in the 1860s?

A) Linnaeus
B) Hogg and Haeckel
C) H. F. Copeland
D) Theophrastus
E) Tertius Kingston

Question 11

Linnaeus organized all known plants into 24

A) classes.
B) families.
C) orders.
D) genera.
E) divisions.

Question 12

Scientific names consist of two parts and the method of naming is known as ________.

A) vernacular system of naming
B) polynomial system of naming
C) phrase system of naming
D) binomial system of nomenclature
E) None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 13

In 1867, when about 150 botanists met in Paris and agreed on some rules pertaining to plants, one of their basic rules was

A) all plants should be classified in kingdoms.
B) all plants should be given an English name, in addition to a Latin name.
C) works of Linnaeus should be used as the starting point for all scientific names of plants.
D) all plants should have named varieties.
E) Linnaeus' Latin phrase names should be the official names of plants.

Question 14

In Latin binomials (i.e., scientific names of organisms), the second part of each name is referred to as the

A) species.
B) specific epithet.
C) genus.
D) author.
E) family.

Question 15

The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature is

A) a list of code names for all known plants.
B) a book written in Latin that gives the meaning of plant names.
C) a detailed list of plant importation requirements for the countries of the world.
D) a book of rules, written in several languages, for naming and classifying plants.
E) a list of international symbols for various plants.

Question 16

One of the basic problems with Copeland's four-kingdom system was

A) it did not classify fungi.
B) it placed all single-celled organisms in one kingdom.
C) it did not consider algae protists.
D) basic differences in the mode of nutrition existed within his Kingdom Protoctista.
E) it did not distinguish organisms with prokaryotic cells from those with eukaryotic cells.

Question 17

In Whittaker's five-kingdom classification, which of the following is NOT used as a basis for distinguishing among kingdoms?

A) autotrophic nutrition (i. e., food obtained directly through photosynthesis)
B) ingestion of solid food
C) absorption of food in solution
D) prokaryotic cells
E) size of the organisms

Question 18

In the thirteenth century A.D., features of stem structure were used to recognize the following two groups: ________.

A) monocots and dicots
B) ferns and conifers
C) conifers and flowering plants
D) mosses and conifers
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 19

Linnaeus' classification system is now considered to be ________, as it was not based on evolutionary relationships.

A) out of date
B) phylogenetic
C) artificial
D) a 3-kingdom system
E) a 4-kingdom system

Question 20

In which century was Linnaeus' Species Plantarum published?

A) fourteenth
B) sixteenth
C) seventeenth
D) eighteenth
E) nineteenth

Question 21

A specific epithet is the second part of a Latin binomial (scientific name) of an organism.

Question 22

Slime molds are typical examples of the Kingdom Protoctista (later named Kingdom Protista).

Question 23

Which of the following species concepts is not very useful in defining plant species because some plant groups readily hybridize with other plant groups?

A) Interbreeding species concept
B) Morphological species concept
C) Phylogenetic species concept
D) Ecological species concept

Question 24

Species is the lowest rank of classification used today for any living organism.

Question 25

In the key to the major groups (phylum/division) given in the classification chapter, which of the following is/are used to distinguish among divisions?

A) cell types
B) presence or absence of xylem and phloem
C) food reserves
D) leaves
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 26

The foundation of any classification system is the species level. Which of the following is accepted as a way of classifying species?

A) Species are based on structural and morphological features of the plant body.
B) Species is a population capable of interbreeding within the population, and reproductively isolated from other groups.
C) Species are based on phylogenetic history; individuals with a common evolutionary background are species.
D) Species are groups of related individuals that occupy unique ecological niches.
E) All of these are currently in use by some segment of the taxonomic community.

Question 27

A dichotomous key is a twofold description of a kingdom.

Question 28

Whittaker's system of classification is based partly on three basic forms of nutrition.

Question 29

Keys constructed by taxonomists to aid in identification of organisms are usually

A) arranged according to the size of the organism.
B) very detailed.
C) dichotomous.
D) based on cell shapes.
E) not very useful.

Question 30

The singular of species is specie.

Question 31

Naming of a newly discovered species is done according to the Binomial System of Nomenclature.

Question 32

Scientists who specialize in identifying, naming, and classifying organisms are called ________.

A) botanists
B) taxonomists
C) ecologists
D) morphologists
E) plant reproductive biologists

Question 33

The cladistic species concept is based on ________.

A) evolutionary similarities and unique features of related groups of organisms
B) the understanding that no single factor can be used to identify species
C) ability of plant species to interbreed and form hybrids
D) tracing a living group to a fossil species
E) examining the geographic distribution of living species

Question 34

To which of the following do viruses belong?

A) Kingdom Monera
B) Kingdom Protoctista
C) Kingdom Fungi
D) Kingdom Plantae
E) None of these answers are correct.

Question 35

Which of the following signifies the classification rank of the scientific name Allium cepa?

A) division
B) family
C) order
D) genus
E) species

Question 36

Latin phrase names were in use before Linnaeus assigned the generic (genus) name as the first word of a binomial.

Question 37

Keys at the phylum (division) level may not be completely practical because of which of the following?

A) They may require chemical tests that are not easily performed.
B) They nearly always require electron microscopes.
C) They include so many exceptions that they become cumbersome.
D) They mainly consist of simple listings of organisms.
E) None of these answers are correct.

Question 38

All organisms with prokaryotic cells are assigned to Kingdom Fungi.

Question 39

Although currently the terms division and phylum for plants may be used interchangeably, initially the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) required the use of division for plants, phylum for non-plants.

Question 40

Which statement about the kingdom concept is INCORRECT?

A) The original concept of plant and animal kingdoms works well for complex organisms but simpler organisms do not fit in either of these two kingdoms
B) The increase in number of kingdoms was a result of enhanced technology that characterized organisms in greater detail.
C) After many years of research, it is unlikely that any additional kingdoms (above the existing 6) or any changes in existing kingdoms will occur.
D) Initially organisms were placed in either Kingdom Plantae or Kingdom Animalia if they made food by photosynthesis or ingested food.
E) Domains or super-kingdoms have been proposed to precede kingdoms in the classification hierarchy.

Question 41

Similar families of plants are grouped into orders.

Question 42

A plant name at the divisional rank always ends with opsida.

Question 43

Lichens do not fit easily into any of the classification schemes because they are really two organisms living together.

Question 44

Plant family names can be recognized by the name ending in -aceae.

Question 45

The earliest development of the kingdom concept divided all organisms into three kingdoms, animals, plants, and fungi.

Question 46

The science of classifying and naming organisms is called systematics.

Question 47

The language of scientific names is the Greek language.

Question 48

According to the principle of parsimony, a cladogram based on the greatest number of assumptions is most accurate representation of the phylogenetic relationship between organisms.

Question 49

Bacteria are separated from protists on the basis of size; protists being larger than bacteria.

Question 50

In the hierarchy of classification, a Class is higher in rank than an Order.

Question 51

A species name consists of a genus name and a specific epithet name.

Question 52

One drawback of an identification key is that it may oversimplify the differences between two organisms because it cannot list all the characteristics of each group.