Deck 16: Childhood and Adolescent Psychological Problems

Question 1

In childhood disorders there are different types of problems such as Symptom-Based Disorders.One such disorder is known as enuresis.Which if the following is the correct definition of enuresis?

A)Bedwetting
B)Sleepwalking
C)Lack of bowel control
D)Stammering

Answer 1

Bedwetting

Question 2

Studies of risk factors suggest that what percentage of children of lone parents are twice as likely to have a mental health problem as those living with married or cohabiting couples?

A)16% compared to 8%
B)14% compared to 7%
C)18% compared to 9%
D)20% compared to 10%

Answer 2

16% compared to 8%

Question 3

Which of the following are difficulties associated with the diagnosis of childhood psychological problems?

A)Establishing what is normal for a particular age
B)Differences in cultural norms
C)Rapid developmental change
D)All of the above

Answer 3

All of the above

Question 4

Comorbidity between childhood disorders is common.What percentage of children have more than one mental health diagnosis?

A)10%
B)15%
C)2%
D)17%

Question 5

Which of the following is not considered to be one an internalizing disorder?

A)Separation anxiety
B)GAD
C)Major depressive disorder
D)ADHD

Question 6

In ADHD impulsivity may result in the child taking part in which of the following activities?

A)Riding a bike fast over rough terrain
B)Shop lifting
C)Happy slapping
D)All of the above

Question 7

Studies of the prevalence of diagnosable childhood psychological disorders estimate that between what percentage of children and adolescents have a diagnosable psychological disorder ?

A)10-20%
B)20-30%
C)15-25%
D)5-10%

Question 8

In ADHD impulsivity may manifest itself in which of the following ways?

A)Impatience
B)Difficulty in appropriately delaying responses
C)Constantly interrupting others before they have finished what they have to say
D)All of the above

Question 9

In childhood disorders prevalence rates suggest that boys are more likely to have a disorder than girls,but that the prevalent disorder in boys is conduct disorders and in girls anxiety disorders.What percentage of 3-year-olds exhibit more mild difficulties (Richman,Stevenson & Graham,1982)?

A)18%
B)20%
C)15%
D)22%

Question 10

An area of psychology that is concerned with mapping how early childhood experiences may act as risk factors for later diagnosable psychological disorders,and attempts to describe the pathways by which early experiences may generate adult psychological problems is known as:

A)Clinical psychopathology
B)Developmental psychopathology
C)Applied psychopathology
D)Cognitive psychopathology

Question 11

In ADHD hyperactivity may manifest itself in which of the following ways?

A)Excessive fidgetiness
B)Excessive eating
C)Excessive shouting
D)Excessive thirst

Question 12

Most individuals with ADHD present with symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity,but in some one or the other pattern may be dominant.This has given rise to diagnostic sub-types such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,Predominantly Inattentive Type and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type.Each sub-type should be used if how many (or more)of the dominant symptoms are present?

A)6
B)8
C)4
D)2

Question 13

Most individuals with ADHD present with symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity,but in some one or the other pattern may be dominant.This has given rise to diagnostic sub-types such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,Predominantly Inattentive Type and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type.Each sub-type should be used if dominant symptoms are present with fewer than how many of the less dominant symptoms present?

A)6
B)8
C)4
D)2

Question 14

Children with ADHD can be distinguished from those with Oppositional Defiant Disorder/Conduct Disorder by the fact that the latter are likely to?

A)Be more aggressive
B)Live in families with a lower socio-economic status,
C)Have parents who also exhibit antisocial behaviour
D)All of the above

Question 15

Which of the following are true of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ADHD?

A)The impairment must be present before the age of 8 years
B)The impairment must be present in at least 3 contexts
C)The predisposition towards ADHD must be persistent and generalised
D)All of the above

Question 16

Clinicians have tended to organise childhood psychological problems into two broad domains based on the general behavioural characteristics of the child.One domain covers externalising disorders which are based on outward-directed behaviour problems such as which of the following?

A)Aggressiveness
B)Hyperactivity
C)Non-compliance
D)All of the above

Question 17

In childhood disorders prevalence rates suggest that boys are more likely to have a disorder than girls,but that the prevalent disorder in boys is conduct disorders and in girls anxiety disorders.Around what percentage of 3-year-olds can be expected to show moderate to severe behavioural problems?

A)10%
B)7%
C)12%
D)15%

Question 18

Adolescent height phobia has been shown to be a risk factor for what adult disorder?

