Deck 6: Anxiety and Stressor-Related Problems

Question 1

Specific phobias are defined as:

A)excessive worry bouts triggered by a specific object or situation
B)an abnormal sensitivity to light
C)an excessive,unreasonable,persistent fear triggered by a specific object or situation
D)a persistent fear of social situations

Answer 1

an excessive,unreasonable,persistent fear triggered by a specific object or situation

Question 2

The tendency for anxious people to attend selectively to threatening stimuli is called:

A)cognitive preference
B)cognitive reactivity
C)cognitive bias
D)cognitive disturbance

Answer 2

cognitive bias

Question 3

DSM-5 specifies ___ subgroups of specific phobias:

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)6

Answer 3

5

Question 4

Common phobias tend to focus on a small group of objects and situations and the main ones are:

A)cotton wool
B)chocolate
C)dolls
D)animals

Question 5

Around ______ of individuals in Western societies will develop a problem that is anxiety related at some point in their lives.

A)20-30%
B)30-40%
C)40-50%
D)60-75%

Question 6

According to conditioning theory Incubation is a phenomenon that should lead to:

A)distinction
B)extinction
C)annulation
D)conflagration

Question 7

Chronic anxiety can also be accompanied by:

A)dizziness
B)sexual problems
C)diarrhea
D)all of the above

Question 8

In a sufferer of an anxiety disorder the anxiety response:

A)occurs in a predictable manner
B)is always out of proportion to the threat posed by the situation or event
C)may result in an inability to hold down a regular job
D)is always attributable to a specific threat

Question 9

Many phobics are ______ to recall trauma at the time of the onset of their phobia:

A)unable
B)able
C)willing
D)unwilling

Question 10

For Freud,the function of phobias was to:

A)avoid parental conflict
B)avoid confrontation with real,underlying issues
C)avoid sexual conflict
D)avoid arguments

Question 11

Psychodynamic theory as developed by Freud saw phobias as:

A)repressed Ego
B)repressed Id impulses
C)repressed superego
D)repressed defence mechanisms

Question 12

In the famous "Little Albert" study by Watson & Rayner,they attempted to condition in him,a fear of his pet white rat.This was done by:

A)pairing the unconditioned stimulus with unconditioned response to produce the conditioned stimulus
B)pairing the conditioned response with conditioned stimulus which produced the unconditioned stimulus
C)pairing the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus which produced the unconditioned response and subsequently conditioned response
D)pairing the unconditioned response with the unconditioned stimulus to produce the conditioned response

Question 13

When anxiety disorders are comorbid with each other,they:

A)tend to have an earlier age of onset
B)tend to have a lower rate of chronicity
C)are less likely to be associated with depression
D)impact lass on social disability

Question 14

Surveys suggest that around ___ of the general population experience 'unreasonable fears'.

A)23.4%
B)60.2%
C)12%
D)72.3%

Question 15

J.B Watson was a famous:

A)Psychoanalyst
B)Scientologist
C)Neurologist
D)Behaviorist

Question 16

An anxiety disorder is:

A)an emotional state identified by panic attacks
B)an emotional condition classified by excessive checking
C)disordered thinking
D)an excessive or aroused state characterized by feelings of apprehension,uncertainty and fear

Question 17

According to a survey by McLean et al.(2011),lifetime prevalence rates for developing an anxiety disorder that was comorbid with another psychological disorder was for ___ for women and ___ for men.

A)44%; 34%
B)34%; 44%
C)24%; 34%
D)34%; 24%

Question 18

Debilitating symptoms of an anxiety problem include:

A)panic attacks
B)lack of appetite
C)uncontrollable thoughts,
D)all of the above

Question 19

Taijin-kyofusho is a common Japanese syndrome characterized by a fear of embarrassing or offending:

A)other people
B)oneself
C)one's elders
D)one's boss

Question 20

Phobic individuals acquire a strong set of phobic beliefs which:

A)information about why they think the phobia is threatening
B)how to react when they are in the phobic situation
C)appear to control their fear
D)all of the above

Question 21

One important issue in therapy for specific phobias is to:

A)ensure the individual never comes in contact with the phobic event or situation
B)address the phobic beliefs that sufferers hold about their phobic event or situation
C)ensure the individual has ample opportunity to talk about the phobic event or situation
D)ensure that any dreams about the phobic event or situation are analyzed

Question 22

Inherited components that are not specific to social anxiety,but related more to the inheritance of anxiety characteristics generally may be as high as _________.

