Deck 5: Ethical Decision Making

Question 1

Individuals whose beliefs are consistent with a conservative political persuasion tend to focus on which of the following value sets?

A) ingroup/loyalty
B) authority/respect
C) purity/sanctity
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

________,which is likely to determine the magnitude of a person's moral approval or disapproval,is dependent on issue-related factors,rather than individual or organizational factors.

A) moral sensitivity
B) moral intention
C) moral intensity
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A ____________ is a mental state that guides behaviors.

A) opinion
B) belief
C) moral
D) sensitivity
E) none of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Ajzen's theory of __________________,formulating an intention to act ethically is a function of a person's attitudes toward the behavior,subjective norms,and perceived behavioral control.

A) moral development
B) ethical sensitivity
C) planned behavior
D) moral reasoning
E) none of the above

Question 5

James Rest's four-component model is a useful tool for exploring __________________.

A) stages of moral development,
B) ethical decision making
C) moral versus immoral actions
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 6

Which step is missing in the sequence of moral behavior? Ethical belief,_________________,ethical action

A) ethical intent
B) ethical understanding
C) ethical behavior
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 7

Ethical dilemmas typically involve trade-offs based on _______________.

A) right versus wrong
B) competing values and interests
C) moral versus immoral choices
D) correct versus incorrect decisions
E) none of the above

Question 8

Ethical _________________ refers to an individual's awareness that a particular situation raises ethical concerns.

A) opinion
B) belief
C) moral
D) sensitivity
E) none of the above

Question 9

"Gut reactions" that characterize how many ethical decisions are made typically derive from:

A) moral reasoning
B) personal value systems
C) ethical sensitivity
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 10

Harmful acts concentrated in a particular area and characterized by ______________,or nearness of an act to its victims and beneficiaries,have high moral intensity.

A) temporal immediacy
B) concentration of effect
C) proximity
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 11

Individual characteristics that are associated with ethical beliefs,sensitivities,intentions and behaviors include which of the following?

A) more education
B) more work experience
C) religion
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 12

Ethical behavior models provide which of the following:

A) rationalizations for questionable decision making
B) frameworks for decision making based on rational principles
C) fail-safe solutions to moral dilemmas
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 13

________________ refers to the degree of social agreement that an act is good or bad.

A) Social norms
B) Social consensus
C) Social pressure
D) Social dilemmas
E) none of the above

Question 14

A quick insight independent of any reasoning process of right and wrong is known as:

A) ethical sensitivity
B) ethical judgment
C) ethical intuition
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 15

Among the organizational characteristics associated with ethical behaviors are which of the following?

A) codes of ethics
B) ethical climate/culture
C) organization size
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 16

Ethical ______________ is determining mentally to take some action that is believed to be morally appropriate.

A) behavior
B) intention
C) sensitivity
D) action
E) none of the above

Question 17

According to theorist Tom Jones,an issue's moral intensity is likely to vary based on which of the following factors?

A) magnitude of consequences
B) social consensus
C) probability of effect
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 18

Individuals whose beliefs are consistent with a liberal political persuasion tend to focus on which of the following value sets?

A) ingroup/loyalty
B) fairness/reciprocity
C) authority/respect
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 19

The four-component model indicates that individuals are likely to behave morally if which of the following conditions are present?

A) awareness of an ethical dilemma and formation of a moral judgment
B) development of motivation to address the moral dilemma
C) the individual is a person of high moral character
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 20

______________ refers to the length of time between an act and the onset of consequences associated with the act.

A) Probability of effect
B) Magnitude of consequences
C) Temporal immediacy
D) Proximity
E) none of the above

Question 21

People most often agree on what ethical action "should" be done,but fewer people actually "would" do the right thing,and even fewer actually "did" what they think they should or would do.

Question 22

It is important for managers to utilize a strategic decision-making framework in order to:

A) ensure all employees agree with the manager's decisions
B) ensure all employees are persuaded to change their minds
C) ensure all employees understand the manager's ethical reasoning
D) ensure disagreements are handled without encouraging discussion
E) none of the above

Question 23

A novelist whose writings are consistent with the egoist perspective,____________,argues that the best thing for the common good is to become an individual of high integrity willing to pursue self-interest at all costs.

A) Adam Smith
B) Ayn Rand
C) Thomas Jefferson
D) Aristotle
E) none of the above

Question 24

The ethical approach that equates moral actions with those that promote an individual's self-interest is known as _____________.

A) utilitarianism
B) egoism
C) cultural relativism
D) virtue ethics
E) none of the above

Question 25

Deontology asserts that actions must treat _______________ with respect and dignity in all situations,and that good actions are those that everyone should do.

A) the immediate stakeholders
B) an individual's self-interest
C) all stakeholders
D) the greatest number
E) none of the above

Question 26

When consideration of the various ethical approaches results in conflicting conclusions,the decision maker should:

A) select one of the options randomly because all carry equal ethical certitude
B) respect everyone and do what a virtuous person would do
C) do nothing, because consensus has not been achieved
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 27

Social group and cultural relativism ask the individual to consider _______________ when making decisions.

A) norms and standards
B) universal principles
C) self-interest
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 28

The terms "ethical" and "moral" are commonly interchangeable.

