Deck 16: Transformations in Europe, 1500-1750

Question 1

Many religious and intellectual leaders viewed the new science with suspicion, as shown by the Catholic Church's renunciation of

A) Leopold and Loeb.
B) Newton.
C) Lavoisier.
D) Voltaire.
E) Galileo.

Answer 1

Galileo.

Question 2

The scientist who asserted that mathematical laws governed the universe was

A) Isaac Newton.
B) Boethius.
C) Virgil.
D) John Harvey.
E) Henry the Navigator.

Answer 2

Isaac Newton.

Question 3

The most significant challenge posed by early modern astronomers was that of the "heliocentric" universe, first argued by:

A) Galileo Galilei.
B) Nicholas Copernicus
C) Johannes Keppler
D) Frances Bacon
E) Rene Descartes

Answer 3

Nicholas Copernicus

Question 4

Many Europeans believed that when natural disasters like earthquakes occurred, the cause was

A) plate tectonics.
B) punishment from God.
C) an imbalance of humors in the body.
D) that they were illusions.
E) an unvirtuous ruler.

Question 5

In response to criticisms leveled against Catholic practices, the church met from 1545-1564 at the

A) Council of Nicaea
B) Council of Constance
C) Council of Trent
D) Council of Florence
E) Council of Liubetch.

Question 6

The astronomer who discovered spots on the sun and mountains on the moon and who empirically demonstrated the heliocentric theory was

A) Tycho Brahe.
B) Johannes Kepler.
C) Isaac Newton.
D) Galileo Galilei.
E) Nicholas Copernicus.

Question 7

Martin Luther insisted that the only way to salvation was through

A) relying on "good works."
B) religious faith.
C) loyalty to the Vatican.
D) paying money to the church.
E) none of these.

Question 8

To promote his ideas, Luther used

A) peasant armies.
B) indulgences.
C) troubadours to sing of his greatness.
D) tournaments, festivals, and games.
E) the printing press.

Question 9

One of the most important developments of the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation was when Ignatius of Loyola founded the

A) Dominicans.
B) Inquisition.
C) Council of Trent.
D) Society of Jesus (the Jesuits).
E) Franciscans.

Question 10

The movement that began with Martin Luther's denunciation of indulgences and led to the rejection of the pope's authority was the

A) Protestant Reformation.
B) Catholic Reformation.
C) Orthodox Reformation.
D) Peasant Movement.
E) Babylonian Captivity.

Question 11

The critical cause of the scientific revolution was:

A) the reintroduction of ancient writings of Greek and roman science
B) the rejection of religious authority by a population weary of Catholic corruption
C) the discovery of the New World by maritime explorers convinced many that their preconceived ideas of the world were incorrect.
D) a challenge to the prevailing conception of the universe by Aristotle.
E) none of these

Question 12

How did King Philip II of Spain try to enforce religious orthodoxy?

A) Initiating a war of religion in Spain.
B) Promoting religious tolerance with favoritism for Catholics
C) Expelling all Jews and Muslims from Spain.
D) Using the Inquisition to punish heretics.
E) Taxing all non-Catholics excessively.

Question 13

In light of the challenges to the Catholic Church, many reforms were enacted, such as

A) mandating poverty for the Catholic institution.
B) instituting dietary restrictions to symbolize purity.
C) reforming the education of the clergy.
D) allowing priests and nuns to marry.
E) using the vernacular during mass.

Question 14

The challenge to the church and its supporters was intense and emotional, resulting in

A) a compromise representing theological common ground.
B) bitter "wars of religion."
C) the election of Pope Leo X.
D) European monarchs begging the pope for forgiveness.
E) all of these.

Question 15

Calvinism went further than Lutheranism in curtailing the power of the clerical hierarchy and

A) encouraging political rebellion.
B) empowering ordained clergy.
C) simplifying religious rituals.
D) building extravagant churches.
E) insisting on loyalty to the Vatican.

Question 16

The witch trials focused on what as the explanation of witchcraft?

A) women were more prone to witchcraft because they were weaker than men.
B) The Devil was the source of evil as the enemy of God.
C) Secular temptations led people away from righteous behavior
D) Petty jealousy and competition saw people use evil magic to harm others
E) Foreign influences (such as Jews and Ottomans) led people astray.

Question 17

John Calvin denied human faith could merit salvation, instead, he preached that salvation was granted by God to those

A) who are predestined.
B) who do good works.
C) who have sobriety.
D) who have good thoughts.
E) who follow the pope.

Question 18

Europeans viewed the natural world through two beliefs systems: belief based on Judeo-Christian scriptures, and

A) folklore, including magic.
B) science and ancestor worship.
C) conflict dualism and Greek mythology.
D) militarism and socialism.
E) pacifism and egalitarianism.

Question 19

The English Reformation led by Henry VIII differed from what Martin Luther had started because the king

A) wanted an annulment from his Catholic wife.
B) seized the land of monasteries and churches to give to his supporters.
C) challenged the pope's authority in England.
D) had parliament make him the head of the Church of England.
E) All of these.