A)30-50%
B)40-50%
C)50-60%
D)60-70%

Question 23

Specific constructs related to social anxiety disorder have been identified that appear to have a genetic component,and these include:

A)submissiveness
B)anxiousness
C)social avoidance
D)all of the above

Question 24

There are two predominant evolutionary theories of phobias.One is non-associative fear acquisition,the other is:

A)learned fear responses
B)biological preparedness
C)specific phobia acquisition
D)conditioning theory

Question 25

Studies have identified comorbidity rates of between 40% and 65% for some specific phobias and:

A)panic disorder
B)agoraphobia
C)depression
D)schizophrenia

Question 26

Family studies have indicated that offspring with social anxiety disorder are also more likely to have _______ with social anxiety disorder.

A)sisters
B)brothers
C)grandparents
D)parents

Question 27

The modest inherited element that is specific to social phobia has been estimated to account for as much as _____ of the variance in social fears generally.

A)11%
B)12%
C)13%
D)14%

Question 28

Recent evidence suggests that at least some phobias are closely associated with the emotion of:

A)anger
B)disgust
C)exhilaration
D)sadness

Question 29

Typical age on onset for social anxiety disorder is in:

A)early to mid-teens
B)mid 20s
C)middle age
D)childhood

Question 30

Specific behavioural treatments can be combined with ________ to produce integrated short-term therapies that involve cognitive restructuring,intensive exposure,and modeling,and these can be effective in as little as one 3-hour session.

A)minor neurosurgery
B)cognitive therapy techniques
C)meditation
D)hypnotherapy

Question 31

Cognitive processes that are characteristic of social anxiety disorder include:

A)highly critical interpretation of social performance
B)difficulty in processing negative feedback
C)excessive avoidance of post-event processing of social events
D)all of the above

Question 32

The key brain structure that mediates fearful responding to phobic stimuli is the:

A)amygdala
B)cerebral cortex
C)cerebellum
D)limbic system

Question 33

The disease-avoidance model of animal phobias (Matchett & Davey,1991)is supported by which of the following?:

A)evidence that a medical approach supports psychological disturbances
B)findings that sick individuals avoid animals
C)all spiders spread disease
D)findings that high levels of disgust sensitivity is a vulnerability factor for animal phobias

Question 34

Cross-cultural studies have shown that prevalence rates for social anxiety disorder are significantly lower in South-East Asian countries ,but this may be due at least in part to:

A)a better diet in South-East Asian countries
B)the fact that the expression of social anxiety differs across cultures
C)more relaxed lifestyles in South-East Asian countries
D)better diagnostic procedures in South-East Asian countries

Question 35

Social anxiety disorder has a lifetime prevalence rate of between ____ and ____ in Western societies.

A)6%; 27%
B)18%; 42%
C)4%; 13%
D)27%; 54%

Question 36

Spontaneous panic attacks are found significantly more often in people with _________ than in other types of phobias.

A)spider phobia
B)claustrophobia
C)needle phobia
D)height phobia

Question 37

DSM-5 describes some of the defining features of social anxiety disorder,which include:

A)avoidance of situations in which the sufferer believes he or she will show anxiety symptoms that will be negatively evaluated
B)experiencing extreme anxiety when conversing with others because of fear they will appear inarticulate
C)avoidance of eating,drinking,or writing in public
D)all of the above

Question 38

In the past,behavioural treatments of choice for specific phobias have tended to include:

A)systematic desensitization
B)flooding
C)counterconditioning
D)all of the above

Question 39

Sufferers of social anxiety disorder tend to:

A)overcompensate in social situations
B)over perform in education and the workplace
C)have longer romantic relationships
D)none of the above

Question 40

One major criticism leveled at evolutionary theories of phobia acquisition is that:

A)psychoanalytic theories are much more convincing
B)spiders have never posed a threat to the lives of our ancestors
C)evolutionary accounts can be constructed in a post hoc manner
D)none of the above

Question 41

Which of the following is a drug treatment for social anxiety?

