Deck 11: Crime and Justice

Question 1

A business operation that seeks profit by supplying illegal goods and services refers to __________.

A) racial profiling
B) recidivism
C) organized crime
D) political crime

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The most common definition of crime is __________.

A) violating a moral belief
B) infringing on human rights
C) breaking a law
D) disobeying authority

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Deviant behavior that is a consequence of the self-fulfilling prophecy of a negative label is called __________.

A) secondary deviance
B) political crime
C) victimless crime
D) white-collar crime

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Criminal arrests tend to involve __________.

A) the middle class
B) the undereducated
C) part-time workers
D) immigrants

Question 5

What is the authors' explanation for the relationships between social class and the justice system?

A) The kinds of crimes listed by the FBI are those of the upper classes.
B) The police and others in the criminal justice system assume that upper-class people are criminal.
C) Economic deprivation may induce people to turn to crime to ease their situations.
D) People in the lower classes have social networks that help them to avoid detection and prosecution.

Question 6

The Uniform Crime Reports focus on __________.

A) crimes reported to the police
B) organized crime
C) political crime
D) corporate crime

Question 7

Moral order crimes are also known as __________ because they are commonly thought to only harm the person committing the crime.

A) primary deviance
B) secondary deviance
C) violence
D) victimless crimes

Question 8

Laws against victimless crimes __________.

A) reduce moral transgressions
B) are not enforceable
C) aid organized crime
D) target the young

Question 9

People generally think __________ crime is the greatest criminal danger.

A) street
B) white collar
C) blue collar
D) political

Question 10

An act of force perceived by the powerful as threatening to the status quo is called __________.

A) violence
B) a crime
C) secondary deviance
D) racial profiling

Question 11

Official crime rates from the UCR are __________ because the fluctuations they show from year to year could really be due to many factors.

A) lies
B) misleading
C) over reported
D) underreported

Question 12

White-collar crime refers to crime that is __________.

A) committed by people from working-class backgrounds
B) often termed "hustles"
C) committed by middle- and upper-middle-class people in the course of their business and social activities
D) committed by the Mafia

Question 13

Acts that violate laws that enforce the morality of the majority are known as __________.

A) white-collar crimes
B) moral order crimes
C) political crimes
D) organized crime

Question 14

The major benefit of using the NCVS is that __________.

A) people are more honest than the police
B) it targets only particular races of people
C) it includes crimes that occur regardless of whether police are involved
D) it takes into account the breaking of social norms that are not necessarily considered crimes

Question 15

__________ believe that a swift and severe punishment acts as a deterrent for criminals.

A) Progressives
B) Conservatives
C) Men
D) Women

Question 16

__________ is a major characteristic of organized crime.

A) Supplying legal goods and services that are in great demand
B) Dependency on the corruption of the police and government officials for survival
C) Encouragement of entrepreneurial activities by its members
D) A chaotic and inefficient organizational structure

Question 17

In 2010, women represented __________ percent of all arrests.

A) about 10
B) about 15
C) almost 25
D) 50

Question 18

There are two types of criminals: the __________ offender and the __________ criminal.

A) famous; everyday
B) habitual; one-time-only
C) drug; property
D) violent; white-collar

Question 19

__________ is an act that breaks the law regardless of whether it breaks a social norm.

A) Violence
B) A crime
C) Secondary deviance
D) Racial profiling

Question 20

People labeled as criminals in the United States are disproportionately __________.

A) women
B) the rich
C) racial minorities
D) Whites

Question 21

__________ is an example of corporate crime.

A) Negative advertising
B) Assault
C) Price-fixing
D) Slander

Question 22

Crimes that may offend the majority but do not harm other people, such as gambling, are called __________ crimes.

A) corporate
B) victimless
C) white-collar
D) blue-collar

Question 23

Mary was caught gambling and smoking marijuana. She argues that her actions were only affecting her and not harming others because she was engaging in __________, but she served jail time anyway because the state argued that it has a right to uphold the morals of its citizens who are opposed to Mary's activities.

A) a victimless crime
B) secondary deviance
C) organized crime
D) white-collar crime

Question 24

Punishments handed out for corporate crimes communicate that __________.

A) as a society we just are not that concerned with corporate crime
B) we view corporations as more responsible and accountable than other entities
C) safety and accountability, not profit, are the overriding goals of the American marketplace
D) corporate crime is generally rare and not very costly to American society

Question 25

Formal law enforcement policy begins with __________.