Question 20

The Scientific Revolution demonstrated that the workings of the universe could be explained by applying which of the following?

A) experimentation
B) careful observation
C) mathematical calculations
D) rational inquiry
E) all of the above

Question 21

Charles V's son, Phillip II, inherited which of these states?

A) Germany.
B) Italy.
C) Portugal.
D) Spain.
E) All of the above.

Question 22

As the iron industry expanded, the consumption of fuel caused

A) a reduction in the use of iron and copper.
B) less destruction of forest woodlands because iron was used instead of wood.
C) deforestation.
D) the rise of a wealthy class of timber industrialists.
E) little to no change in the consumption of resources.

Question 23

The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by Charles V, a member of this dynasty, during the Counter Reformation:

A) Bourbons.
B) Huguenots.
C) Burgundians.
D) Habsburgs.
E) Romanovs.

Question 24

The class of landholding families below the aristocracy and nobility in England were called the

A) bourgeoisie.
B) peasants.
C) military.
D) gentry.
E) clerics.

Question 25

The business practice of selling shares to individuals to raise money for trading enterprises and to share the risk and profits was termed:

A) initial public offering.
B) joint stock company.
C) royal charter.
D) artisanal guildship.
E) mercantilism.

Question 26

The English Civil War started when

A) Charles II died without an heir and his Catholic brother James II took the throne.
B) James I inherited the throne after Elizabeth died, despite being an absolutist.
C) Charles I was executed after refusing to grant rights to Parliament and attempted to arrest his critics.
D) Oliver Cromwell executed the king
E) England attempted to impose its authority on Ireland and Scotland.

Question 27

Like merchants in the Islamic world, European merchants relied on

A) family and ethnic networks.
B) religious persecution.
C) nobility to fund all excursions.
D) joint-stock companies.
E) luck.

Question 28

The Enlightenment in Europe was

A) a uniform philosophical movement directed by the Royal Society.
B) derived from Aristotelian scientific thought.
C) the study of alchemy to make light on demand.
D) a blending of intellectual schools of thought from many diverse areas with the idea of improving the human condition.
E) based in Chinese and Amerindian naturalism.

Question 29

Although European peasants were free during the early modern era,

A) they were obliged to provide ten years of military service.
B) they were forced to head the decision-making offices of the government.
C) their standards of living may have declined between 1500 and 1750.
D) they rarely lived to age fifty.
E) they were forced into overseas service as missionaries.

Question 30

In spite of opposition to new ideas, the church did embrace some findings, including:

A) Copernicus' ideas of retrograde planetary motion.
B) Robert Boyle's establishment of the Royal Society to study the natural world.
C) the Gregorian calendar based on the new astronomy, as issued by the pope.
D) Galileo's explanation of the sun in the Letter to the Duchess Christina
E) Newton's ideas of gravity and thermodynamics

Question 31

The Dutch East and West India Companies gained financial supremacy in all Europe by

A) establishing a monopoly on products from the Indies.
B) forming themselves as a joint-stock company.
C) reducing the risk of overseas cargo trade by attracting many investors, thus spreading out the financial burden.
D) allowing trade of stocks in the market in Amsterdam.
E) doing all of these.

Question 32

The English managed to overcome the Dutch trade monopolies by what means?

A) establishing more overseas colonies
B) maintaining religious conformity among British colonies.
C) keeping business ventures solely under royal warrant
D) outlawing joint stock companies
E) building a larger navy to challenge overseas trade.

Question 33

The Edict of Nantes was revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV, eliminating

A) all Protestant clergy from France.
B) religious freedom for French Protestants.
C) Catholicism in France.
D) the threat to the English Channel by the Turks.
E) the Spanish Armada.

Question 34

What new crops helped the rural poor of Europe avoid starvation?

A) Manioc and peas
B) Cassava and rice
C) Blueberries and cranberries
D) Potatoes and corn
E) Wheat and millet

Question 35

Despite the fact that privileged families were much more likely to arrange marriages, unlike in other parts of the world, marriage patterns in early modern Europe reflected

A) marrying younger and having larger families.
B) marrying younger and having smaller families.
C) a freer choice of one's marriage partner instead of an arranged marriage.
D) a high rate of infant mortality.
E) a celibate religious lifestyle.

Question 36

Why were women not a greater part of the cultural movements of early modern Europe?

A) They were forbidden to learn to read.
B) They were barred from most schools, guilds and professions.
C) They were busy working in the household and did not have time for leisure activities.
D) It was considered in contradiction to the Bible.
E) Cultural perceptions would have targeted them as witches.

Question 37

Bourgeoisie means

A) wealthy urban class.
B) lower middle class.
C) nobility.
D) clergy.
E) royalty.

