Deck 9: Global Stratification

Question 1

John lives and works in Mississippi. He is part of a commodity chain because

A) he makes a product that is produced only in his town.
B) he works at a company making brass plates sold around the world.
C) he is part of global production and labor process connecting him with other regions of the world.
D) of all of the answer choices.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the informal education system in many poor nations?

A) It does not prepare students for agricultural work.
B) It does not prepare students for the modern world.
C) It reinforces gender inequality.
D) It ignores the role of government in education.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

As measured by the GNI, the United States is:

A) very poor.
B) poor.
C) wealthy.
D) very wealthy.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Compared to Sweden the U.S. Gini coefficient reveals that the _.

A) U.S. has a high degree of internal inequality
B) Swedes have a high degree of internal inequality
C) U.S. has a high degree of internal equality
D) Swedes are a highly stratified society

Question 5

Colonization ended soon after .

A) World War I
B) World War II
C) the Industrial Revolution
D) the Enlightenment

Question 6

Walter is part of the richest 20 percent of the world's population. This group controls of the world income.

A) 82.8 percent
B) 9.9 percent
C) 4.2 percent
D) 1.0 percent

Question 7

Global migrants are characterized by which of the following?

A) Victims of war
B) Legal and illegal workers searching for work
C) Low wage workers
D) All of the above

Question 8

The majority of the wealthy countries, as measured by the GNI in 2011 were in:

A) North America.
B) Asia.
C) western Europe.
D) the Middle East.

Question 9

A student examining dependency theory is interested in documenting which of the following?

A) Neocolonialism
B) Modernization
C) How values shape development
D) Class struggles within developing nations

Question 10

The countries are typically poor and largely agricultural.

A) core countries
B) peripheral countries
C) semiperipheral countries
D) hybrid countries

Question 11

The majority of the poorest nations, as measured by the GNI in 2011 were in:

A) Asia.
B) Europe.
C) Africa.
D) North America.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true regarding global stratification?

A) Global stratification is stratification of individuals on the basis of public opinion only.
B) Global stratification exists in most countries.
C) Global stratification is a hierarchy of countries similar to stratification within countries.
D) Global stratification is a recent phenomenon.

Question 13

According to modernization theory,

A) social change involves increasing complexity, differentiation, and efficiency.
B) social change leads to an international division of labor.
C) social change results from neocolonialism.
D) social change is the result of some nations having more power than other nations.

Question 14

Terrorism is difficult to predict because:

A) it is done by third world populations.
B) terrorist operate outside the bounds of normative behavior.
C) terrorist are not likely to be caught.
D) it is a global offense.

Question 15

The United States is responsible for approximately of the global energy use.

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 16

According to world systems theory, poverty is the result of:

A) adherence to traditional values and customs.
B) dependence on wealthy nations.
C) core nations extracting labor and resources from peripheral nations.
D) racial inequality.

Question 17

Countries that are partly industrialized but extract profits from poor countries to pass on to core countries are called _____.

A) Third world countries
B) Semiperipheral countries
C) Exploitative countries
D) Core zones

Question 18

Violence against women occurs:

A) in every country in the world.
B) only in underdeveloped countries.
C) only in countries with authoritarian regimes.
D) only in countries with fundamentalist societies.

Question 19

According to modernization theory, some countries remain underdeveloped because:

A) they have traditional values and institutions.
B) they are agrarian countries.
C) their government reinforces inequality.
D) their population is too large.

Question 20

Which of the following reflects the effects of population growth on development?

A) Population growth leads to economic stagnation.
B) Population growth leads to development.
C) Population growth can lead to development or can lead to stagnation, depending on the country.
D) Population growth is unrelated to economic development.

Question 21

Which of the following is not a component of the multidimensional poverty index?

A) Health
B) Education
C) Access to technology
D) Standard of living

Question 22

The highest incidence of poverty anywhere in the world is in .

A) East Asia
B) sub-Sahara Africa
C) Eastern Europe
D) the Arctic

Question 23

If a study abroad student was to go to a county with high levels of equality he or she will go to:

A) Trinidad.
B) Brazil.
C) Sweden.
D) China.

Question 24

According to modernization theory

A) economic development is dependent on technological change.
B) governments should make economic policies that, when necessary, restrict business activities and free trade.
C) poor countries really have no control over being poor.
D) poor countries will remain poor.