A)Major depression
B)Personality disorder
C)Panic disorder
D)None of the above

Question 19

Known risk factors for childhood psychiatric disorders include which of the following?

A)Parental psychopathology
B)Repeated early separation from parents
C)Harsh or inadequate parents
D)All of the above

Question 20

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)can manifest itself behaviourally in many ways.Which of the following is not considered as one of these?

A)Lack of attention in academic,occupational or social situations
B)Making careless mistakes in school work or other tasks
C)Difficulty maintain attention until task completion
D)Sleepwalking

Question 21

Studies have found that decreased volume in part of the brain predicts poor performance on tests of attention and on tasks that require behaviour to be inhibited,suggesting that abnormalities in these brain regions may be responsible for some of the symptoms of ADHD.Which of the following brain area is being referred to?

A)The frontal lobes
B)The thalamus
C)The corpus callosum
D)The parietal lobes

Question 22

Hyperactivity and impulsivity are associated with which of the following consequences?

A)Lack of academic achievement
B)Parental rejection
C)Accidental injury
D)All of the above

Question 23

Gene linkage studies indicate that a region on which chromosome has the most consistent linkage evidence for ADHD?

A)12
B)14
C)16
D)18

Question 24

Children with ADHD are known to have deficits in which of the following?

A)Executive functioning
B)Perception
C)Motor functioning
D)Memory

Question 25

Some prenatal experiences appear to interact with a genetic predisposition to cause ADHD.These include:

A)Low birth weight
B)Maternal drinking
C)Birth asphyxia
D)All of the above

Question 26

Children with ADHD are known to have certain cerebral deficits and specifically have difficulty:

A)Inhibiting motor reflexes
B)Exhibiting emotion
C)Inhibiting responses
D)With numerical activities

Question 27

Adult AHDH has a number of impairing consequences,including:

A)Less safety at work
B)Poorer interpersonal relationships
C)Limited life satisfaction
D)All of the above

Question 28

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)studies of the brains of individuals with ADHD have revealed a number of significant differences between ADHD sufferers and nonsufferers.The brains of children with ADHD tend to be smaller by an average of _____.

A)3)2%
B)4)2%
C)5)2%
D)6)2%

Question 29

According to Kessler,Adler,Barkley,Biederman et al.,(2006)about _____ of those diagnosed with ADHD in childhood will carry that diagnosis into adulthood.

A)50%
B)20%
C)75%
D)35%

Question 30

According to Waldman & Gizer,(2006)abnormalities in certain neurotransmitters are implicated in ADHD.Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A)Dopamine
B)Norepinephrine
C)Serotonin
D)Glutamate

Question 31

Children with ADHD are known to have deficits in executive functioning.These functions are normally controlled by:

A)The frontal lobes
B)The thalamus
C)The amygdala
D)The parietal lobes

Question 32

ADHD is usually first recognised when the individual begins:

A)Reading
B)Schooling
C)Nursery
D)University

Question 33

Research suggests that the genes involved in ADHD are which of the following?

A)Dopamine transporter gene
B)The dopamine D4 and D5 receptors
C)SNAP-25
D)All of the above

Question 34

There is now considerable evidence pointing to the involvement of an inherited susceptibility to ADHD.Numerous twin studies have indicated mean heritability rates ranging between:

A)60-70%
B)50-60%
C)70-80%
D)30-40%

Question 35

In ADHD,abnormalities are usually found in the cerebellum's influence on the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits,and these circuits are involved in:

A)Choosing
B)Initiating
C)Carrying out complex motor responses
D)All of the above

Question 36

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)studies of the brains of individuals with ADHD have revealed a number of significant differences between ADHD sufferers and nonsufferers.The main areas affected include which of the following?

A)Frontal lobes
B)Parietal lobes
C)Temporal lobes
D)All of the above

Question 37

DSM-5 estimates that around what percentage of school age children worldwide are diagnosed with ADHD?

A)3%-7%
B)7-11%
C)10-14%
D)13-16%

Question 38

Another area of the brain that regularly exhibits abnormalities in association with ADHD symptoms is the:

A)Meninges
B)Cerebellum
C)Corpus callosum
D)Limbic system

Question 39

Children with ADHD are more prone to:

A)Bossiness
B)Shifting moods
C)Poor self-esteem
D)All of the above

Question 40

According to Krain & Castellanos,(2006),other brain areas exhibiting decreased volume in ADHD include:

A)The frontal cortex
B)Basal ganglia
C)Cerebellum
D)All of the above

Question 41

Conduct disorder is often associated with which of the following?

