Deck 24: Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890

Question 1

Which of the following were similarities shared by Venezuelan leader José Antonio Páez and American Andrew Jackson?

A) They were both successful military leaders.
B) They both had uneducated and poor beginnings.
C) They both challenged constitutional limits to their power.
D) They both were personalist leaders.
E) All of the above.

Answer 1

All of the above.

Question 2

After awaiting the return of the Spanish king, Ferdinand VII, to the throne, loyalists were disappointed when he

A) condemned the revolts in the colonies and reinstated the viceroy system.
B) rewarded nobility from Spain with more land grants in Latin America.
C) agreed to accept a constitution that was seen as "too liberal."
D) agreed to stop supporting Catholic missions in Latin America.
E) enforced lapsed taxes against the colonists.

Answer 2

agreed to accept a constitution that was seen as "too liberal."

Question 3

Who objected to the Junta Central in Spanish America?

A) Loyalists to the king
B) Loyalists to the nation of Spain
C) Poor farmers
D) Officials in the Catholic Church
E) Indigenous workers

Answer 3

Loyalists to the king

Question 4

Which of the following were significant preconditions for revolution in Mexico?

A) displacement of indigenous communities from their agricultural lands.
B) rising unemployment in urban areas.
C) crop failures and epidemics.
D) increased food prices with decreased productivity
E) all of the above

Question 5

When Napoleon Bonaparte deposed Spain's King Ferdinand VII, the colonial administrator in Mexico was overthrown because

A) local radicals perceived him as being part of a tainted political system.
B) local conservatives feared he would support the localist faction of American-born elites.
C) there was tremendous disagreement on the form the junta should take.
D) the viceroy declared himself dictator by authority of Napoleon.
E) there was a slave revolt supported by Hidalgo.

Question 6

The independence of Argentina was accomplished by:

A) confederated armies of peasants and loyalists.
B) mobilized English soldiers from the Napoleonic wars
C) military commanders, merchants and ranchers.
D) creoles from Uruguay
E) gauchos and caudillos

Question 7

Morales, Hidalgo, and Iturbide were all radicals in the independence movements. All of them were

A) elected to serve as officials in the new republic.
B) outlaws who had to run to Bolivia to avoid arrest.
C) supported by loyalist factions of local elites.
D) executed by firing squad.
E) commended by Ferdinand IV.

Question 8

The Junta Central was a political body established

A) to organize the overthrow of colonial powers.
B) in Mexico to maintain European domination.
C) to coordinate many diverse revolutionary groups.
D) to rule Spain's colonies during the French occupation of Spain.
E) to organize armed revolution in the United States.

Question 9

Independence in Brazil first occurred when

A) Bolivar overthrew the reign of King John VI after his return to Portugal.
B) Emperor Pedro I, son of the king of Portugal, declared Brazil a constitutional monarchy.
C) juntas turned Brazil into a constitutional republic.
D) the armies of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata freed the slaves, breaking the economic stronghold of Portugal.
E) Francisco Garibaldi was elected as the president of Brazil in 1831.

Question 10

A significant difference in colonial political experiences is that the British colonies had

A) grown accustomed to elections, political parties and factions.
B) a constitution written by committee.
C) peaceful coexistence with indigenous populations.
D) a more advanced economic trade system than Spain.
E) none of these.

Question 11

The overthrow of the Venezuelan, Mexican, and Bolivian colonial governments was initially instigated by revolutionary juntas led by

A) the uneducated peasantry.
B) landowning creoles.
C) local church leaders.
D) slaves.
E) the merchant class.

Question 12

The Confederation of 1867

A) recognized that Britain had lost Canada in the War of 1812 with the United States, and they were forced to withdraw.
B) was an Irish nationalist group that staged an invasion of Canada in that year.
C) caused a split in political loyalty and a civil war between British and French Canadians.
D) was a political accord that was reached between Canadians and Pontiac Indians over use of the Great Lakes (on the Canadian side).
E) created the Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa.

Question 13

The Mexican revolutionaries José María Morelos and Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla were

A) lawyers.
B) Catholic priests.
C) military officers.
D) labor union organizers.
E) physicians.

