Deck 23: Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870

Question 1

The most persistent opponents of early Ottoman reforms were the

A) hereditary elites.
B) Janissaries.
C) religious leaders.
D) peasants and agriculturalists.
E) Jesuits.

Answer 1

Janissaries.

Question 2

The preferred language of the reformed educational system in the Ottoman Empire was

A) Turkish.
B) French.
C) Russian.
D) German.
E) Arabic.

Answer 2

French.

Question 3

The Janissary corps was officially disbanded when

A) the Battle of Navarino saw them fail to protect the Ottoman Empire's navy.
B) they were systematically defeated in the battle for Greek independence and committed suicide rather than face dishonor.
C) the French army of Napoleon defeated them in Constantinople.
D) the Russians defeated them in the Crimean War.
E) the sultan secretly trained a new artillery unit, which bombarded the Janissaries and wiped them out.

Answer 3

the sultan secretly trained a new artillery unit, which bombarded the Janissaries and wiped them out.

Question 4

The significance of the Crimean War was that it

A) marked the transition to modern warfare with the use of breech-loading rifles.
B) was the first war that utilized battalions of African soldiers in Europe.
C) marked the end of the "age of innocence."
D) was the most destructive war in human history.
E) marked a brief return to chivalry.

Question 5

Women's property rights in the Ottoman Empire

A) were upheld as a matter of Islamic law.
B) required a woman to sell her personal property upon marriage and give the money to her husband.
C) encouraged women to retain family property for her sons.
D) were abrogated under secular reforms that removed decision making from religious courts
E) were significantly influenced by women's rights in western traditions.

Question 6

Which of the following Tanzimat reforms are examples of westernization?

A) styles of military uniform
B) formation of a civil service brigade.
C) secularization of the legal codes
D) expansion of civil courts with equal access for all men.
E) all of the above

Question 7

Who became the leader of Egypt after the failure of the French, Mamluk, and Ottoman governments?

A) Gamal Nasser
B) Mohandas K. Gandhi
C) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
D) Muhammad Ali
E) Anwar Sadat

Question 8

Russian allies in the Crimean War against the Ottoman Empire included

A) England.
B) France.
C) Italy.
D) South Africa.
E) none of these.

Question 9

Serbia became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1805

A) because the Ottoman Empire was busy suppressing the Greek uprising.
B) but it was reabsorbed two decades later.
C) after Russian threats prevented the Ottomans from disarming Serbians following a Janissary revolt.
D) because Mohammad Ali recalled the Janissaries to Egypt.
E) by assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Question 10

Ottoman reforms

A) decreased the influence of women in society.
B) provided new universities for female students.
C) made women equal to men under the law.
D) provided women with greater job opportunities.
E) did not change women's position in society.

Question 11

The root cause of the Crimean War was the Ottoman Empire's goal, supported by the British and the French, to thwart

A) Russia's desire to expand south through the Black Sea for naval access to the Mediterranean Sea.
B) Russia's desire to spread Orthodox Christianity throughout the Ottoman Empire.
C) Ottoman domination of Serbia.
D) Russia's desire to control Constantinople (Istanbul).
E) Russia's siding with Greece during the 1829 independence movement.

Question 12

Muhammad Ali accomplished many aspects of modernization. Which of the following were his projects?

A) Establishing schools for military training.
B) Emphasis of European skills and sciences.
C) Achieving rule of Egypt for himself and his descendents until the 1950's.
D) Building factories and railroads that achieved long-lasting success.
E) All of the above

Question 13

The fez became a symbol of reform as a part of Turkish military dress because

A) they wanted a compromise between a hat and a turban.
B) the fez was brimless and could be used during Islamic prayer services.
C) the European style of leather-billed hats was thought to be ugly.
D) it was better suited to new artillery weapons.
E) it was distinctly different from the uniform of the Janissaries.

Question 14

After the war for Greek independence, Mahmud II

A) created a new artillery unit and bombarded the Janissaries.
B) eliminated the power of the religious elite.
C) restructured the bureaucracy, education, and laws.
D) made alliances with western Europe.
E) attacked Persia.

Question 15

The war for Greek independence resulted in the

A) defeat of the Greek revolutionaries and the execution of all traitors.
B) execution of the sultan.
C) defeat of the Ottomans by the combined Russian, British, and French fleets.
D) collapse of the Egyptian monarchy.
E) complete destruction of the Ottoman Empire.

Question 16

Which of the following were among the earliest reforms of the Ottoman Empire?

A) Creation of European-style military units
B) Standardization of taxation
C) Controlling the provincial governors
D) Standardization of land tenure
E) All of the above

Question 17

The Mamluks were

A) Descendents of Mongols enslaved in the Ottoman Empire.
B) the ruling family of Arabia.
C) slave-soldiers of Egypt.
D) a religious faction in Turkey
E) pro-western reformers in the Balkans.

Question 18

Under Tanzimat, the shari'a retained legal control over which area?

