Deck 11: Aging and the Cardiopulmonary System

Question 1

With aging, what changes are seen in the elastic recoil and compliance of the lungs?

A) elastic recoil decreases and lung compliance increases
B) elastic recoil increase and lung compliance decreases
C) both will decrease
D) both will increase

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What of the following is one of the most prominent physiologic changes associated with aging?

A) decreased alveolar dead space ventilation
B) reduced airflow expulsion
C) decreased PaCO₂
D) increased D_LCO

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Approximately how many people living in the United States are 65 years of age or older?

A) 15 million +
B) 35 million +
C) 45 million +
D) 25 million+

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What changes can be expected in arterial venous oxygen content difference C(a-v)O2 with aging?

A) It decreases with age
B) It remains constant until age 30 then increases
C) It remains constant until age 60 then increases
D) It is not affected by aging

Question 5

In women, how much does the VC decrease per year?

A) 10 mL/year
B) 50 mL/year
C) 20 mL/year
D) 40 mL/year

Question 6

By age 60, what is the approximate value for the RV/TLC ratio?

A) 20%
B) 35%
C) 65%
D) 50%

Question 7

Which of the following factors may predispose the elderly to anemia?
I. Replacement of red bone marrow in long bones with fatty marrow
II. GI atrophy
III. GI bleeding
Iv. Insufficient income to purchase nutritious food

A) I and III only
B) I, II, III, and IV
C) I, II, and III only
D) II and III only

Question 8

What change in D_LCO is expected over the course of adult life?

A) It will decrease by 5%
B) It will decrease by 40%
C) It will decrease by 20%
D) It will decrease by 30%

Question 9

After age 20, how much does the FEV₁ decrease for males?

A) 50 mL/year
B) 40 mL/year
C) 30 mL/year
D) 20 mL/year

Question 10

At what adult age does the PaO2 generally start to decline?

A) 65 years
B) 45 years
C) 75 years
D) 55 years

Question 11

What effect does aging have on PaCO2 in the healthy adult?

A) It decreases until age 75 then levels off.
B) It increases 2 mmHg per year after age 45
C) It decreases 2 mmHg per year after age 45
D) PaCO2 remains constant throughout adult life

Question 12

By age 70, how much does the VC generally decrease?

A) 10-20%
B) 20-30%
C) 60-70%
D) 40-50%

Question 13

By what age do most of the pulmonary function indices reach their maximum levels?

A) 20-25 years
B) 40-45 years
C) 12-18 years
D) 4-8 years

Question 14

What changes would be expected in RV, VC and TLC with aging?

A) VC and TLC will decrease while RV remains constant
B) RV and TLC will increase while VC will decrease
C) RV will increase, VC will decrease, and TLC will remain constant
D) RV will decrease, VC and TLC will remain constant

Question 15

During exertion, how does the body compensate for the decreased compliance of the respiratory system associated with aging?

A) decrease the tidal volume
B) increase the tidal volume
C) increase the respiratory frequency
D) decrease the respiratory frequency

Question 16

How does the work expenditure of a 60-year-old to overcome static mechanical forces during normal breathing compare to that of a 20-year-old?

A) The work expenditure of the 60-year-old is only 80% of that of the 20-year-old
B) The work expenditure of the 60-year-old is 20% higher than the work expenditure of the 20-year-old
C) The work expenditure of the 60-year-old is 200% greater than that of the 20-year-old
D) The work expenditure is approximately equal

Question 17

After what age do the alveoli start to progressively deteriorate and enlarge?

A) 40 years
B) 60 years
C) 30 years
D) 30 years.

Question 18

What change can be expected in alveolar dead space ventilation throughout adult life?

A) It increases1mL/year
B) It increases 10 mL/year
C) It decreases 2 mL/year
D) It increases 0.1 L/year

Question 19

How is the ventilatory response to hypoxia affected in healthy men over age 65?

A) It is decreased 20%
B) It is decreased 10%
C) It is decreased 40%
D) It is decreased >50%

Question 20

With aging, what changes can be expected in the costal cartilages and thoracic compliance?

A) the costal cartilages remain unchanged but the thoracic compliance will decrease
B) costal cartilages calcify causing a downward slant of the ribs making the thorax less compliant
C) costal cartilages become more compliant causing the thorax to become more compliant
D) the costal cartilages remain unchanged but the thoracic compliance increases

Question 21

The maximum heart rate can be determined using what formula?

A) 180 - Age
B) 200 - Age
C) 160 - Age
D) 220 - Age

Question 22

What percentage of the elderly population is affected by a decreased cough reflex?

A) 30%
B) 10%
C) 70%
D) 50%

Question 23

In the elderly, what effect does regular exercise have on resting heart rate, bone density, and blood pressure?

A) Heart rate and blood pressure will decrease; bone density will increase
B) All three parameters will increase
C) All three parameters will decrease
D) Heart rate will remain stable; bone density will increase, and blood pressure will decrease

Question 24

How are stroke volume and stroke volume index affected by aging?

A) Both are increased
B) Both are diminished
C) The stroke index decreases and the stroke volume increases
D) The stroke volume decreases and the stroke index increases

Question 25

By what percent does the maximal oxygen uptake change between age 20 and age 60?

A) It decrease by 70%
B) It increases by 35%
C) It increases by 70%
D) It decreases by 35%

Question 26

How is the ventilatory response to hypercapnia affected in healthy men over age 65?

A) It is decreased 10%
B) It is decreased 30%
C) It is decreased >40%
D) It is decreased 20%

Question 27

Between age 30 and 80, what change occurs in the thickness of the left ventricle?

A) It increases by 25%
B) It decreases by 50%
C) It decreases by 25%
D) It increases by 50%

Question 28

How is aerobic capacity affected by age?

A) It decreases 20% between age 20 and 80
B) It remains constant between age 20 and 80
C) It decreases 1% per year
D) It decreases 50% between age 20 and 80

Question 29

By what amount does the cardiac output decrease after age 20?

A) It decreases 2% per year
B) It decreases 4% per year
C) It decreases 3% per year
D) It decreases 1% per year

Question 30

How is the work of the heart affected by aging?

A) It decreases 1% per year
B) It increases by 3% per year
C) It decreases by 3% per year
D) It increases 1% per year

Question 31

Which of the following contribute to elevated blood pressure in the elderly?
I. Increased total peripheral vascular resistance
II. Obesity
III. Sodium intake
IV. Stress

A) I, II, III, and IV
B) I and III only
C) I and II only
D) I, II and III only

Question 32

How does aging affect the total peripheral vascular resistance?

A) it decreases 3% per year
B) It increases 3% per year
C) It increases 1% per year
D) It decreases 1% per year