A)Guilt
B)Excessive empathy
C)Sexual behaviour
D)None of the above

Question 42

Conduct disorder is often comorbid with which of the following impulse disorders?

A)Kleptomania
B)Pyromania
C)Intermittent explosive disorder
D)All of the above

Question 43

A diagnosis of conduct disorder may be appropriate when which of the following characteristic are present?

A)Violent or aggressive behaviour
B)Deliberate cruelty towards people or animals
C)Vandalism or damage to property
D)All of the above

Question 44

Some early accounts of ADHD did allude to the possibility that hyperactivity resulted from various biochemical imbalances caused by which of the following factors?

A)Food additives
B)Refined sugar cane
C)Lead poisoning
D)All of the above

Question 45

According to Nock,Kazdin,Hiripi & Kessler (2006),a recent US study estimated the lifetime prevalence rate of conduct disorder in males at:

A)12%
B)5%
C)25%
D)10%

Question 46

A related category of disruptive behaviour disorders in DSM-5 is known as Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD).ODD is a diagnosis usually reserved for those children who do not meet the full criteria for conduct disorder,but who have:

A)Regular temper tantrums
B)Refuse to comply with requests or instructions
C)Appear to deliberately indulge in behaviours that annoy others
D)All of the above

Question 47

Learning theorists have suggested that parents may exacerbate ADHD symptoms in a rather different way to the psychodynamic theorist's view.Individuals with ADHD exhibit impulsive and disruptive behaviour which in many cases will require the need for control by the parent.In such circumstances the attention from the parent that these behaviours demand may be:

A)Reinforcing the behaviour
B)Conditioning the behaviour
C)Causing drive-reduction
D)All of the above

Question 48

There are two main subtypes of conduct disorder based on the age of onset.Childhood-onset type is defined by the onset of at least one criterion characteristic of conduct disorder prior to what age?

A)5 years
B)10 years
C)15 years
D)18 years

Question 49

According to Milberger,Biederman,Faraone & Chen (1997)prenatal exposure to nicotine causes abnormalities in which brain system which results in difficulties inhibiting behaviour?

A)Cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits
B)Serotonin reuptake inhibitors
C)Dopaminergic neurotransmitter system
D)Synapses

Question 50

According to Loeber,Burke,Lahey,Winters et al.(2000),epidemiological studies indicate that conduct disorder may be relatively common,with prevalence rates ranging from what percentage in girls?

A)10-23%
B)1)2-9%
C)5)5-10%
D)15-20%

Question 51

ODD is found more often in families in which at least one parent has a history of:

A)Schizophrenia
B)Imprisonment
C)ADHD
D)All of the above

Question 52

Which of the following are considered to be the categories of conduct disorder?

A)Aggressive behaviour that harms or threatens to harm others
B)Behaviour that causes vandalism,property loss or damage
C)Deceitfulness,lying or theft
D)All of the above

Question 53

According to Nock,Kazdin,Hiripi & Kessler (2006),a recent US study estimated the lifetime prevalence rate of conduct disorder at:

A)9)5%
B)3)2%
C)15.5%
D)20.3%

Question 54

Adolescent-onset type is defined by the appearance of conduct disorder symptoms only after what age?

A)18 years
B)12 years
C)10years
D)15 years

Question 55

Theory of mind is the ability to:

A)Have telepathic abilities
B)Understand one's own and other people's mental states
C)Lack of meta-cognition
D)All of the above

Question 56

For a diagnosis of conduct disorder,characteristic behaviours must have been present for at least:

A)3 months
B)12 months
C)8 months
D)18 months

Question 57

A study by Milberger,Biederman,Faraone & Chen (1997)found that what percentage of mothers of children with ADHD reported smoking a pack of cigarettes a day?

A)22%
B)12%
C)32%
D)42%

Question 58

Executive functioning is that range of skills that require:

A)Goal-directed behaviour
B)Planning,attentional control
C)Inhibition of inappropriate responses
D)All of the above

Question 59

Bettelheim (1973)proposed that hyperactivity resulted when a predisposition to ADHD is accompanied by:

A)Authoritative parenting methods
B)Authoritarian parenting methods
C)Avoidant attachment
D)Emotional deprivation

Question 60

According to Loeber,Burke,Lahey,Winters et al.(2000),epidemiological studies indicate that conduct disorder may be relatively common,with prevalence rates ranging from what percentage in boys?