A) the police
B) the prison system
C) the laws
D) social norms

Question 26

Jim Crow laws __________.

A) only existed in the northern United States
B) enforced segregation between Native Americans and Whites
C) included practices that kept African Americans from voting
D) are still enforced widely

Question 27

The concept that, for a given offense, the judge must impose a specific sentence is called __________ sentencing.

A) determinate
B) mandatory
C) primary
D) terminal

Question 28

Billy knows that the tires his company is making are not as safe as they need to be because there is a defect in the manufacturing process, but he bribed a customs official to allow them into the country anyway. Billy is engaging in __________.

A) organized crime
B) street crime
C) white-collar crime
D) corporate crime

Question 29

__________ is among the practices involved in setting bail that undermine the principle of fair treatment.

A) A strict enforcement of the Eighth Amendment, which prevents the setting of excessively high bail
B) The amount of bail set, which overlooks the accused's ability to pay
C) The fact that those who can't pay bail are set free until trial and thus are thus treated as if presumed innocent
D) The amount of bail to be posted is based on a sliding income scale

Question 30

Cheating on personal income tax and time theft are examples of __________.

A) organized crime
B) street crime
C) white-collar crime
D) corporate crime

Question 31

__________ is the practice of targeting citizens for police encounters on the basis of race.

A) Racial profiling
B) Racial sensitivity
C) Character profiling
D) Aspect management

Question 32

Eric was arrested for damaging property in a political protest while his friend John engaged in the same activity during spring break and had his transgressions overlooked. This is because __________.

A) intent matters when the powerful determine law and enforcement
B) Eric broke a moral code
C) John didn't violate any laws
D) political protests violate human rights

Question 33

Central to the __________ system is a public battle between the accused and the accuser in front of an authority who can make a ruling.

A) plea bargaining
B) bail
C) adversary
D) jail

Question 34

Fewer than 10 percent of people charged with crimes ever go to trial. This is largely due to the process of __________.

A) court appeals
B) plea bargaining
C) habeas corpus
D) due process

Question 35

Billy has started an organization to supply people with drugs, prostitution, and money laundering. His efforts at organized crime in these areas have a good chance at succeeding because __________.

A) organized crime is seen as a benefit to society
B) there is always a desire for illegal goods and services
C) nobody has thought to organize the production and delivery of illegal goods before
D) we live in a lawless society

Question 36

__________ sentencing subordinates judicial discretion to the punitive, get-tough policies that have become popular with voters.

A) Discretionary
B) Mandatory
C) Indeterminate
D) Judicial

Question 37

Although Americans are most concerned with __________ crime, the most economically damaging crimes are __________.

A) street; corporate
B) corporate; white-collar
C) white-collar; street
D) organized; street

Question 38

Which of the following is most likely to show up in the Uniform Crime Report?

A) Tax fraud
B) Embezzlement
C) Bribery
D) Assault

Question 39

Angela was robbed three months ago and nobody was ever prosecuted for the crime. Angela was contacted to participate in the NCVS. Will Angela's robbery show up on her NCVS report?

A) No. The NCVS does not ask about property theft.
B) No. The NCVS only takes into account crimes that resulted in someone being put in jail.
C) Yes, if it was reported to the police.
D) Yes, even if it was not reported to the police.

Question 40

The definition of __________ views George Washington and Martin Luther King, Jr. as criminals.

A) street crimes
B) political crimes
C) white-collar crimes
D) organized crime

Question 41

Bernie Madoff ran a securities fraud known as a(n) __________.

Question 42

Which of the following is considered to be a political crime?

A) Insider trading
B) Government involvement in a secret action to overthrow a legitimate government in another country
C) Conflicts of interest
D) Price-fixing in order to ensure a lack of competition among corporations

Question 43

The case of the Jena Six is an example of __________.

A) racial profiling
B) a racially biased justice system
C) mandatory sentencing
D) determinate sentencing

Question 44

Vagrancy is an example of __________.

A) how our justice system is dominated by special interest groups
B) how our laws discriminate against some classes
C) police mistreatment
D) a political crime

Question 45

The police spend the majority of their time regulating __________.

Question 46

Judges had almost sole responsibility for punishing criminals until the decade of the __________.

Question 47

The __________ has the highest proportion of its citizens jailed at any time of any country.

