Question 1

Bronchodilation occurs in response to stimulation of this autonomic receptor:&#10;A) &#945;-1&#10;B) &#945;-2&#10;C) &#946;-1&#10;D) &#946;-2&#10;E) M-1

Accepted Answer

Bronchodilation occurs in response to stimulation of β-2 adrenergic receptors. These receptors are located on smooth muscle cells in the bronchioles of the lungs, and their stimulation leads to relaxation and dilation of the airways, making it easier to breathe.

Question 2

Influx of this ion into the terminal of the presynaptic nerve mediates neurotransmitter release:&#10;A) Sodium&#10;B) Potassium&#10;C) Calcium&#10;D) Magnesium&#10;E) Chloride

Accepted Answer

The influx of calcium ions into the terminal of the presynaptic nerve is what triggers the release of neurotransmitters. Sodium ions and potassium ions play a role in the generation and propagation of action potentials, but they do not directly mediate neurotransmitter release. Magnesium ions and chloride ions do not play a significant role in neurotransmitter release.

Question 3

Which of the following tissues is NOT directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system?&#10;A) Skeletal muscle&#10;B) Kidney&#10;C) Liver&#10;D) Blood vessels&#10;E) Heart

Accepted Answer

Whereas smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are supplied by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic), skeletal muscle is supplied by nerve pathways originating in the motor cortex of the brain. While not all skeletal muscle activity is truly voluntary (e.g., reflex arcs), these pathways do not involve the autonomic nervous system per se.

Deck 9: Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System