Question 25

Which of the following characterizes wealthy countries?

A) Industrial and rural
B) Industrial and oil producing nations
C) Newly industrialized countries
D) Nations with large populations

Question 26

A comparison of the world's richest and poorest countries reveals that the poorest countries tend to be/have all of the following, except:

A) be largely rural.
B) be heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture.
C) have large populations and high fertility rates.
D) have a socialist government.

Question 27

Critics of dependency theory note all of the following, except:

A) not all former colonies are impoverished today.
B) some very poor nations were never colonized.
C) it has been possible for former some colonies to improve their economic status.
D) some nations have fought against colonialism.

Question 28

Neocolonialism, the continued control of low-income countries by wealthier nations, is maintained primarily through

A) military intervention by the industrialized powers.
B) the indebtedness of the poorer countries to wealthier nations.
C) political sanctions imposed by core countries.
D) multinational corporations

Question 29

Which of these statements related to global stratification is true?

A) All people in poor countries are poor.
B) Poor countries lack natural resources.
C) The majority of the world's population lives in poor countries.
D) Poor countries are more urban than wealthy countries.

Question 30

Which of the following is false?

A) High fertility rates are related to lower life expectancy for women.
B) High fertility rates are related to women's degree of empowerment in the society.
C) High fertility rates are lowered by providing women with education, property, and voting rights.
D) High fertility rates are no longer a major factor in the context of poverty.

Question 31

According to dependency theorists, multinational corporations

A) play an active role in keeping dependent nations poor.
B) are good for the domestic economies of less developed countries.
C) provide a valuable market for raw materials for poor nations.
D) alleviate some global inequality.

Question 32

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the change in the governments of Eastern Europe, what changes have most of the second-world countries undergone?

A) They now have democratically elected governments.
B) They have moved toward a market economic system.
C) They have returned to a more agricultural type of society.
D) They have grown substantially in size.

Question 33

Double deprivation refers to

A) women and children being disproportionately impoverished.
B) women bearing a larger share of global poverty than men.
C) the result of a cycle of poverty.
D) the likelihood of men to control to means of production.

Question 34

The total volume of goods and services produced by a country each year, divided by the size of the population is called the .

A) production index
B) the net national product (NNP)
C) per capita gross national income (per capita GNI)
D) the consumer index

Question 35

If a student visits a country with a high gini coefficient the population is characterized by:

A) equal income distribution.
B) high levels of wealth distributed to the bottom earners.
C) inequality.
D) little wealth.

Question 36

World cities are those that are

A) closely linked in a system of international commerce.
B) the locations of most of the refugee camps in the world.
C) the oldest cities in the world.
D) benefited from multinational corporations.

Question 37

The example of toy manufacturers is used in the text to illustrate

A) the fact that goods like toys and clothing link the U.S. to the rest of the world.
B) that the manufacture of toys in the U.S. is a growth industry that protects American jobs.
C) how popular protests against outsourcing have been successful at protecting American jobs.
D) how children are valued around the world.

Question 38

According to the World Bank, people live in extreme poverty.

A) 7.8 million
B) 21.1 million
C) 308.7 million
D) 1.4 billion

Question 39

What is the origin of the racial component to global inequality?

A) The history of Western colonialism
B) The racist nature of global capitalism
C) The cultural differences between different populations
D) The varied definitions of race around the world

Question 40

Modernization theorists argue that developing countries benefit greatly when they

A) encourage government intervention in the economy to spur economic development.
B) let the natural forces of competition determine which individuals become successful and which do not.
C) colonize weaker nations on their borders.
D) stem from a single economic system.

Question 41

How is social class related to the context of terrorism?

A) Suicide bombers are often recruited from among the poorly educated and impoverished groups in a society.
B) The leaders of terrorist movements come from the poorest classes and bear a great of resentment toward those in wealthier countries.
C) Rates of terrorism increase significantly when a country begins to develop economically.
D) The negative consequences of terrorism are experienced more dramatically by the upper class.

Question 42

According to the United Nations,

A) throughout the world women's poverty has been decreasing.
B) women's share of representation in governments has been decreasing, despite some gains in education.
C) women have achieved near-equity with men in terms of primary education.
D) women continue to lag behind men in education outcomes.