Question 48

Laws against moral issues such as pornography, drug use, and gambling illustrate __________ as the powerful try to coerce others into accepting dominant morals.

A) the political nature of law creation
B) the lack of accountability for corporations
C) how rare political crimes really are
D) the violence inherent in the justice system

Question 49

Gambling, prostitution, and recreational drug use are examples of victimless crimes known as __________.

Question 50

Corporate or __________ crime is not punished by society in direct proportion to the costs of the crimes.

Question 51

The design of laws is influenced by a(n) __________ bias.

Question 52

The police are somewhat unique in the criminal justice process in that they tend to work with their clients in __________ which gives them a tremendous amount of decisional __________.

A) public; latitude
B) private; latitude
C) public; restriction
D) private; restriction

Question 53

In order to stop the cradle to prison pipeline __________ must be instituted to deal with inherent institutional inequalities that put people at risk of committing crimes and being detected and prosecuted for those crimes.

A) more humane prisons
B) a prison-industrial complex
C) a uniform crime report
D) early childhood intervention programs

Question 54

The fact that Native Americans are stopped and searched more than three times as often as Whites despite the fact that Whites are more likely to be found with illegal items is taken as evidence of __________ by the police.

A) blind justice
B) racial profiling
C) an adversary system
D) a political crime

Question 55

Wade is thinking about starting a company to run jails and prisons but wants to minimize his risks, so he works with various states to get a long-term contract and guarantees of minimum occupancy levels. Wade is becoming a part of the __________.

A) prison-industrial complex
B) state profit system
C) cradle to prison pipeline
D) humane prison movement

Question 56

Even when crime rates are low, people harbor fears about being a potential victim of criminal activities.

Question 57

The breaking of a law is the most common definition of __________.

Question 58

Jeff was arrested and convicted of his third felony. The judge has no choice other than to give him life without parole. This is an example of __________ sentencing.

A) mandatory
B) determinate
C) primary
D) terminal

Question 59

A monetary guarantee that a defendant will show up for a trial is known as __________, and it allows for a presumption of innocence until proven guilty.

Question 60

Failing to classify the systematically lower life spans for minorities as a crime illustrates the importance of the interests of the __________ class in defining crime.

Question 61

Discuss the problems with the statistics provided by the Uniform Crime Reports.

Question 62

Plea bargaining especially benefits the poor and those of moderate means because it saves them the expense of a lengthy trial while at the same time ensuring their rights and more lenient treatment.

Question 63

The data from official sources clearly indicate that people from certain social categories are more likely than others to be arrested for criminal activities.

Question 64

A key reason that criminal arrests involve the poor, undereducated, unemployed, and the working poor is that those groups are more likely to commit the crimes that cost society most.

Question 65

Discuss how the fact that the law is defined by the powerful in society influences the way that violence is viewed.

Question 66

What biases are evident in the U.S. correctional system? Who do they affect the most? Can they be fixed?
Ideal

Question 67

Use examples to describe the phenomenon called "white-collar crime" and discuss why that form of crime is treated more leniently than street crime.
Ideal

Question 68

How are corporate crimes different from white-collar crimes? Which is more damaging for society?
Ideal

Question 69

What types of things differentiate the U.S. correctional system from the world's most humane prisons?

Question 70

How has judicial discretion in sentencing changed since the 1970s? What are the effects of this?
Ideal

Question 71

The basic problem with the statistics from the Uniform Crime Reports is that they focus on white-collar, organized, and political crimes, while underreporting crimes of violence and crimes against property.

Question 72

Because crime is political in nature, including who gets to decide what counts as a crime and what does not, there is a class bias inherent in the law.

Question 73

The death penalty is administered fairly.

Question 74

Discuss the demographic characteristics of people arrested for crimes. In what way does social class impact these trends?

Question 75

In what ways are defendants encouraged to plea bargain?

Question 76

The fact that some activities are legal in one society and not legal in another and that what is and is not legal changes over time within the same society is evidence that there is not a universal standard for criminal behavior.

Question 77

Because the law is an inherently apolitical institution, a violation of law means that the crime is ultimately an act that has negative effects for society.

Question 78

Explain the cradle to prison pipeline and note what can be done to stop it. Use specific examples and theories.
Ideal

Question 79

Regardless of whether the case is heard by a judge or a jury, the outcome of a trial will be the same.