A) military law.
B) alcohol and tobacco prohibitions.
C) family law.
D) religious interpretations.
E) canon law

Question 19

The Tanzimat proclamations

A) called for public trials and equal protection under the law.
B) guaranteed some rights of privacy
C) called for the destruction of the university system.
D) a and b
E) all of the above

Question 20

The ulama opposed Selim III's reforms because

A) they did not want to lose their military power.
B) Selim had recognized Napoleon as emperor.
C) of the power Selim had granted to the Janissaries.
D) they feared the secularization of law and taxation.
E) Selim wanted to eliminate Islam.

Question 21

The British military advantage in the Opium War was provided by

A) poison gas attacks.
B) new gunboats.
C) tank divisions.
D) the machine gun.
E) large numbers of troops.

Question 22

Which of the following were factors hindering reforms in Russia?

A) lack of urbanization
B) predominance of agriculture.
C) poor transportation opportunities.
D) diversity of languages proscribing unification.
E) all of the above

Question 23

Although the Ottoman Empire emulated European modernization and stimulated commerce and urbanization, it was unable to solve which major problem?

A) Extraterritoriality, or sovereignty for foreign residents within Ottoman states
B) The imperial government's chronic shortage of money
C) Resistance from Christian sectors, which brought European sanctions
D) Overextension of the empire
E) The banking crisis of the 1850s

Question 24

Russian imperial expansion in the 18th century was east toward the Pacific, while in the 19th century it was focused on which direction?

A) the Pacific ocean
B) the Baltic coast
C) the southern borders
D) Poland and Romania
E) Prussia.

Question 25

The Opium War exposed the fact that the Qing land forces, the Bannermen, were, like the janissaries of the Ottoman Empire,

A) overpowering.
B) well trained but poorly led.
C) obsolete.
D) able to use martial arts to defeat the British navy.
E) traitors.

Question 26

When Britain was unable to obtain enough tea to meet its demand and China did not import enough British goods, the British responded by

A) starting the illicit trade of opium.
B) supporting the Bannerman to overthrow the Qing.
C) instigating the White Lotus rebellion.
D) bombing Saipei.
E) trying to destroy China's production of silk.

Question 27

Population pressures in China during the late Qing Empire were caused by:

A) doubling of the population in the space of 250 years.
B) a permanent floating population of unemployed and homeless people
C) imperial expansion of open lands for farming and transportation
D) a and b
E) all of these

Question 28

The Ottoman Empire was significantly weakened financially by:

A) The Crimean War
B) dependence on foreign loans
C) lack of infrastructure to support western-style reforms.
D) pegging the value of their currency to the fluctuating British pound
E) too small of a professional class to administer the new economy.

Question 29

The main force opposing westernization in Russia was

A) Slavophiles
B) Decembrists
C) student clubs
D) Orthodox church advocates
E) the nobility

Question 30

Significant decline in Ottoman trade happened when

A) Egyptian cotton exports soared as a result of the American Civil War
B) The Ottoman empire overspent on the Suez Canal project.
C) Islamic clerics refused to legalize coffee and alcohol trade.
D) British opium trade superseded Turkish opium and hashish.
E) they signed a trade monopoly on certain products with Russia.

Question 31

When the Qing banned the importation of opium, the British

A) stopped growing it.
B) made it illegal in England as well.
C) began growing cacao.
D) sent naval and marine forces to China.
E) sold their opium in the New World.

Question 32

The process of modernization in Russia in the nineteenth century was accomplished more smoothly than in the Ottoman Empire because

A) it had longer been an issue, starting with Peter the Great.
B) the Russian court emulated European fashion and languages.
C) Alexander's reforms did not include bringing in Western advisers.
D) a and b
E) All of these

Question 33

The construction of a railroad in Russia

A) was halted by the intervention of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
B) relied on American and British experts.
C) created a link between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.
D) allowed new territories to be opened in the Asian steppes.
E) was never completed because of financial problems.

Question 34

When Tsar Alexander I died in 1825, reformers in the military provoked

A) a confrontation with Japan that resulted in the Russo-Japanese War.
B) a border war with China.
C) a failed uprising called the "Decembrist Revolt."
D) the secretary of the defense into resigning.
E) widespread rebellion among the nobility.

Question 35

Which of the following were results of the Treaty of Nanking?

A) Hong Kong became a British colony.
B) British residents were granted extraterritoriality.
C) The British opened five Chinese "treaty ports."
D) The Qing paid 21 million ounces of silver to England.
E) all of the above

Question 36

Intellectuals pressing for reform in Russia wanted which of the following?

A) a constitution.
B) freedom of the press.
C) liberation of the serfs.
D) reorganization of the imperial bureaucracy.
E) all of the above

Question 37

Pan-Slavism was the doctrine

A) of diminishing economic returns.
B) of freedom for all serfs.
C) that Slavic peoples were inherently superior.
D) that advocated the unity of all Slavic peoples through military means.
E) that advocated the unity of all Slavic peoples through peaceful means.

