Deck 18: The Urinary System

Question 1

Which of the following is a primary function of the distal convoluted tubule?

A)reabsorption of vital nutrients from the tubular fluid
B)conduction of urine to the minor calices
C)determines the final osmotic concentration and volume of the urine
D)active secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins
E)filtration of plasma to initiate urine formation

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following transports urine from the kidney toward the bladder?

A)small intestine
B)prostate
C)liver
D)ureter
E)urethra

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The cup-shaped chamber, or the expanded end of a nephron, is known as the

A)glomerulus.
B)glomerular capsule.
C)proximal convoluted tubule.
D)distal convoluted tubule.
E)loop of Henle.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following are components of a renal corpuscle?

A)glomerulus and glomerular capsule
B)glomerulus and renal tubule
C)glomerular capsule and renal tubule
D)renal tubule and collecting tubule
E)pyramid and glomerulus

Question 5

The kidneys

A)transport urine, as well as semen, in males.
B)are covered by a layer of muscularis mucosa.
C)conduct urine to the exterior.
D)produce urine.
E)temporarily store urine prior to elimination.

Question 6

In which renal component does urine production begin?

A)renal cortex
B)renal medulla
C)minor calyx
D)renal papilla
E)renal pelvis

Question 7

The large, funnel-shaped chamber that connects to the ureter is called the

A)medulla.
B)renal column.
C)renal pelvis.
D)nephron.
E)calyx.

Question 8

Why does the peritubular fluid of the renal medulla contain an unusually high solute concentration?

A)The cells of the juxtaglomerular complex secrete the hormone erythropoietin and the enzyme renin.
B)The collecting system reabsorbs water and reabsorbs or secretes sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and bicarbonate ions.
C)The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorb organic nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the tubular fluid.
D)The ascending limb of the nephron loop actively transports sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid.
E)The filtration slits between the slender processes of the podocytes prevent the passage of blood cells and most plasma proteins.

Question 9

The renal pyramid is

A)the outermost layer of kidney tissue.
B)a conical-shaped structure that is located in the renal medulla.
C)an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule and located in the area of the hilus.
D)a large branch of the renal pelvis.
E)a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle.

Question 10

The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting system is the

A)proximal convoluted tubule.
B)loop of Henle.
C)distal convoluted tubule.
D)collecting duct.
E)minor calyx.

Question 11

Urine is temporarily stored by the

A)liver.
B)urinary bladder.
C)kidney.
D)ureter.
E)urethra.

Question 12

The renal ________ is the site at which the renal artery and renal nerve enter and the renal vein exits.

A)cortex
B)medulla
C)column
D)hilum
E)sinus

Question 13

Which of the following is correct about the location of the kidney(s)?

A)There is one kidney deep to the liver.
B)The kidneys are bilateral and retroperitoneal.
C)The left kidney is lower than the right.
D)The kidneys are in the anterior abdominal wall.
E)The kidneys lie in the pelvic cavity, and only their superior surfaces are covered by a layer of peritoneum.

Question 14

By adjusting the volume of water lost in urine, and releasing erythropoietin and renin, the urinary system specifically functions in

A)helping to stabilize blood pH.
B)conserving valuable nutrients.
C)regulating blood pressure.
D)regulating plasma concentrations of ions.
E)controlling the concentration of vitamins.

Question 15

Organs of the urinary system that are actively involved with urine transport are the

A)urethra and ureters.
B)kidneys and bladder.
C)ureters and kidneys.
D)urethra and bladder.
E)kidneys and urethra.

Question 16

Major calyces are

A)drains that combine to form the renal pelvis.
B)expanded ends of nephrons.
C)basic functional layers of the kidney.
D)the site of exit for the ureter.
E)the expanded ends of renal pyramids.

Question 17

The visceral epithelium, which covers the glomerular capillaries of the glomerular capsule, consists of

A)capillary endothelium.
B)lamina densa.
C)podocytes.
D)the basement membrane of the capillaries.
E)capsular space.

Question 18

Renal columns are

A)internal cavities of the fibrous capsule located in the area of the hilus.
B)the expanded ends of the ureters.
C)the basic functional units of the kidney.
D)bands of the renal cortex that extend toward the renal sinus.
E)conical-shaped structures that are located in the renal medulla.

Question 19

The vasa recta

A)surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron.
B)are blood vessels that supply the renal cortex.
C)are the blood vessels through which blood reaches each nephron.
D)form the capillary network contained in the Bowman's capsule of the renal corpuscle.
E)are long, straight capillaries that parallel the nephron loop deep into the renal medulla.