Question 29

Systematic rational ethical decision-making frameworks can help management:

A) reveal the ethical dimensions of any decision being made
B) justify unethical behaviors in the face of conflicting pressures
C) explain why moral decisions are all relative
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 30

While utilitarianism is "ends-based" and deontology is "rules-based," _____________,considered to be a higher stage of moral reasoning,is based on achieving excellence in morals by practicing morally valued character traits.

A) relativism
B) egoism
C) virtue
D) fundamentalism
E) none of the above

Question 31

The process of ethical reasoning can be compared with which of the following?

A) any other managerial problem-solving process
B) only those managerial processes that involve ethical dilemmas
C) helpful lists of questions such as the Rotary's Four-Way Test and Raytheon's ACTION model
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 32

The approach that is consistent with the belief that right actions are beneficial to the greatest number of people is called ____________.

A) deontology
B) utilitarianism
C) virtue
D) social group relativism
E) none of the above

Question 33

Obstacles that divert someone from not act acting on ethical intention include which of the following:

A) second doubts
B) weakness of will
C) lack of moral courage
D) old habits
E) all of the above

Question 34

In a given dilemma,the gap between ethical belief and ethical intent can be caused by not wanting to create negative relationships with the other person involved in the dilemma,among other reasons.

Question 35

The notion that right actions strengthen moral character is consistent with ____________ ethics.

A) virtue
B) dentological
C) utilitarian
D) social group
E) none of the above

Question 36

The philosopher Emmanuel Kant presents the __________________ ,which is a rule that applies to all situations.

A) relativist ethic
B) virtue ethic
C) Golden Rule
D) categorical imperative
E) none of the above

Question 37

___________ represent(s)either or lack of virtue or an excess of virtue.

A) egoism
B) vices
C) deontology
D) self-interest
E) none of the above

Question 38

Rotary International's Four-Way Test provides a simple framework for decision making that asks us to consider of the things we think,say,or do; the Four-Way Test includes which of the following questions:

A) is it the Truth??b) is it ethically sensitive?
C) is it morally appropriate?
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 39

Adam Smith emphasized that individuals are,by nature,______________.

A) egoists
B) deontologists
C) capitalists
D) virtuous
E) none of the above

Question 40

A concern with the deontological approach to ethical decision making involves acknowledging:

A) universal principles are relative
B) it may prove impossible, impractical or undesirable in practice
C) managers must make decisions motivated only by virtue
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 41

When two ethical theories such as the "Golden Rule" and individual self-interest are in conflict,self-interest takes precedence.

Question 42

Though they provide helpful lists of questions to ask when facing an ethical dilemma,the Rotary's Four-Way Test and Raytheon's Ethics Quick Test and ACTION model are not philosophically systematic.

Question 43

One's philosophical/value orientation,whether deontological or a more "relativist" orientation,does not seem to impact his/her ability to make ethical decisions.

Question 44

Ethical theories such as egoism and deontology should be used interchangeably to motivate ethical decision making.

Question 45

A useful approach managers should take when engaging employees who apply different ethical theories is to listen carefully to the people who disagree,categorize the responses in terms of the six ethical theories,and then reframe the analysis.

Question 46

The term temporal immediacy refers to the dynamic that acts that immediately cause harm have lower moral intensity.

Question 47

Dilemmas often arise because people usually have a very short time to respond to an ethical issue.

Question 48

Liberals and conservatives tend to differ in their prioritization and framing of ethical dilemmas.

Question 49

Even if an intention to act ethically is solidified,an individual still may not follow through on the ethical intention and behave ethically.

Question 50

Recognizing how much effort an employee exerts at work,and the dynamic that not working hard can affect other workers,is an example of an ethical sensitivity.

Question 51

Individuals all typically possess the same level of ethical sensitivity; the difference is in ethical behaviors.

Question 52

In the systematic rational ethical decision framework,legal actions represent the highest ethical dimension of ethical behavior.

Question 53

People with less work experience tend to be better ethical decision makers,because they have less to lose.

Question 54

Researchers have found strong consensus among core values,or virtues,that are common worldwide,despite cultural differences.

Question 55

A simple ethical decision-making framework that helps individuals to analyze the basis of their actions compels the individual to ask: "How would my mother (or other individual you respect)feel if what I'm planning to do appeared on the front page of a newspaper?"

Question 56

Acts with a high likelihood of causing harm have high moral intensity.

Question 57

Discuss the individual characteristics that impact ethical beliefs,sensitivities,intentions and behaviors.

Question 58

Ethical beliefs are followed by ethical intentions which are always followed by ethical behaviors.

Question 59

Harmful acts with severe consequences have high moral intensity.

Question 60

Becoming aware of how others interpret or experience our decisions and behaviors expands a person's ethical sensitivities.

Question 61

Identify and define at least four major ethical theories presented in the chapter.

Question 62

Discuss the relationship between Kohlberg's stages of moral development and the six ethical theories presented in the chapter by defining each stage and its associated ethical theories.

Question 63

Reasonable individuals can disagree about what is an appropriate ethical action.Discuss the process by which a manager can facilitate a negotiation between competing ethical perspectives.

Question 64

Identify the ten "ethical hazard approaching" signs. How can they be managed?