Deck 12: Humanistic Psychology, Positive Psychology, and the Science of Happiness

Question 1

All of the following elements make up humanistic psychology EXCEPT

A) holistic.
B) value.
C) will.
D) spiritual.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to Sartre, angst can be analyzed into three separate sensations. What are they?

A) nothingness, nausea, alienation
B) loneliness, despair, hopelessness
C) helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness
D) anguish, forlornness, despair

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Wei watched himself in the mirror and was overcome with the remarkable insight that he was observing himself in the mirror. Wei is experiencing

A) self-actualization.
B) Mitwelt.
C) Eigenwelt.
D) angst.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to humanistic psychologists, you can achieve free will by choosing

A) to follow the six core virtues.
B) to have an authentic existence.
C) your construal of the world.
D) your life's purpose.

Question 5

Existentialists would say that if Donna does not worry about existential concerns but instead focuses on getting a job, obtaining material wealth, or maintaining her friendships, then she will

A) become a fully functioning person.
B) experience authentic existence.
C) still not be happy.
D) live an autotelic life.

Question 6

What aspect of human psychological functioning is of particular interest to humanistic psychologists?

A) self-awareness
B) human suffering
C) internal psychological conflicts
D) the importance of social relationships

Question 7

Also known as Geworfenheit, ________ refers to the time, place, and circumstances into which you happened to be born.

A) niche
B) thrown-ness
C) era
D) ethos

Question 8

From an existential perspective, what is the key question with which every individual is faced?

A) What is the nature of existence?
B) How can happiness be created?
C) What is an individual's unique experience of the world?
D) How can one achieve the optimal experience?

Question 9

________ consists of your biological experiences and ________ consists of your psychological experiences.

A) Umwelt; Eigenwelt
B) Mitwelt; Umwelt
C) Eigenwelt; Mitwelt
D) Umwelt; Mitwelt

Question 10

The courage to face mortality and the apparent meaninglessness of life is called ________ by existential philosophers.

A) optimistic toughness
B) hardiness
C) autotelic existence
D) Eigenwelt

Question 11

Which element of humanistic psychology best corresponds to the study of happiness?

A) holistic
B) phenomenological
C) historic
D) positivity

Question 12

Which of the following philosophers was NOT mentioned in the text as an existentialist thinker?

A) Kierkegaard
B) Nietzsche
C) Sartre
D) Descartes

Question 13

Jorge realizes that helping one set of people could lead others to suffer. According to Sartre, what sensation will this insight produce?

A) nausea
B) alienation
C) anguish
D) despair

Question 14

Carolyn is fondly thinking about her mother. Carolyn is experiencing

A) self-actualization.
B) Mitwelt.
C) Eigenwelt.
D) angst.

Question 15

Your particular experience of the world is called your

A) conscience.
B) consciousness.
C) construal.
D) confluence.

Question 16

Jerry has been wondering what life means and whether he is living his life purposefully. If he cannot answer these questions, he will probably experience

A) angst.
B) thrown-ness.
C) Eigenwelt.
D) self-actualization.

Question 17

________ is a term for the time, place, and circumstances into which you happened to be born.

A) Existential location
B) Eigenwelt
C) Thrown-ness
D) Angst

Question 18

One possible interpretation of the basic phenomenological philosophy is that

A) the same objective reality exists for diverse groups of people and different cultures.
B) all interpretations of reality are equally valid.
C) if you look at the world through another's eyes, you will realize that your own worldview is invalid.
D) all behavior, thoughts, and feelings are determined by past experience.

Question 19

Imagine that you are participating in a psychology experiment. The experimenter asks you to take a bite of chocolate and to describe your experience of the chocolate-how it tastes, how it feels on your tongue, and so on. You would be involved in which method of psychological research?

A) experimental
B) correlational
C) introspective
D) case study

Question 20

________ psychology is based on the premise that to understand a person, you must understand his or her unique view of reality.

A) Existential
B) Humanistic
C) Cultural
D) Psychoanalytic

Question 21

According to Sartre, the existential challenge is to

A) avoid thinking about the meaning of existence.
B) face the basic uncertainty and anguish of life and find personal meaning.
C) maintain generativity and avoid stagnation.
D) become a fully functioning, self-actualizing person.

Question 22

The Buddhist alternative to existential anguish, forlornness, and despair is

A) anatta.
B) anicca.
C) nirvana.
D) Eigenwelt.

Question 23

The humanist psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow took basic existential assumptions and added the assumption that

A) people are good and have an innate need to make themselves and the world better.
B) to know a person, it is essential to understand his or her phenomenology.
C) only humans, as opposed to other animals, have an awareness of their own mortality.
D) people are essentially childlike and have an innate tendency toward selfishness and impulsivity.

Question 24

According to a study reported in the text, one result of Rogerian psychotherapy may be that

A) people report feeling like they become closer to their ideal selves.
B) people establish their own conditions of worth.
C) clients report feeling more experiences of flow.
D) clients meet their hierarchy of needs.

Question 25

If one achieves a state of complete serenity, selflessness, and awareness, he or she has MOST likely achieved

A) anicca.
B) anatta.
C) nirvana.
D) construal.

