Deck 1: The Anatomy and Physiology of the Respitory System

Question 1

Which of the following sinuses are considered to be paranasal sinuses?
I. Maxillary
II. Frontal
III. Ethmoid
IV. Sphenoid

A) Maxillary
B) Frontal
C) Ethmoid
D) Sphenoid

Answer 1

Maxillary

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the nose?

A) humidfy inspired gas
B) conduct gas and food to lower airway
C) filter the inspired gas
D) warm the inspired gas

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which structure form the lower two-thirds of the nose?
I. Lateral nasal cartilage
II. Lesser and greater alar cartilages
III. Septal cartilage
IV. Fibrous fatty tissue

A) Lateral nasal cartilage
B) Lesser and greater alar cartilages
C) Septal cartilage
D) Fibrous fatty tissue

Answer 3

Septal cartilage

Question 4

What effect, if any, would be expected from the topical application of phenylephrine on the nasal mucosa?

A) vasoconstriction
B) vasodilation
C) no known effect
D) bronchospasm

Question 5

What is the term for widening of the nostrils that can occur during respiratory distress?

A) grunting
B) retractions
C) alar collapse
D) nasal flaring

Question 6

What is the term for the openings created by the alae nasi and septal cartilage?

A) nares
B) glottis
C) vestibule
D) choana

Question 7

What type of epithelium lines the anterior third of the nasal cavity?

A) cuboidal
B) pseudostratified ciliated columnar
C) stratified squamous
D) pseudostratified ciliated squamous

Question 8

Which of the following are functions of the upper airway?
I. Conduction of gas to lower airway
II. Prevent foreign materials from entering lower airway
III. Warm, filter, and humidify inspired gas
IV. Aid in speech and smell

A) I, II, III, and IV
B) I, III, and IV only
C) I, II, and III only
D) I, II, and IV only

Question 9

Which of the following can cause sinusitis?
I. Upper respiratory infection
II. Dental infection
III. Air travel
IV. Scuba diving

A) Upper respiratory infection
B) Dental infection
C) Air travel
D) Scuba diving

Question 10

Which structures form the upper third of the nose?
I. Nasal bones
II. Frontal process of maxilla
III. Lateral nasal cartilage
IV. Greater alar cartilage

A) Nasal bones
B) Frontal process of maxilla
C) Lateral nasal cartilage
D) Greater alar cartilage

Question 11

What is the submucosal layer of the tracheobronchial tree?

A) lamina propria
B) cartilaginous layer
C) epithelial lining
D) mucous blanket

Question 12

Which of the following structures form the anterior nasal septum?
I. Septal cartilage
II. Vomer
III. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
IV. Frontal process of maxilla

A) Septal cartilage
B) Vomer
C) Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
D) Frontal process of maxilla

Question 13

What is another term for conchae?

A) alae
B) choana
C) vestibule
D) turbinates

Question 14

In the oral cavity, what is the term for the space between the teeth and lips?

A) vibrissae
B) ventricle
C) vallecula
D) vestibule

Question 15

Approximately what portion of the sense of taste is reliant upon the sense of smell?

A) 60%
B) 80%
C) 40%
D) 20%

Question 16

Where is the olfactory region located in the nasal cavity?

A) choana
B) vestibule
C) superior and middle turbinates
D) middle and inferior turbinates

Question 17

In which structure would vibrissae normally be found?

A) oropharynx
B) laryngopharynx
C) nasal cavity
D) trachea

Question 18

The lymphatic channels are larger and more numerous in what location?

A) upper lobes
B) right lower lobe
C) left lower lobe
D) middle lobes

Question 19

Which of the following are primary components of the upper airway?

A) nose, oral cavity, pharynx
B) larynx, trachea, and bronchi
C) nose, oral cavity, larynx and trachea
D) nose, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea

Question 20

Among pediatric patients, in which age range is epistaxis most prevalent?

A) 10-14 years
B) 2-10 years
C) 8-16 years
D) newborn -2 years

Question 21

Which structure extends from the posterior nares to the superior portion of the soft palate?

A) oropharynx
B) palatine tonsils
C) nasopharynx
D) tongue

Question 22

To what structure does the upper portion of the thyroid cartilage attach by a membrane?

A) mandible
B) hyoid bone
C) epiglottis
D) tongue

Question 23

Which epithelium is present in the nasopharynx?

A) pseudostratified squamous
B) stratified squamous
C) cuboidal
D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Question 24

What structure is located between the glossoepiglottic folds in the posterior oropharynx?

A) vallecula epiglottica
B) lingual tonsils
C) rima glottidis
D) palatine tonsils

Question 25

Which laryngeal cartilage is primarily responsible for preventing food, liquids, and foreign bodies from entering the lower airways?

A) cricoid
B) epiglottis
C) thyroid
D) corniculate

Question 26

To what structure is the uvula attached?

A) hard palate
B) palatopharyngeal arch
C) palatoglossal arch
D) soft palate

Question 27

What spoon-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing?