Question 43

How is environmental degradation related to global stratification?

A) The type of environmental degradation and its impact depends on the location of the country in the global stratification system.
B) The wealthiest nations are unaffected by environmental degradation.
C) The poorest nations are not developed enough to experience problems with environmental degradation.
D) Environmental degradation is not related to the global stratification.

Question 44

Per capita GNI is only a reliable measure when used for countries that

A) are based on a cash economy.
B) make extensive use of bartering and non-cash transaction.
C) have a socialist economic system.
D) are not very economically developed.

Question 45

Which of the following is the measure used to address women's development status by sociology of development theorists?

A) Commodity chain
B) Gender inequality index
C) Capability index
D) Human poverty index

Question 46

Explain what the multidimensional poverty index is, what it measures, and what indicators are used for industrialized and developing countries.

Question 47

The examples of India and China as newly industrializing countries are notable because they demonstrate

A) that communist countries can develop economically.
B) that countries with large populations may experience successful economic development.
C) that economic development may take place without industrialization.
D) how economies can improve without government investment.

Question 48

Which of the following is true about using annual per capita gross national income (per capita GNI) to measure the wealth of nations?

A) It accurately reflects what individuals actually receive in wages.
B) Per capita GNI reflects each person's share of their country's production, not wages or pay.
C) It effectively measures informal exchanges and bartering in which resources are exchanged.
D) It accurately reflects what families actually receive in wages or pay.

Question 49

The bottom 40 percent of world population control 20 percent of global wealth.

Question 50

Compared with other countries, the populations of the world's richest countries are

A) getting larger.
B) younger.
C) getting smaller.
D) staying the same.

Question 51

According to the text, what is the role of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in world poverty?

A) They have lent money to political dissidents causing political instability.
B) They have required restructuring that limits government spending on human services in nations that have borrowed money to support their failing economies.
C) They have limited the amount of food that may be grown using funds they have lent to developing countries.
D) They have drastically reduced funding for the poorest nations.

Question 52

Which of these is most likely to be a problem for the overall population of high-income countries?

A) Inadequate sewage system
B) Lack of access to clean water
C) Overproduction of greenhouse gas
D) Low-birth weight for newborns

Question 53

According to the United Nations, how does violence affect women in different countries?

A) Violence against women has become much less of a problem in the developed or industrialized world.
B) It is not possible to discuss violence cross-culturally because it is such an individualized problem.
C) Violence against women results at the societal level from gender roles and norms that tolerate violence.
D) Income is a much more important determinant than gender in regards to violence.

Question 54

About of the world's population comprises what the United Nation's calls the global underclass.

A) one-fifth
B) one-fourth
C) one-third
D) one-half

Question 55

When workers work in one country and live in another county they represent _.

A) global culture
B) political exiles
C) transnational communities
D) global outsourcing

Question 56

According to the text, global stratification contributes to the threat of terrorism, particularly against the U.S. Which of the following is not one of the reasons why this is the case?

A) Western culture is perceived as degenerate by some traditional religious leaders.
B) The consumerism of American culture is seen as threatening to the traditional way of life in some countries.
C) The sexual freedom and relative equality of Western women is seen as undermining traditional values in other countries.
D) Religious extremists do not recognize the economic dependency of poor countries on wealthy countries.

Question 57

Global inequality is apparent in .

A) life expectancy
B) rates of infant mortality
C) access to health services
D) All of these choices are true.

Question 58

According to the text, world poverty is caused by all of the following except:

A) unstable governments unable to provide basic services.
B) economies reorganized to pay debt decreasing resources for human services.
C) changes in the world economic system that have favored some economies over others.
D) there is not enough food grown in the world to feed everyone.

Question 59

According to the text, global stratification

A) has contributed to political instability and the threat of terrorism.
B) creates a core group of strong nations able to ensure world peace.
C) results in cooperation as countries work together to overcome poverty.
D) has undermined the military power of wealthy nations.

Question 60

Demographic statistics indicate that the world's poorest countries have the

A) highest death rates and the lowest birth rates.
B) highest death rates and the highest birth rates.
C) lowest death rates and the highest birth rates.
D) lowest death rates and the lowest birth rates.

Question 61

According to , poverty results from the dependence of low-income countries on wealthy nations.