Question 20

Considering the spatial relationship of the kidneys, the ________ kidney often sits slightly ________ than the ________ kidney.

A)left; lower; right
B)left; more anterior; right
C)right; lower; left
D)right; higher; left
E)right; more posterior; left

Question 21

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label Q represents which of the following structures?

A)nephron loop
B)renal corpuscle
C)proximal convoluted tubule
D)distal convoluted tubule
E)collecting duct

Question 22

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label A represents which of the following structures?

A)hilum
B)renal pelvis
C)renal cortex
D)renal medulla
E)renal sinus

Question 23

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label E represents which of the following structures?

A)hilum
B)renal pelvis
C)renal cortex
D)renal medulla
E)renal sinus

Question 24

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label D represents which of the following structures?

A)hilum
B)renal pelvis
C)renal cortex
D)renal medulla
E)renal sinus

Question 25

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label G represents which of the following structures?

A)urethra
B)ureter
C)renal pelvis
D)hilum
E)fibrous capsule

Question 26

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label F represents which of the following structures?

A)renal papilla
B)renal columns
C)renal cortex
D)major calyx
E)minor calyx

Question 27

The cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule

A)are closely associated with unusual smooth muscle fibers.
B)reabsorb water and reabsorb or secrete sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and bicarbonate ions.
C)are not permeable to water and solutes.
D)are unusually tall, and their nuclei are clustered together.
E)reabsorb organic nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the tubular fluid.

Question 28

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label J represents which of the following structures?

A)renal papilla
B)renal columns
C)renal pyramid
D)major calyx
E)minor calyx

Question 29

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label S represents which of the following structures?

A)urethra
B)ureter
C)renal pelvis
D)hilum
E)fibrous capsule

Question 30

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label N represents which of the following structures?

A)nephron loop
B)renal corpuscle
C)proximal convoluted tubule
D)distal convoluted tubule
E)collecting duct

Question 31

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label O represents which of the following structures?

A)nephron loop
B)renal corpuscle
C)proximal convoluted tubule
D)distal convoluted tubule
E)collecting duct

Question 32

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label I represents which of the following structures?

A)renal papilla
B)renal columns
C)renal pyramid
D)major calyx
E)minor calyx

Question 33

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label M represents which of the following structures?

A)nephron loop
B)renal corpuscle
C)proximal convoluted tubule
D)distal convoluted tubule
E)collecting duct

Question 34

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label L represents which of the following structures?

A)renal papilla
B)renal columns
C)renal pyramid
D)major calyx
E)minor calyx

Question 35

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label P represents which of the following structures?

A)nephron loop
B)renal corpuscle
C)proximal convoluted tubule
D)distal convoluted tubule
E)collecting duct

Question 36

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label H represents which of the following structures?

A)urethra
B)ureter
C)renal pelvis
D)hilum
E)fibrous capsule

Question 37

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label K represents which of the following structures?

A)renal papilla
B)renal columns
C)renal pyramid
D)major calyx
E)minor calyx

Question 38

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label R represents which of the following structures?

A)hilum
B)renal pelvis
C)renal cortex
D)renal medulla
E)renal sinus

Question 39

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label B represents which of the following structures?

A)hilum
B)renal pelvis
C)renal cortex
D)renal medulla
E)renal sinus

Question 40

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label C represents which of the following structures?

A)hilum
B)renal pelvis
C)renal cortex
D)renal medulla
E)renal sinus

Question 41

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label U represents which of the following structures?

A)renal papilla
B)renal columns
C)renal pyramid
D)major calyx
E)minor calyx

Question 42

Which process is the vital first step essential to all kidney functions?

A)active secretion
B)reabsorption of nutrients
C)reabsorption of water from the tubular fluid
D)glomerular filtration
E)excretion of metabolic waste products

Question 43

In the nephron loop,

A)active secretion of acids, ammonia, and drugs occurs.
B)ion pumps, which respond to aldosterone, exist.
C)reabsorption of ions, amino acids, water, and other organic nutrients is its primary function.
D)two-thirds of the sodium and chloride ions remaining in the tubular fluid are reabsorbed.
E)final adjustments are made in the composition and concentration of the tubular fluid.

Question 44

Following is a list of components of the renal tubule system. 1. ascending limb of nephron loop
2. ureter
3. distal convoluted tubule
4. descending limb of nephron loop
5. minor calyx
6. proximal convoluted tubule
7. papillary duct
8. renal pelvis
Choose the correct order of components through which the initial filtrate of urine flows from the renal corpuscle and is conducted to the urethra to be excreted as urine.