A) vocal folds
B) base of the tongue
C) vallecula
D) epiglottis

Question 28

Which of the cartilages of the larynx are unpaired?

A) thyroid, epiglottis, and arytenoid
B) artyenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate
C) thyroid, cricoid, and cuneiform
D) thyroid, epiglottis, and cricoid

Question 29

How many ribs are identified as true ribs, attached directly to the sternum?

A) seven
B) eight
C) four
D) six

Question 30

Which laryngeal cartilage is shaped like a signet ring and forms a large portion of the posterior laryngeal wall?

A) epiglottis
B) cricoid
C) cuneiform
D) corniculate

Question 31

What is another name for the palatine tonsils?

A) adenoids
B) faucial
C) lingual
D) pharyngeal

Question 32

Which of the following are functions of the larynx?
I. Passageway for gas
II. Protects against aspiration
III. Generation of sounds for speech
IV.Warming and filtration of inspired gas

A) Passageway for gas
B) Protects against aspiration
C) Generation of sounds for speech
D) Warming and filtration of inspired gas

Question 33

What type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?

A) stratified squamous
B) pseudostratified squamous
C) pseudostratified ciliated columnar
D) cuboidal

Question 34

What is a common site for misplacement of endotracheal tubes during emergency intubation?

A) stomach
B) left mainstem bronchus
C) esophagus
D) left upper lobar bronchus

Question 35

What is another name for the pharyngotympanic tubes?

A) adenoids
B) conchae
C) auditory
D) faucial

Question 36

What is another name for pharyngeal tonsils?

A) palatine tonsils
B) lingual tonsils
C) faucial tonsils
D) adenoids

Question 37

Which structure extends from the soft palate to the base of the tongue?

A) nasopharynx
B) oropharynx
C) uvula
D) laryngopharynx

Question 38

What is the most frequent cause of hearing loss in young children?

A) tonsillitis
B) pharyngitis
C) sinusitis
D) otitis media

Question 39

What is the name of the structure that secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A) uvula
B) extrinsic lingual muscles
C) instrinsic lingual muscles
D) lingual frenulum

Question 40

Which structure extends from the base of the tongue to the upper end of the trachea?

A) laryngopharynx
B) thyroid gland
C) larynx
D) rima glottidis

Question 41

What is the primary component of the mucous blanket in the tracheobronchial tree?

A) glycoproteins
B) water
C) lipids
D) DNA

Question 42

Which type of epithelium is present in the larynx above the vocal cords?

A) pseudostratified squamous
B) stratified squamous
C) cuboidal
D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Question 43

Approximately how many IgE receptor sites are present on a single mast cell?

A) 1,000 - 5,000
B) 1,000,000 - 5,000,000
C) 100 - 500
D) 100,000 - 500,000

Question 44

At what level in the tracheobronchial tree are cilia completely absent?

A) respiratory bronchioles
B) bronchioles
C) lobar bronchi
D) mainstem bronchi

Question 45

Where are mast cells located in the tracheobronchial tree?
I. Lamina propria
II. Intra-alveolar septa
III. Sub-mucosal glands

A) Lamina propria
B) Intra-alveolar septa
C) Sub-mucosal glands

Question 46

How many times per minute do the cilia in the tracheobronchial tree move?

A) 1500 times
B) 2500 times
C) 500 times
D) 50 times

Question 47

When degranulation of mast cells occurs and chemical mediators are released, which of the following would occur in the lungs?
I. Increased vascular permeability
II. Increased mucus production
III. Smooth muscle relaxation
IV. Vasodilation with edema

A) Increased vascular permeability
B) Increased mucus production
C) Smooth muscle relaxation
D) Vasodilation with edema

Question 48

What is the term for the viscous layer of the mucous blanket?

A) gel
B) epoxic
C) basal
D) sol

Question 49

What is the space between the true vocal cords called?

A) vallecula
B) vestibule
C) rima glottidis
D) choana

Question 50

What is not a common cause of posterior nosebleeds?

A) nasal tumors
B) serious nose trauma
C) high altitude
D) drug abuse

Question 51

Which of the following is a subglottic airway obstruction usually caused by the parainfluenza virus?

A) pharyngitis
B) laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)
C) epiglottitis
D) tonsillitis

Question 52

Which of the laryngeal cartilages are single?
I. Cuneiform
II. Thyroid
III. Epiglottis
IV. Cricoid

A) Cuneiform
B) Thyroid
C) Epiglottis
D) Cricoid

Question 53

When excessive secretions are present in the lungs, what term describes the sound heard by ascultation over large airways during exhalation?

A) crackles
B) stridor
C) rhonchi
D) wheeze

Question 54

What is causative agent in the majority of cases of acute epiglottitis?