A) modernization theory
B) dependency theory
C) world systems theory
D) social exchange theory

Question 62

The control of poor countries by rich countries without the use of direct political or military involvement is referred to as .

A) neocolonialism
B) postmodernism
C) postdependency
D) neoimperialism

Question 63

According to theory, countries remain poor when traditional customs and kin relations discourage individual achievement.

A) dependency
B) modernization
C) world system
D) social exchange

Question 64

Using power as a dimension, the countries of the world can be divided economically into three levels. Those with the most power are the .

A) core countries
B) peripheral countries
C) semiperipheral countries
D) cornerstone nations

Question 65

Which of these statements about colonialism is false?

A) Colonialism began as early as the 1600s.
B) Much of Africa, Asia, and the Americas was colonized.
C) All colonial powers were western European countries.
D) Colonialism came to an end soon after WWII.

Question 66

During its early years of nationhood Brazil declared itself a "racial democracy." What was the effect of this?

A) Brazil does not have any racial problems, unlike other South American countries.
B) People continue to be stratified according to their color.
C) Separate parliaments exist for each of the several designated racial categories.
D) Most of the leaders of Brazil have been Afro-Brazilian.

Question 67

Which of these is not generally characteristic of multinational corporations?

A) They conduct business across national borders.
B) They buy materials and manufacture goods wherever it is cheapest.
C) They have executives from each country in which they conduct business.
D) They sell their products wherever they can make the highest profits.

Question 68

While it does not apply in every case, modernization theory does help explain how became successful through an emphasis on a national work ethic.

A) Brazil
B) Japan
C) the United States
D) Indonesia

Question 69

According to dependency theory, under colonialism European powers

A) promoted the development of their colonies as a way of increasing profits.
B) helped colonies to improve the production of their goods in order to sell them on the global market.
C) kept colonies underdeveloped to avoid competition from them.
D) fostered the political independence of colonies so they could protect colonial investment.

Question 70

Using power as a dimension, the countries of the world can be stratified on three levels. The countries that comprise a kind of middle class in this stratification system are the .

A) core countries
B) peripheral countries
C) semiperipheral countries
D) hybrid countries

Question 71

is a system by which Western nations became wealthy by taking raw materials from colonized societies and reaping profits from products finished in the homeland.

A) Profiteering
B) Colonialism
C) Imperial dependency
D) Royal exploit

Question 72

Which of these is not a criticism of modernization theory presented in the text?

A) It is based on the assumption that wealthier countries like the U.S. have superior values.
B) It ignores factors that are outside of the control of the poorer nations.
C) It places too great an emphasis on the role of government in influencing economic development.
D) It does not take into account the relationships that exist among countries.

Question 73

Modernization derives some of its thinking from the work of who argued that the value of individual achievement emphasized by Protestants promoted economic development during the Industrial Revolution.

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Herbert Spencer
C) Max Weber
D) Karl Marx

Question 74

Which of these statements about peripheral countries is false?

A) They are the largely agricultural countries
B) They lack natural resources
C) They are often politically unstable
D) They exercise little world power

Question 75

Colonization worked best for the industrial countries when the colonies

A) were economically developed and producing their own goods for market.
B) were given substantial autonomy making social and political decisions.
C) had large educated the populations.
D) kept underdeveloped so that they would not compete with the home country.

Question 76

Conceptually, modernization theory is an outgrowth of theory.

A) conflict
B) functionalist
C) symbolic interactionist
D) social control

Question 77

According to , poverty results from adherence to traditional values and customs.

A) modernization theory
B) dependency theory
C) world systems theory
D) social exchange theory

Question 78

According to dependency theory, today's global system of inequality originated

A) with the emergency of agricultural societies.
B) in the 1600s as European countries began to industrialize.
C) in the 1850s as the U.S. began to industrialize.
D) at the end of World War II (1945).

Question 79

Which of the following is false about multinational corporations in the global economy?

A) They have contributed to the exploitation of the poor peripheral nations.
B) Multinationals' search for cheap labor has encouraged low-skilled workers to immigrate from poor to richer nations.
C) Multinationals have created a poor and dependent workforce that is predominantly white.
D) They have contributed to racial tensions between people from different countries.

Question 80

Using power as a basis of stratification, those that control and profit most from the world system are the .

A) core countries
B) peripheral countries
C) semiperipheral countries
D) hybrid countries