A)4, 1, 6, 3, 7, 5, 8, 2
B)3, 4, 1, 6, 5, 8, 7, 2
C)6, 1, 4, 3, 5, 7, 8, 2
D)3, 1, 4, 6, 8, 7, 5, 2
E)6, 4, 1, 3, 7, 5, 8, 2

Question 45

Filtration is the process in which

A)movement of fluid from the peritubular fluid to the tubular fluid occurs.
B)useful organic molecules, nutrients, or water are reclaimed.
C)release of aldosterone and ADH is triggered.
D)fluid and dissolved solutes are forced out of the glomerular capillaries.
E)a further decrease of the plasma concentration of undesirable materials can occur.

Question 46

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label AA represents which of the following structures?

A)hilum
B)renal pelvis
C)renal cortex
D)renal medulla
E)renal sinus

Question 47

Water reabsorption occurs passively through the process of

A)osmosis.
B)simple diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)facilitated diffusion.
E)pinocytosis.

Question 48

Reabsorption of glucose occurs mostly in the

A)renal sinus.
B)proximal convoluted tubule.
C)distal convoluted tubule.
D)nephron loop.
E)renal corpuscle.

Question 49

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label T represents which of the following structures?

A)renal papilla
B)renal columns
C)renal cortex
D)major calyx
E)minor calyx

Question 50

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label V represents which of the following structures?

A)hilum
B)renal pelvis
C)renal cortex
D)renal medulla
E)renal sinus

Question 51

Regulation of the amounts of water, sodium ions, and potassium ions lost in the urine occurs between the nephron loop and the

A)collecting system.
B)distal convoluted tubule.
C)renal corpuscle.
D)proximal convoluted tubule.
E)Bowman's capsule.

Question 52

Which is true regarding the general characteristics of normal urine?

A)The bacterial content is very high.
B)Normal pH range is 2 to 4.5.
C)Normal range of volume is 2500 - 3500 mL/day.
D)Normal urine is typically 65% water content.
E)The osmolarity of normal urine ranges from 855 - 1335 mOsm/L.

Question 53

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

A)filtration of anything small enough to pass through the filtration membrane.
B)absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
C)secretion of acids, ammonia, and drugs.
D)actively pumping sodium ions and chloride ions out of the filtrate.
E)adjustment of urine volume in response to ADH and aldosterone.

Question 54

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label X represents which of the following structures?

A)hilum
B)renal pelvis
C)renal cortex
D)renal medulla
E)renal sinus

Question 55

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label Z represents which of the following structures?

A)hilum
B)renal pelvis
C)renal cortex
D)renal medulla
E)renal sinus

Question 56

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney: 1. afferent arteriole
2. arcuate artery
3. interlobar artery
4. renal artery
5. glomerulus
6. cortical radiate artery
7. efferent arteriole
8. peritubular capillary
The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is

A)4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8.
B)4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.
C)4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8.
D)4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8.
E)4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8.

Question 57

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label Y represents which of the following structures?

A)renal papilla
B)renal columns
C)renal pyramids
D)major calyx
E)minor calyx

Question 58

Which of the following will likely occur if glomerular blood pressure falls significantly?

A)Excretion of waste products will increase.
B)Kidney filtration will stop.
C)There will be no effect on pH control.
D)Active secretion will occur normally in the distal convoluted tubule.
E)The renin-angiotensin system is unaffected.

Question 59

Throughout most of the distal convoluted tubule, the tubular cells

A)actively transport urea out of the tubular fluid.
B)actively reabsorb organic nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the filtrate.
C)reclaim 60-70% of the volume of filtrate at the glomerulus.
D)are impermeable both to water and to solutes.
E)actively transport sodium ions out of the tubular fluid.

Question 60

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings
Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label W represents which of the following structures?

A)renal papilla
B)renal columns
C)renal pyramid
D)major calyx
E)minor calyx

Question 61

The hormone ANP

A)stimulates ADH secretion.
B)increases the rate of sodium ion reabsorption.
C)decreases glomerular filtration.
D)decreases urinary water loss.
E)promotes the dilation of glomerular capillaries.

Question 62

The detrusor muscle

A)moves urine through the ureters through peristaltic contractions.
B)compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
C)exclusively functions as the internal urethral sphincter.
D)exclusively functions as the external urethral sphincter.
E)provides voluntary control over the discharge of urine from the bladder.