Question 38

The Enlightenment was termed such because it:

A) embraced the idea of a heliocentric universe in a society of devoted intellectuals.
B) was carried out by only a few "enlightened" thinkers who were often opposed by political and religious leaders.
C) proposed a fusion of religious ideas of Christianity and Buddhism
D) suggested that open criticism and change of society would lighten the oppression of absolutist leaders
E) provided that new science would "light" the way to a better society.

Question 39

In 1555, by the Peace of Augsburg, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V allowed German princes to choose

A) Catholicism or Calvinism.
B) Catholicism or Lutheranism.
C) Calvinism or Lutheranism.
D) a new emperor.
E) Islam or Christianity.

Question 40

Who were not deemed part of the "unworthy poor" in the Netherlands?

A) recent migrants from impoverished rural areas
B) itinerant peddlers
C) criminals
D) beggars
E) permanent city residents called the "deserving poor"

Question 41

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Scientific Revolution

Question 42

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
joint-stock company

Question 43

At the end of the English Civil War, the monarch was executed and replaced by

A) John Calvin.
B) John Smith.
C) Oliver Cromwell.
D) Thomas á Becket.
E) Samuel Adams.

Question 44

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
indulgence

Question 45

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Catholic Reformation

Question 46

The wars and devastation of the early modern era in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War, resulted in

A) the destruction of the national museums.
B) better European armies, weapons, and maneuvers.
C) gang violence in the streets of Paris and London.
D) a unified European state called the Holy Roman Empire.
E) a widespread pacifist movement in Europe.

Question 47

English political philosopher John Locke disputed the absolute authority of the monarch and claimed that if he

A) was elected by the people, he could rule forever.
B) fed the people, the people should be loyal.
C) abused his or her power, the people had the right and the duty to rebel.
D) ruled absolutely without controls, harmony would ensue.
E) ruled with morality, society would be moral as well.

Question 48

What is meant by the "balance of power" in early modern Europe?

A) the dependence on naval forces to achieve the strongest military.
B) Which country had accumulated the greatest number of overseas colonies.
C) Forming alliances with other European states to ensure that no one state became too powerful.
D) The declaration by all European states that they would not engage in any further wars with other Christian nations.
E) Maintaining equal military resources divided between imperial army and navy.

Question 49

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
gentry

Question 50

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
bourgeoisie

Question 51

The Netherlands revolted against Spain in the 1560s and 1570s because of

A) the Spanish military presence.
B) a worsening Dutch economy.
C) the imposition of the Spanish sales tax and Catholic orthodoxy.
D) an invasion by the Spanish navy.
E) a failing Spanish economy.

Question 52

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Protestant Reformation

Question 53

What was the overarching significance of the Versailles palace?

A) There were many exciting rides and attractions for foreign tourists.
B) It had a constantly changing theme.
C) Each year the national anthem was played to set the theme of the holiday season.
D) There was an annual contest to select the theme of the palace.
E) The gigantic palace symbolized the French monarch's triumph over the rights of the nobility.

Question 54

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
witch-hunt

Question 55

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Renaissance (European)

Question 56

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
stock exchange

Question 57

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Enlightenment

Question 58

How did European rulers pay their large war expenses?

A) By enforcing high taxes on Jews and Muslims
B) By making alliances with the rising commercial elites and protecting markets overseas
C) By warring with countries with large treasuries
D) By stealing the art treasures of the lands they conquered
E) All of these

Question 59

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
papacy

Question 60

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 brought about what in England?

A) A constitution and a bill of rights.
B) A Puritan dominated church.
C) A House of Commons in parliament.
D) An empire more expansive than any other European power.
E) The Royal Scientific Society as a result of the Scientific Revolutionaries "winning" over the Church authorities.

Question 61

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Glorious Revolution of 1688

Question 62

Describe the experiences of women in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe.

Question 63

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Little Ice Age

Question 64

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
tax farmer

Question 65

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Holy Roman Empire

Question 66

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
English Civil War

Question 67

From the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, how did the European states "pay the piper," as the chapter suggests? Were politics and warfare related to European economies and economic development?

Question 68

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Nicholas Copernicus

Question 69

Describe the disparities among the various social classes in European urban society between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Who were the bourgeoisie? What conditions did the poorer classes endure?

Question 70

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Martin Luther

Question 71

Warfare was nearly constant in Europe during the early modern era. Using the chronology at the beginning of the chapter, list the wars and examine their economic and human costs. Why were these wars fought, what was their outcome, and what was their significance in European history?

Question 72

How did the ideas of the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution affect the Enlightenment? Was the Enlightenment only an intellectual concept?

Question 73

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Isaac Newton

Question 74

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Versailles

Question 75

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
deforestation

Question 76

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
balance of power

Question 77

How did the basic tenets of Lutheranism and Calvinism differ from those of Catholicism? What was the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation?

Question 78

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Hapsburg

Question 79

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Edict of Nantes

Question 80

Discuss the failure of CharlesV to unify Europe and the ability of European monarchies to centralize state control in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.