A)serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
B)antibiotics
C)antipsychotic drugs
D)anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 42

Pathological and chronic worrying is the cardinal diagnostic feature of GAD,but it may also be accompanied by physical symptoms such as:

A)fatigue and trembling
B)muscle tension
C)headache and nausea
D)all of the above

Question 43

The most successful CBT treatments for social anxiety disorder include:

A)exposure therapy
B)social skills training
C)an integrated approach
D)cognitive restructuring

Question 44

Sensitivity to increases in CO2 have been suggested as a risk factor for panic disorder (Papp,Klein & Gorman,1993),and have given rise to what are known as "suffocation alarm theories" of panic disorder where increased CO2 intake may:

A)activate the hypothalamus
B)activate the frontal lobes
C)activate an over-sensitive suffocation alarm system
D)activate the adrenal system

Question 45

Because of the distressing physical symptoms experienced in panic disorder,_____________ is usually the first line of treatment provided for sufferers.

A)flooding
B)CBT
C)structured exposure therapy
D)psychoactive medication

Question 46

Goldstein & Chambless (1978)were the first to suggest that an important feature of panic disorder was the sufferer's:

A)physiological symptoms
B)responses to biological challenge tests
C)relationship with their parents
D)fear of fear

Question 47

The socially anxious person's tendency towards self-focused attention has the effect of:

A)reinforcing the individual's perception of their own anxiety
B)distracting the individual from focusing on the social task at hand
C)avoidance of future social situations
D)all of the above

Question 48

Agoraphobia is typically associated with fear of specific types of places or situations,including:

A)open spaces
B)bridges
C)queues
D)all of the above

Question 49

An account of panic disorder that alludes to biological differences between those that suffer panic disorder and those that do not is that the disorder may be caused by over activity in the:

A)amygdala
B)limbic system
C)noradrenergic neurotransmitter system
D)parasympathetic nervous system

Question 50

Panic attacks can be medically induced by administering carbon dioxide enriched air (CO2)or by encouraging hyperventilation.These are known as:

A)biological challenge tests
B)suffocation alarm tests
C)biological hyperventilation tests
D)oxygen efficiency tests

Question 51

The aetiology of agoraphobia has rarely received the kind of attention that has been given to panic disorder.This is because:

A)comparatively few people suffer from agoraphobia
B)agoraphobia isn't as debilitating as panic disorder
C)agoraphobia has only just been recognized as a specific and distinct disorder in DSM-5
D)agoraphobia rarely occurs independently of panic disorder

Question 52

The distress of panic disorder in Latinos tends to be externalized in the form of:

A)screaming
B)uncontrolled behaviour
C)aggression
D)all of the above

Question 53

Ataque de Nervos is an anxiety-based disorder found almost exclusively in Latinos in the Caribbean and is a form of panic disorder brought on by:

A)excessive use of marijuana
B)head trauma
C)stressful life events
D)none of the above

Question 54

Individuals who tend to develop panic disorder also tend to:

A)score very low on the Anxiety Sensitivity Index
B)have very low sensitivity to CO₂
C)catastrophically misinterpret bodily sensations
D)avoid safety behaviours

Question 55

Reiss & McNally (1985)proposed that some individuals have preexisting beliefs that bodily sensations may predict harmful consequences.This is known as:

A)anxiety beliefs
B)anxiety sensitivity
C)fear of fear
D)cognitive anxiety bias

Question 56

Which of the following physical symptoms are associated with panic attacks?

A)heart palpitations
B)perspiring
C)hyperventilating
D)all of the above

Question 57

Examples of safety behaviours include:

A)holding on to physical objects
B)sitting down
C)looking for an escape route
D)all of the above

Question 58

A common feature of panic attacks is hyperventilation,which is due to:

A)dysfunctional breathing patterns
B)a raised blood pH level
C)oxygen is then delivered less efficiently to body cells
D)all of the above

Question 59

The experience of a panic attack may include a feeling of not being connected to your own body or in real contact with what is happening around you.This is known as:

A)fugue
B)depersonalization
C)dissociation
D)disconnection

Question 60

Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)is a pervasive condition in which the sufferer experiences:

A)fear of fear
B)continual apprehension and anxiety about future events
C)continual flashbacks to past events
D)a desire to check that the environment is safe

Question 61

In neuropsychological studies,OCD sufferers appear to demonstrate a variety of basic information processing and executive functioning deficits,and these include deficits in:

A)spatial working memory
B)visual attention
C)motor response initiation
D)all of the above

Question 62

Individuals suffering with GAD have a series of information processing biases which appear to maintain hyper-vigilance for threat,create further sources for worry,and maintain anxiety.Which of the following are examples of such biases?