Question 63

ADH promotes increased water permeability of the

A)loop of Henle.
B)proximal convoluted tubule.
C)distal convoluted tubule.
D)papillary duct.
E)minor calyx.

Question 64

ADH is released by cells in the

A)juxtaglomerular complex.
B)central nervous system.
C)podocytes.
D)adrenal glands.
E)macula densa.

Question 65

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by

A)stratified squamous epithelium.
B)pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
C)simple cuboidal epithelium.
D)transitional epithelium.
E)simple columnar epithelium.

Question 66

Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic activation on kidney function?

A)powerful vasodilation of afferent arterioles
B)increased production of filtrate
C)powerful vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles
D)powerful vasodilation of efferent arterioles
E)decreased glomerular filtration rate

Question 67

Which of the following is aldosterone able to affect?

A)sodium retention
B)osmotic flow of water in the proximal convoluted tubule
C)removal of wastes through the entire renal tubule
D)pH regulation
E)formation of plasma proteins

Question 68

In response to decreased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys would likely produce

A)a decreased volume of urine.
B)urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.
C)urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.
D)urine with a normal pH average of 6.
E)urine with less urea.

Question 69

The micturition reflex begins to function when

A)the stretch receptors have provided adequate stimulation to the sympathetic motor neurons.
B)the stretch receptors have provided maximum stimulation to the parasympathetic motor neurons.
C)the stretch receptors have provided adequate stimulation to the parasympathetic motor neurons.
D)the stretch receptors have provided maximum stimulation to the sympathetic motor neurons.
E)the stretch receptors are initially distorted.

Question 70

Management of renal failure involves restriction of water, salt, and protein intake. This approach helps to lessen the strain on the urinary system by

A)maximizing the volume of urine produced.
B)preventing any increase in blood plasma pH.
C)preventing the generation of large quantities of nitrogenous waste products.
D)regulating daily caloric intake.
E)preventing the excretion of any organic waste products.

Question 71

At the nephron, angiotensin II triggers ________ to elevate glomerular pressures and glomerular filtration rates.

A)vasoconstriction of the efferent arterioles
B)vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles
C)vasodilation of the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
D)vasodilation of the efferent arterioles
E)the release of ANP

Question 72

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)increases,

A)the rate of sodium ion reabsorption in the DCT decreases.
B)more concentrated urine is produced.
C)less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct.
D)the water content of urine increases.
E)the sensation of thirst is inhibited.

Question 73

ANP release is stimulated when

A)angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II.
B)the rate of sodium ion reabsorption is decreased.
C)urinary water retention is too high.
D)glomerular filtration is increased.
E)blood volume and blood pressure are too high.

Question 74

The micturition reflex center consists of afferent sensory fibers in the pelvic nerves, which carry the resulting impulses to the

A)hypothalamus.
B)medulla oblongata.
C)pons.
D)lumbar spinal cord.
E)sacral spinal cord.

Question 75

Potassium ion secretion along the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct is stimulated by

A)ADH.
B)aldosterone.
C)EPO.
D)ANP.
E)cortisol.

Question 76

If through injury, both the blood flow to the kidneys and the glomerular filtration pressure decrease, which of the following will likely occur?

A)The renin-angiotensin system will be activated.
B)Sodium reabsorption will be inhibited.
C)Vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles and glomerular capillaries.
D)Vasodilation of the efferent arterioles and glomerular capillaries.
E)The amount of ADH released in the blood will decrease.

Question 77

Inflammation of the lining of the bladder is called

A)cystitis.
B)pyelitis.
C)urethritis.
D)nephrolithiasis.
E)nephritis.

Question 78

Urine ejection cannot occur unless which event(s)takes place?

A)Both the internal and external urethral sphincters are contracted.
B)The internal urethral sphincter is relaxed, and the external urethral sphincter is contracted.
C)The internal urethral sphincter is contracted, and the external urethral sphincter is relaxed.
D)Only the internal urethral sphincter is contracted.
E)Both the internal and external urethral sphincters are relaxed.

Question 79

The term incontinence refers to the

A)inability to void (expel)urine.
B)inability to control urination voluntarily.
C)inability to control kidney function.
D)process of urinating.
E)process of urine production.

Question 80

If the peripheral capillary beds become constricted,

A)blood flow into the efferent arteriole will increase.
B)blood pressure in the renal arteries will increase.
C)GFR will decrease.
D)vasodilation of the efferent arteriole will occur.
E)the sensation of thirst will be inhibited.