Question 14

Emperor Pedro I of Brazil published an article in which he called slavery

A) our "peculiar institution."
B) a "gift from God."
C) the "soft underbelly of Latin America."
D) the economic basis of the Brazilian nation.
E) a "cancer eating away at Brazil."

Question 15

Jose de San Martin's most effective troops were

A) Spanish ex-patriots.
B) former American convicts.
C) former American cowboys.
D) former Portuguese soldiers.
E) former slaves.

Question 16

Even though this state would fail by 1830, Simón Bolívar created Gran Colombia in 1824, which unified

A) the peoples of all Spanish-speaking America.
B) the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking territories.
C) Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador into one nation.
D) Central and South America into one coalition.
E) Haiti, Antigua, and Brazil into one nation.

Question 17

Initially, the two areas in Latin America that retained monarchies were

A) Mexico and Bolivia.
B) Peru and Chile.
C) Uruguay and Paraguay.
D) Mexico and Brazil.
E) Brazil and Argentina.

Question 18

One of the more significant problems facing Latin American independence movements was:

A) racial divisions.
B) how to incorporate the Catholic church.
C) indigenous emphasis of matrilinear powers.
D) making the transition to a capitalist economy.
E) secularizing education and government.

Question 19

The "crisis of legitimacy" that undermined colonial authority in Latin America was caused by:

A) revolutionary ideas.
B) the collapse of the imperial economy.
C) Napoleon's invasion of Spain and Portugal.
D) a peasant uprising that overthrew the Viceroyalty.
E) the example of the American War for Independence against Britain.

Question 20

In 1810, Spain's richest and most populous American colony, whose silver mines were the largest in the world, was

A) Venezuela.
B) Brazil.
C) Peru.
D) Mexico.
E) Bolivia.

Question 21

In the 1820's, Argentina and Brazil fought to a military stalemate, leaving this country independent:

A) Peru
B) Uruguay
C) Paraguay
D) Tierra del Fuego
E) the Archipelago Islands

Question 22

Despite emancipation of slaves in the United States, African Americans lived under harsh conditions, including

A) a mandatory seven-day workweek.
B) deportation to Liberia.
C) laws that prohibited African Americans from practicing Christianity.
D) "Jim Crow" laws that segregated public transportation, jobs, and schools.
E) all of these.

Question 23

Systematic resistance by Native Americans to U.S. government relocation is symbolized most by which event?

A) Battle at the Alamo
B) Battle of Little Bighorn
C) Pottawatomie Creek Massacre
D) Battle of Poltava
E) Harper's Ferry Raid

Question 24

The United States election of 1824 was controversial because:

A) One of the four candidates for president had been incapacitated by a stroke but ran anyway.
B) expansionist policies to the west dominated the political agenda.
C) the popular vote was superseded by the electoral college.
D) the provision for overturning slavery was narrowly defeated.
E) the faction known as "war hawks" did not support their own candidate.

Question 25

To settle Texas in northeastern Mexico, the Mexican government

A) built a railroad to access the area.
B) gave the land free to all its citizens.
C) first moved out all Spanish people.
D) invited Americans to come live there.
E) abolished the tax on land for all residents.

Question 26

The Shawnee leader who created a large organized alliance of Amerindians of the Ohio River Valley and Great Britain was

A) Pontiac.
B) Crazy Horse.
C) Tecumseh.
D) Wetamoo.
E) LeDuc Tho.

Question 27

Though they eventually were defeated, one advantage that Amerindians in Argentina and Chile had in checking settlers' southern expansion was an unlimited food supply from

A) guinea pigs.
B) herds of wild cattle.
C) buffalo.
D) the goats and sheep of the pampas.
E) all of these.

Question 28

The Mapuche tribes were ultimately defeated in their attempt to resist the Chilean military campaigns because

A) they practiced indigenous religion instead of converting to Catholicism.
B) they practiced human sacrifice, alienating potential supporters.
C) they were suspected of providing assistance in slave revolts, bringing down the wrath of both the government and the landowners.
D) they could not withstand the superior modern weaponry imported from industrialized nations.
E) they were on marginal lands that could not support the tribe, and the Chilean government starved them out.