A)preferential allocation of attention to threatening stimuli and threatening information
B) expecting negative outcomes following predictive cues in classical conditioning studies
C)they resolve ambiguity by selecting the more negative or threatening interpretation of ambiguous information
D)all of the above

Question 63

It is a common clinical experience that many individuals with OCD believe that their unpleasant,unacceptable thoughts can influence events in the world.This is known as:

A)mental contamination
B)inflated responsibility
C)thought-action fusion
D)religiosity

Question 64

Neuropsychological perspectives on GAD have implicated which brain regions in the activity of worrying?

A)parietal
B)temporal
C)prefrontal
D)occipital

Question 65

The most common,and arguably the most successful,treatment for OCD is:

A)systematic desensitization therapy
B)flooding and modification
C)exposure and ritual prevention
D)computer-guided intervention

Question 66

Symptoms typical of PTSD include:

A)exaggerated startle responses
B)sexual dysfunction
C)dissociative feelings of detachment
D)all of the above

Question 67

At least 50% of GAD sufferers receive initial treatment with __________:

A)antidepressants
B)anxiolytics
C)benzodiazepines
D)antipsychotics

Question 68

The mood-as-input hypothesis of OCD suggests that perseveration of a compulsive activity is maintained by the accompaniment of which mood state?

A)positive
B)euphoric
C)manic
D)negative

Question 69

When pharmacological and psychological treatments have failed,neurosurgery has become an intervention of last resort in OCD.The most common procedure is:

A)cingulatomy
B)lobotomy
C)peripheral nerve surgery
D)microvascular decompression

Question 70

There is good evidence that actively suppressing an unwanted thought will actually cause it to:

A)occur less frequently once the period of suppression or inhibition is over
B)occur more frequently once the period of suppression or inhibition is over
C)become modified
D)come true

Question 71

Salkovskis,Rachman,Ladouceur,Freeston,et al.(1996)have defined inflated responsibility as:

A)the belief that one has no power to prevent subjectively crucial negative outcomes
B)the answer is c and d
C)the belief that one has power which is pivotal to bring about or prevent subjectively crucial negative outcomes
D)a characteristic that is a central causal feature of obsessive compulsive disorder generally

Question 72

Stimulus Control Treatment for Generalised Anxiety Disorder involves:

A)instructing the individual not to worry
B)encouraging the individual to control their worry by performing rituals
C)instructing the individual to worry at a specific time or in a particular location
D)keep a diary of their worries

Question 73

Universal characteristics of OCD sufferers,regardless of cultural background,include:

A)a relatively early age of onset
B)a preponderance of mixed obsessions and compulsions
C)a predominance of females
D)all of the above

Question 74

Trichotillomania is otherwise known as:

A)skin picking disorder
B)hair-pulling disorder
C)hoarding disorder
D)body dysmorphic disorder

Question 75

Recent theoretical views argue that OCD sufferers:

A)have a general memory deficit
B)overload executive processes with persistent checking behaviour which results in poor encoding of information and poor attention to relevant information
C)have specific memory deficits which result in poor encoding of information and poor attention to relevant information
D)demonstrate selective bias towards irrelevant stimuli

Question 76

Self-monitoring involves making the GAD sufferer aware of:

A)the importance of the technique of progressive muscular relaxation
B)the importance of challenging and replacing dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs about worrying
C)their fixed patterns of behaviour and the triggers that may precipitate worry
D)the actual or imagined rehearsal of adaptive coping responses that need to be deployed when a worry trigger is encountered

Question 77

Diagnosis of PTSD is considered only if the individual has experienced an extreme trauma prior to symptoms,such as:

A)an earthquake
B)witnessing a terrorist attack
C)been subjected repeatedly to distressing details of trauma
D)all of the above

Question 78

Over _____ of the population will be diagnosed with GAD at some point in their lifetime (Wittchen & Hoyer,2001).

A)5%
B)20%
C)25%
D)18%

Question 79

in OCD,obsessions are:

A)repetitive or ritualized behaviour patterns that the individual feels driven to perform in order to prevent some negative outcome happening
B)the systematic arranging of objects
C)behaviour patterns that act to reduce the stress and anxiety caused by the sufferer's obsessive fears
D)intrusive and recurring thoughts that the individual finds disturbing and uncontrollable

Question 80

Functional theories of GAD suggest that:

A)worrying is a necessary process that must be undertaken fully and properly in order to avoid future catastrophes
B)worrying occurs as a means of trying to anticipate problems
C)worry is an internal narrative process that prevents the individual from processing other - often more stressful - information
D)all of the above