A)4-16%
B)10-15%
C)1-2%
D)15-20%

Question 61

Conduct disorder has also been associated with certain family environments,including:

A)Rural environments
B)Urban environments
C)Same sex environments
D)Intellectually unstimulating environments

Question 62

According to Nock,Kazdin,Hiripi & Kessler (2006),a recent US study estimated the lifetime prevalence rate of conduct disorder in females at:

A)20%
B)7)1%
C)5)2%
D)3%

Question 63

GABRA2 is a gene associated with childhood conduct disorder and according to Dick,Bierut,Hinrichs,Fox et al.(2006),is also related to:

A)Adult crime rate
B)Adult sex addiction
C)Tourette's syndrome
D)Adult alcohol dependence

Question 64

According to Geller,Biederman,Griffin,Jones et al.(1996),childhood Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is regularly found to be comorbid with which of the following?

A)Tic disorders
B)Tourette's Syndrome
C)Eating disorders
D)All of the above

Question 65

US statistics suggest that between 1980 and 1995,violent crime by juveniles increased by over:

A)20%
B)30%
C)40%
D)50%

Question 66

According to Lahey,Loeber,Burke & Applegate (2005),studies suggest that childhood conduct disorder (but not childhood ADHD)predicts antisocial personality disorder in adulthood,but only in:

A)Lower socioeconomic status families
B)Northern hemisphere families
C)Same sex parent families
D)Only child families

Question 67

According to Lynam & Henry (2001)as with ADHD,conduct disorder is associated with neuropsychological deficits in cognitive functioning,including deficits in:

A)Executive functioning
B)Verbal IQ
C)Memory
D)All of the above

Question 68

According to Swedo,Rapoport,Leonard,Lenane et al.(1989),the mean age of onset of childhood Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is likely to be around?

A)15 years
B)10 years
C)5 years
D)2 years

Question 69

According to Schonfeld,Mattson & Riley (2005)delinquent behaviour and poor moral judgement in conduct disorder has been found to be higher in children prenatally exposed to:

A)Alcohol
B)Nicotine
C)Lead
D)All of the above

Question 70

Conduct disorder is associated with the development of deviant:

A)Moral awareness
B)Sexual practice
C)Personality disorder
D)Social behaviour

Question 71

Aggressive children also exhibit what is called a "hostile attributional bias" (Naseby,Hayden & DePaulo,1979),in which they will interpret not only ambiguous cues as signalling hostility,but also many cues which are generated by benign intentions.Once a hostile attribution is made,studies also suggest that there is what percentage of probability of an aggressive response?

A)70%
B)25%
C)50%
D)10%

Question 72

According to Lahey,Loeber,Hart,Frick et al.(1995),children with conduct disorder are also more likely to develop into adulthood with antisocial personality disorder if they have a parent with antisocial personality disorder or have:

A)Poor motor skills
B)Prenatal malnutrition
C)Low verbal IQ
D)Poor executive functioning

Question 73

According to Liu & Raine (2006),recent studies also suggest that externalising behaviours are associated with prenatal malnutrition,especially deficits in:

A)Proteins
B)Iron
C)Zinc
D)All of the above

Question 74

When children are exposed to uncertainty and stress early in their lives they may experience a range of emotions,including rejection,fear,confusion,anger,hatred,and misery which could lead the individual to become withdrawn and inward-looking.This is known as:

A)Internalising disorder
B)Externalising disorder
C)Dissocialise disorder
D)Attachment disorder

Question 75

Separation anxiety is often a normal feature of early development,but it can be triggered and exaggerated by specific life stressors such as:

A)Death of a pet
B)An illness
C)A change of schools
D)All of the above

Question 76

Dodge (1991,1993)has proposed a social-information processing model of antisocial and aggressive behaviour in which a history of which of the following is involved?

A)Trauma
B)Deprivation
C)Insecure attachment
D)All of the above

Question 77

What is the 12-month prevalence rate of diagnosable separation anxiety disorder in adolescents?

A)1)6%
B)3)6%
C)0)6%
D)7)6%

Question 78

A study by Costello,Compton,Keeler & Angold (2003)suggests that poverty has a direct causal effect on the level of conduct disorder in a local population.They studied conduct disorder in American Indian children before and after what opened on their reservation?

A)A Casino
B)A supermarket
C)A bar
D)A factory

Question 79

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)is now recognised as a relatively common anxiety disorder found in childhood,and its phenomenology is very similar to adult OCD.The most common obsession themes in children are:

A)Contamination
B)Aggression
C)Symmetry and exactness
D)All of the above

Question 80

Some recent studies have even identified a specific gene,which is associated with childhood conduct disorder.This is known as:

A)GABRA2
B)SNAP25
C)GABA16
D)DEPRA3