Deck 3: The Victimoffender Overlap

Question 1

Research shows that approximately ______ of the correlation between violent victimization and offending is due to shared genetic factors.

A) 0%
B) 50-70%
C) 100%
D) 20-40%

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Who developed the general strain theory?

A) Robin Engel
B) Erving Goffman
C) Hans von Hentig
D) Robert Agnew

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which researchers advanced the principle of homogamy?

A) Sampson and Lauritsen
B) Cullen and Fisher
C) Clarke and Cornish
D) Felson and Cohen

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to the victim-rationality perspective, victimization can ______ subsequent offending.

A) decrease
B) increase
C) stabilize
D) predict

Question 5

Which is not an attribute of low self-control?

A) It is time stable.
B) It is developed in early childhood.
C) It differs between males and females.
D) It is developed through parenting practices.

Question 6

Which theory suggests that victimization and offending is part of a broader cultural belief in the acceptability and sometimes necessity of violence?

A) subcultural theories
B) victim-rationality perspective
C) population heterogeneity perspective
D) general theory of crime

Question 7

What does the population heterogeneity perspective state?

A) Victimization and offending are not related.
B) Victimization and offending both stem from risk lifestyles.
C) Victimization and offending both stem from biological factors.
D) Victimization and offending both are related to personality characteristics or environmental factors.

Question 8

Research shows that the victim-offender overlap does vary across neighborhoods and this variation is connected to attachment to the ______ and degree of ______.

A) code of the streets; structural deprivation
B) norms of violence; poverty
C) streets; low self-control
D) code of the streets; violence

Question 9

Greg loses his job and cannot find another one. As a result, he begins to rob stores. What theory can help explain Greg's offending?

A) subcultural theories
B) general theory of crime
C) general strain theory
D) routine activities and lifestyles theory

Question 10

What does the dynamic causal perspective suggest?

A) All offenders experience victimization.
B) People who spend time around offenders have higher risk of being victimized.
C) The linkage between victimization and offending occurs due to the influence and impact of these experiences directly on one another.
D) All people who experience victimization in childhood will go on to offend.

Question 11

Which is not a key assumption of general theory of crime?

A) Crime occurs in areas of high poverty.
B) Crime requires no special motive.
C) Crime occurs when there is an opportunity.
D) Crime is easy and exciting.

Question 12

According to routine activities and lifestyles theory, why does offending increase the risk that one will be victimized?

A) Offenders provoke the people around them.
B) Offending can be viewed as part of a risky lifestyle.
C) Offenders live in a culture that supports violence.
D) Offenders have low self-control.

Question 13

What are the two types of theoretical arguments for explaining the relationship between victimization and offending?

A) positivist school and classical school
B) macro theory and micro theory
C) dynamic causal perspective and population heterogeneity argument
D) biosocial explanations and general theory of crime

Question 14

Who was the first researcher to recognize the overlap between offending and victimization within homicide?

A) Hans von Hentig
B) Stephen Schaefer
C) Marvin Wolfgang
D) Benjamin Mendelsohn

Question 15

What happens to one's victimization risk the more enmeshed they are in deviant lifestyles during adolescence?

A) It increases over time.
B) It decreases over time.
C) It does not change.
D) It fluctuates.

Question 16

Which theoretical perspectives assert that victimization and offending are influenced by similar genetic factors that lead to an overlap between the two?

A) dynamic causal perspectives
B) biosocial explanations
C) subcultural theories
D) population heterogeneity perspectives

Question 17

What personality trait is shown to be linked to victimization and offending?

A) low self-control
B) neuroticism
C) being talkative
D) none of these

Question 18

The population heterogeneity perspective is also called the ______ argument.

A) causal
B) variations
C) noncausal
D) exponential

Question 19

Which crime is not identified in the book as being a crime that involves a victim-offender overlap?

A) juvenile delinquency
B) sexual assault
C) white-collar crime
D) property crime

Question 20

What theory can explain why some drug dealers experience property victimization?

A) biosocial explanations
B) dynamic causal perspective
C) victim-rationality perspective
D) routine activities and lifestyles theory

Question 21

Subcultural theories are similar to routine activities theories in that victimization may lead to subsequent offending.

Question 22

Bullying is the unintentional infliction of verbal or physical injury repeatedly over time by a more powerful perpetrator over a less powerful victim.

Question 23

The majority of research examining the overlap between victimization and offending has been conducted with sample from North America and Western Europe.

Question 24

Population heterogeneity argument is based on the claim that specific negative incidents (e.g., victimization) modifies attitudinal and behavioral patterns, in turn shifting the likelihood for engaging in the other (e.g., offending).

Question 25

Individuals who engage in offending are exposed more frequently to people and contexts in which victimization is likely to occur.

Question 26

Prostitution courts and diversionary programs have emerged as a method to reduce what?

A) recidivism associated with sex work
B) drug use associated with sex work
C) property offending associated with sex work
D) homicide associated with sex work

Question 27

The victim-offender overlap is present for all victims and offenders.

Question 28

Pure offenders are individuals who engage in crime but have no victimization history.

Question 29

General strain theory is one of the few that considers victimization as a risk factor for offending.

Question 30

General theory of crime defines crime as an act of force or fraud done in pursuit of self-interest.

Question 31

The population heterogeneity perspective is premised on the hypothesis that the victimization experience can serve as a turning point for some offenders.

Question 32

Which of the following is the most common type of intimate partner violence?

A) intimate terrorism
B) violent resistance
C) situational couple violence
D) none of these

Question 33

The principle of homogamy asserts that associating with criminals increases a person's risk of victimization.

Question 34

Victims are individuals who have been victimized but do not engage in crime.

Question 35

Homicide research demonstrates that anywhere up to ______ of homicide victims had previous offending records.

A) 60%
B) 50%
C) 10%
D) 20%

Question 36

There are two types of theoretical arguments when it comes to explaining the relationship between victimization and offending: the dynamic causal perspective and the population heterogeneity argument.

Question 37

What is a common motivation behind women's use of violence in intimate relationships?

A) financial gain
B) power and control
C) anger
D) self-defense

Question 38

What is it called when the victim is the first to use physical force against the subsequent slayer during a homicide event?

A) victim-precipitated homicide
B) victim-provoked homicide
C) offender reaction homicide
D) offender-precipitated homicide

Question 39

Biosocial explanations of the victim-offender overlap fall under the dynamic causal perspective.

Question 40

The most often cited theoretical explanation given for the relationship between victimization and offending is the lifestyles and routine activities perspectives.

Question 41

What are the three distinct types of individuals involved in crime?

Question 42

What is the subcultural of violence theory?

Question 43

Compare and contrast the dynamic causal perspective and the population heterogeneity perspective.

Question 44

According to the victim-offender overlap, why do certain people experience victimization?

Question 45

Describe the three major types of intimate partner violence? In which type or types is a victim-overlap likely?