Question 29

US western expansion relied upon:

A) popular support of the idea of Manifest Destiny.
B) railroads.
C) aggressive diplomacy
D) warfare against the Mexican and Amerindian populations.
E) all of these.

Question 30

During Brazil's war with Paraguay (1865-1870), large numbers of slaves

A) joined the Brazilian army in exchange for freedom.
B) were liberated by foreign armies.
C) temporarily controlled the Brazilian government.
D) petitioned the pope to mediate for them.
E) fled the country.

Question 31

A French army was driven out of Mexico by

A) Benito Juarez.
B) Simón Bolívar.
C) Tupac Amaru II.
D) Emperor Maximilian.
E) Aldo Suarez.

Question 32

The Trail of Tears was the

A) massacre of the Powhatan tribes along the Appalachian Trail.
B) route of the slave trade from the Carolinas to Mississippi and Alabama.
C) southern name for the route of General Sherman in his destructive siege and burning of Charleston.
D) exile to Texas of settlers who left to establish the Republic.
E) forced resettlement of Cherokee, Creek, and Choctaw peoples to the west of the Mississippi River.

Question 33

The Plains Indians (Sioux, Comanche, Pawnee, Kiowa) successfully resisted U.S. expansion in part because they

A) had become skilled users of horses and firearms.
B) had resistance to diseases, which the settlers did not have.
C) used a legal system to their advantage.
D) were far superior warriors.
E) had adopted the techniques of nonviolent resistance.

Question 34

After the American Revolution, Amerindians

A) were no longer exploited.
B) were pushed out of territories previously promised by treaties with Britain
C) peacefully coexisted with settlers moving westward.
D) depended on the American government honoring their commitments of support from the Revolutionary War.
E) were deported from the continent.

Question 35

The unity of the United States was threatened by rivalries over issues such as

A) defense of state interests
B) slavery
C) women's suffrage.
D) a and b
E) none of the above

Question 36

The Caste War was

A) a rebellion by the creoles and mestizos in Mexico against the caudillos.
B) an independence movement by the Choctaw confederation.
C) an alliance of the Plains tribes to resist western expansion.
D) a popular uprising of Maya that nearly succeeded in taking over the Yucatán
E) a mutiny against British Raj in India in 1857.

Question 37

One of the more vocal protestors of slavery came from which political faction?

A) emancipated slaves such as Frederick Douglass.
B) the Whig Party of Abraham Lincoln.
C) The Seneca Falls convention of 1849
D) Southern Baptists.
E) Socialist critics like Charles Fourier.

Question 38

People who wanted slavery to be outlawed were called

A) deconstructionists.
B) populists.
C) luddites.
D) libertarians.
E) abolitionists.

Question 39

Which of the following was true regarding the American abolitionist movement?

A) they believed slavery offended Christian morality
B) they believed slavery violated universal human rights.
C) it was supported by many women suffragists.
D) all of the above
E) a and b only

Question 40

By the mid nineteenth century, Mexico lost all but which of the following to the United States?

A) Texas
B) Arizona
C) New Mexico
D) California
E) Florida

Question 41

Canadian efforts to assimilate immigrants included

A) complete relaxation of immigration laws.
B) the discovery of penicillin to cure immigrant diseases.
C) teaching patriotism and English in school.
D) the adoption of all Romance languages as the official language.
E) forcing immigrants to wear badges of ethnicity.

Question 42

The Industrial Revolution created new demand for metals such as copper, zinc, and tin. This led to mining booms in

A) the United States
B) Mexico
C) Chile
D) all of the above.
E) a and c only

Question 43

One of the more popular destinations for immigration by Europeans was:

A) Brazil
B) Argentina
C) Mexico
D) Hawaii
E) a and b

Question 44

Most of the immigrants from Asia (especially China and India) after 1850 went to

A) Peru.
B) Canada.
C) Cuba.
D) the United States.
E) Polynesia.

Question 45

Canada decided to reduce Asian immigration in the 1880s by

A) signing the Chinese Exclusion Act.
B) enacting literacy and citizenship tests.
C) using a quota system.
D) imposing a head tax on Chinese immigrants.
E) None of these

Question 46

The adoption of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of a group as a result of contact with people from another culture is called

A) acculturation.
B) maturation.
C) revelation.
D) indoctrination.
E) calcification.