A) Streptococcus
B) MRSA
C) Parainfluenza virus
D) Haemophilus influenzae type B

Question 55

Which of the following factors can alter the mucociliary transport mechanism?
I. Excessive bronchial secretions
II. Tobacco smoke
III. Hypoxia
IV. Air pollution

A) Excessive bronchial secretions
B) Tobacco smoke
C) Hypoxia
D) Air pollution

Question 56

Which laryngeal muscles are primarily responsible for adduction of the vocal cords?

A) transverse arytenoid
B) lateral cricoarytenoid
C) posterior cricoarytenoid
D) thyroarytenoid

Question 57

What is the secondary vital function of the larynx?

A) Gag reflex
B) Babinski reflex
C) Valsalva's maneuver
D) Moro maneuver

Question 58

What type of epithelium extends from the trachea to the respiratory bronchioles?

A) stratified squamous
B) pseudostratified squamous
C) cuboidal
D) pseudostratified ciliates columnar

Question 59

Which cranial nerve innervates the submucosal glands?

A) tenth
B) ninth
C) seventh
D) eighth

Question 60

Which of the following muscles pull the larynx and hyoid downward?

A) suprahyoid group
B) cricothyroid muscles
C) posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
D) infrahyoid group

Question 61

What is another term for primary lobule?
I. Acinus
II. Functional units
III. Terminal respiratory unit
IV. Lung parenchyma

A) Acinus
B) Functional units
C) Terminal respiratory unit
D) Lung parenchyma

Question 62

What type of epithelium composes 95% of the alveolar surface?

A) Type IV (pseudostratified squamous)
B) Type I (squamous pneumocyte)
C) Type II (cuboidal)
D) Type III (macrophages)

Question 63

In an adult, at what angle does the left mainstem bronchus branch from the trachea?

A) 40-60 degrees
B) 10-15 degrees
C) 60-75 degrees
D) 25-40 degrees

Question 64

At which airway generation do Canals of Lambert appear?

A) 12-15
B) 16 - 19
C) 6-9
D) 20-26

Question 65

In cm, what is the average diameter of the adult trachea?

A) 0.5 - 1.5 cm
B) 2.0-3.5 cm
C) 0.75 - 1.0 cm
D) 1.5 - 2.5 cm

Question 66

In the adult male, approximately how many alveoli are present in the lungs?

A) 180 million
B) 300 million
C) 600 million
D) 130 million

Question 67

In the lungs of a healthy young adult male, what is the average surface area available for gas exchange?

A) 50 square meters
B) 100 square meters
C) 300 square meters
D) 70 square meters

Question 68

How many second generation bronchi would you find in a healthy adult tracheobronchial tree?

A) 3
B) 2
C) 6
D) 5

Question 69

At what point in the tracheobronchial tree are Clara cells present?

A) bronchioles
B) respiratory bronchioles
C) subsegmental bronchi
D) terminal bronchioles

Question 70

In an adult, into which structure would an endotracheal tube likely enter if the tube is inadvertently advanced too far?

A) left lower lobar bronchus
B) left mainstem bronchus
C) right mainstem bronchus
D) right middle lobar bronchus

Question 71

Which structures are nourished by the bronchial arteries?

A) trache through the terminal bronchioles
B) respiratory zone
C) noncartilaginous airways only
D) trachea and mainstem bronchi only

Question 72

How does the total cross-sectional area of the tracheobrochial tree change from the trachea to the respiratory zone?

A) It increases steadily to the terminal bronchioles then increases significantly in the respiratory zone
B) It decreases slightly to the terminal bronchioles then decreases significantly
C) It remains steady throughout the tracheobronchial tree
D) It increases steadily through the lobar bronchi then increases significantly through the remaining airway generations

Question 73

In the newborn, at what angles do the right and left mainstem bronchi form with the trachea?

A) both form a 55 degree angle
B) right forms a 60 degree angle, left forms a 25 degree angle
C) right forms a 25 degree angle, left forms a 60 degree angle
D) both form a 40 degree angle

Question 74

What is the term for the cartilaginous airways?

A) respiratory unit
B) acinus
C) conducting zone
D) tracheobronchial tree

Question 75

Which vessel is the most commonly associated with massive hemorrhage following a tracheostomy?

A) pulmonary artery
B) subclavian artery
C) carotid artery
D) innominate artery

Question 76

Which alveolar cells are considered to be the source of pulmonary surfactant?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV

Question 77

What is the term for the bifurcation of the trachea?

A) hilum
B) carina
C) concha
D) choana

Question 78

What is the recommended "safe range" for endotracheal tube cuff pressures?

A) 30-35 mm Hg
B) 45-50 mm Hg
C) 20-25 mm Hg
D) 35-40 mm Hg

Question 79

What is the term for the openings in the walls of interalveolar septa?

A) Loose space
B) Clara cells
C) Canals of Lambert
D) Pores of Kohn

Question 80

How many segmental bronchi are found in each of the lungs?

A) each lung has 8
B) 8 in right lung, 10 in left lung
C) 10 in right lung, 8 in left lung
D) each lung has 10