Question 38

A significant impediment to Russian economic modernization was:

A) restrictions on work times imposed by the Orthodox Church
B) relative nonexistence of the middle classes.
C) the perpetuation of serfdom
D) complete lack of an educational system
E) demonization of the reform efforts of Peter the Great still lingered in the nobility.

Question 39

What was the major reason the Russian state resisted industrialization?

A) A deep suspicion of western ideas, especially liberalism and socialism
B) It was trying to initiate a communist revolution first.
C) Long-term disputes with Germany led to reluctance to use German advisers.
D) Serfs could not learn how to run machines.
E) Local landowners feared losing their labor force if peasants left the fields to go to factories.

Question 40

The Russian government viewed industrialization

A) as a necessary evil.
B) as the wave of the future.
C) as a sign of the decline of respect for religious authority.
D) as a potential environmental disaster waiting to happen.
E) with limited interest, preferring to import industrial goods.

Question 41

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Young Ottomans

Question 42

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Decembrist Revolt

Question 43

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
treaty ports

Question 44

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
extraterritoriality

Question 45

The founder of the Taiping (Great Peace) Movement, Hong Xiquan,

A) was assassinated by members of the armed forces.
B) was inspired by Christianity.
C) led a revolution that transformed Asia forever.
D) overthrew the Qing dynasty and became the first peasant emperor.
E) advocated nonviolence.

Question 46

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Pan-Slavism

Question 47

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Crimean War

Question 48

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Tanzimat

Question 49

Which of the following are true of Women under the Taiping?

A) They were organized into military brigades.
B) They were ordered to follow traditional foot-binding.
C) They participated fully in farming.
D) a and b
E) none of the above

Question 50

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Muhammad Ali

Question 51

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Serbia

Question 52

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Slavophiles

Question 53

The stresses that led to the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangxi region were initially a result of

A) severe loss of rural population.
B) foreign intrusion
C) foreign intrusion.
D) b and c
E) all of the above

Question 54

"Most-favored-nation status" meant that

A) any beneficial opportunities extended by China to another nation had to be offered to Britain as well.
B) the British gained a monopoly on trade with China.
C) China would allow missionaries from Britain only.
D) China and Britain obtained bilateral rights to attend each other's universities.
E) Britain was attempting to promote competition among Asian nations to see who would compete for British trade.

Question 55

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Bannermen

Question 56

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Treaty of Nanking

Question 57

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Opium War

Question 58

The Taiping Rebellion

A) was known as the "bloodless" civil war.
B) succeeded in its goal to Christianize China.
C) was a gambit designed to lure French and British forces to their destruction.
D) was the world's bloodiest civil war.
E) never actually took place.

Question 59

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
most-favored-nation status

Question 60

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Janissaries

Question 61

What were the most significant factors that prevented Russia's western-style modernization?

Question 62

What were the results of Napoleon's invasion of Egypt? How did Egypt respond to this European aggression?

Question 63

As was often common in empires in Asia, a major problem for modernization and economics in Qing China was _______________.

Question 64

Refer to Map 23.1 and discuss the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Was it the "sick man of Europe" as Tsar Nicholas proclaimed? Describe how different parts of the empire gained independence. Discuss the rivalry with Russia in the nineteenth century. What were Russia's goals? How did geography figure into Russia's ambitions in the Balkans?

Question 65

What was the "Eastern Question" and how did it bring about European and Russian intervention in Ottoman affairs?

Question 66

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Eastern Question

Question 67

The challenges that land-based Eurasian empires faced from European sea-based empires were very similar. The solutions they attempted were not. Compare the situations of the Ottoman and Qing Empires in the nineteenth century and their responses to the European challenge.

Question 68

What was the European perception of Russia after the Napoleonic wars?

Question 69

Nineteenth-century Qing China suffered from both foreign intrusion and social unrest. What was the most obvious demonstration of the Chinese people's dissatisfaction at midcentury? Explain in detail the causes and results of that unrest.

Question 70

Discuss the factors within China and among the Chinese people that explain the powerful British presence in China by 1842.

Question 71

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

Question 72

What were the long-term significant outcomes of the Crimean War?

Question 73

Using Map 23.2, explain why most of the rebellion in the Qing Empire took place in the southern part of the country. Why was there comparatively less rebellion in the western and northern ranges of the empire?

Question 74

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
fez

Question 75

Refer to Map 23.1 and locate Egypt. What European nation invaded Egypt at the end of the eighteenth century? What led to the modernization of Egypt and the expansion of Egypt into Syria?

Question 76

Describe the role Muhammad Ali had on Egyptian history in the post-Napoleonic era.

Question 77

What was a constant battle in modernization movements in the Empires of the 19th century?

Question 78

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Taiping Rebellion

Question 79

The Janissary revolt in Serbia and the execution of Selim III taught Ottoman leaders that reform had to be more systematic. The Ottoman response was the Tanzimat. Describe those reforms and evaluate their effectiveness.

Question 80

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Arrow War