Question 47

Which of the following technological improvements changed the Argentine cattle industry at the end of the nineteenth century?

A) Refrigeration
B) The steamship
C) The invention of barbed wire
D) Lowered freight costs
E) all of the above

Question 48

Because Canada did not allow women to enter medical school before 1895, that country's first women doctors received their degrees in

A) Europe.
B) Argentina.
C) Brazil.
D) the United States.
E) Cuba.

Question 49

A group of women angered by their exclusion from an international anti-slavery conference, called for the Women's Rights Convention of 1848 which was held in

A) Paterson, New Jersey.
B) Seneca Falls, New York.
C) Toronto, Canada.
D) Washington, D.C.
E) Boston, Massachusetts.

Question 50

Much of Cuba's dense forest was cut for

A) merchant and naval shipbuilding.
B) cattle-grazing land.
C) expanding sugar production.
D) charcoal for new industries.
E) prevention of malaria.

Question 51

France's support for slavery decreased after

A) the Haitian Revolution.
B) the writing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
C) Napoleon conscripted slaves to fight his wars against Britain, promising freedom in exchange for military service.
D) sale of the Louisiana Territory reduced its need for plantation labor.
E) the French economy focused more on wine production and handicrafts than industrialized manufacture.

Question 52

Perhaps the most critical feature to economic integration was which form of technology in the western hemisphere?

A) telegraphs
B) electricity
C) railroads
D) refrigeration
E) computerization.

Question 53

The economic success of the United States in the nineteenth century was exemplified by the

A) telephone network.
B) rise of state and municipal governments.
C) increase in manpower of the United States army.
D) United States' railroad network.
E) All of these

Question 54

The first Western hemisphere nation to industrialize was:

A) Canada
B) The United States
C) Mexico
D) Russia
E) Argentina

Question 55

U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt and this naturalist worked for environmental preservation by creating large national parks.

A) Jane Goodall.
B) John de Bois.
C) John Adams.
D) John Locke.
E) John Muir.

Question 56

Working-class women transformed gender relations by

A) becoming directly involved in reform movements.
B) working outside the home.
C) armed revolution.
D) copying the tactics of the Jacobins in the French Revolution.
E) going on strike in the home.

Question 57

White Caribbean settlers, who were in the minority, were not enthusiastic about independence from European imperial governments because they

A) worried that disaster relief would not be provided.
B) feared slave revolts.
C) feared that trade would diminish.
D) felt vulnerable to economic takeover by the United States.
E) feared the rise of Caribbean tourism.

Question 58

After 1800, when the profitability of sugar plantations declined, which British groups pushed for the end of slavery?

A) labor unions
B) Protestant ministers
C) free traders
D) all of the above
E) b and c only

Question 59

One of the largest demands in "women's rights" in America took the form of:

A) equal wages for equal work as men.
B) the right to be legally independent.
C) demands for the right to vote.
D) access to higher education.
E) improved work conditions outside the home.

Question 60

Slavery lasted longest on the Caribbean islands of

A) St. Lucia and Martinique.
B) Haiti and Dominica.
C) St. Barts and St. Croix.
D) Turks and Caicos.
E) Cuba and Puerto Rico.

Question 61

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Andrew Jackson

Question 62

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Gran Columbia

Question 63

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
underdevelopment

Question 64

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Simón Bolívar

Question 65

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
personalist leaders

Question 66

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Louisiana Purchase

Question 67

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
development

Question 68

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Colonel Augustin de Irtubide

Question 69

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
U. S. Civil War

Question 70

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
caudillo

Question 71

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
abolitionists

Question 72

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
José Antonio Páez

Question 73

When confronted with the choice of economic growth or environmental protection,

A) Western Hemisphere nations tried to adopt a balanced policy.
B) some nations chose growth over protection.
C) all nations chose environmental protection.
D) all nations chose economic growth.
E) nations did not make a conscious choice between the two.

Question 74

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Benito Juárez

Question 75

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Caste War

Question 76

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Women's Rights Convention

Question 77

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Question 78

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
José María Morelos

Question 79

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Confederation of 1867

Question 80

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
acculturation