Question 26

Carl Rogers maintained that the one basic tendency for humans is to

A) maintain and enhance life.
B) struggle against despair and anguish.
C) identify personal constructs.
D) develop conditions of worth.

Question 27

According to Carl Rogers, a person can only be understood from the perspective of the entire panorama of his or her conscious experience or what he called the

A) organismic perspective.
B) phenomenological position.
C) Eigenwelt.
D) phenomenal field.

Question 28

What Buddhist term refers to the idea that an independent singular self is simply an illusion?

A) anatta
B) anicca
C) nirvana
D) Eigenwelt

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a concern when evaluating the benefits of Rogerian psychotherapy?

A) It is not clear that the match between perceived self and ideal self is an adequate criterion for psychological adjustment.
B) No measurable variables have been used to evaluate Rogerian therapy.
C) The results may be due to clients changing their ideal views.
D) The sole criterion used for determining adjustment could lead us to consider people with obvious disorders as being well-adjusted.

Question 30

According to Carl Rogers, you can become a ________ only if you experience ________ from important others in your life.

A) fully functioning person; unconditional positive regard
B) fully functioning adult; unconditioned stimulation
C) authentic person; unconditional love
D) fully functioning person; positive reinforcement

Question 31

Which of the following would NOT be an example of Rogerian psychotherapy?

A) Acknowledge and appreciate a client's every viewpoint.
B) Ask a client to describe his or her ideal self and his or her actual self.
C) Help a client develop a gratitude list.
D) Do not attempt to change or modify anything about a client.

Question 32

The highest need proposed by Maslow was self-

A) determination.
B) esteem.
C) actualization.
D) transcendence.

Question 33

What Buddhist term refers to the idea that all things are in flux and impermanent?

A) anatta
B) anicca
C) nirvana
D) Eigenwelt

Question 34

Which two individuals are credited with turning existentialism into a more optimistic view of life?

A) Sartre and Nietzsche
B) Rogers and Freud
C) Rogers and Maslow
D) Maslow and Maddi

Question 35

According to Rogers, believing that others value you based only on intelligence, success, or attractiveness can lead to

A) existential dread.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) despair.
D) conditions of worth.

Question 36

To avoid developing conditions of worth, a person should experience ________ from the important people in his or her life.

A) unconditional positive regard
B) Mitwelt
C) conditions of worth
D) existential optimism

Question 37

Nietzsche argued that the MOST honorable response to the dilemmas of existence is to

A) retreat to close relationships to manage your terror.
B) rise above it all and become a superman.
C) acknowledge your own despair.
D) distract yourself from your inevitable sense of dread.

Question 38

Sanjay has come to terms with his mortality, accepted responsibility for his existence, and knows that he determines what happens in his life. Existentialists would say that Sanjay is

A) living in bad faith.
B) experiencing thrown-ness.
C) attaining authentic existence.
D) achieving Mitwelt.

Question 39

According to existentialist philosophy, the opposite of living in bad faith is

A) authentic existence.
B) autotelic existence.
C) objectivism.
D) Eigenwelt.

Question 40

Mike thinks that sitting around contemplating the meaning of existence is a waste of time. He spends his life concentrating on developing his career, building a bigger house for his family, and enjoying himself. Sartre and other existentialists would say that Mike is

A) living in bad faith.
B) preventing himself from becoming a functioning person.
C) ignoring Mitwelt.
D) following core ideas of self-determination theory.

Question 41

Aleksa is taking a walk through a forest and is very aware of every sound she hears and every thought she has. What is Aleksa currently experiencing?

A) mindfulness
B) flow
C) awe
D) nirvana

Question 42

According to the text, what is the main goal of psychotherapy from a humanistic perspective?

A) to help the client confront her fears
B) to help the client vocalize her subconscious thoughts
C) to help the client become a fully functioning person
D) to help the psychologist gather data about the human condition

Question 43

George Kelly believed that to understand a person, you need to understand his or her personal construct system. This idea is known as

A) the interpersonal circumplex.
B) constructive alternativism.
C) construct renewal.
D) the sociality corollary.

Question 44

Flow most likely arises when one's activity entails a balanced ratio of ________ to ________.

A) effort; reward
B) stress; eustress
C) approach; avoidance
D) skills; challenges

Question 45

The personality test that asks you to identify sets of three people, ideas, or objects and describe how any two of them are similar to each other and different from the third is attempting to assess your

A) hierarchy of needs.
B) conditions of worth.
C) cognitive scripts.
D) personal constructs.

Question 46

The idea that you choose your own reality is closest to which concept in the humanistic perspective on personality?

A) Eigenwelt
B) constructive alternativism
C) sociality corollary
D) self-determination theory

Question 47

According to George Kelly, a person's interpretation or theory of what the world is like is his or her

A) phenomenal field.
B) Eigenwelt.
C) personal construct system.
D) circumplex model.

Question 48

George realizes that if he moves his food truck to a different neighborhood, he'll make twice the profit. When George makes the move, he is achieving a(n) ________ goal.

A) optimizing
B) satisficing
C) profitable
D) opportunity

Question 49

All of the following make up Maslow's hierarchy of needs EXCEPT

A) self-actualization.
B) safety and security.
C) status and esteem.
D) extraversion and openness.

Question 50

Jacqueline is visiting the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris. Upon entering the cathedral for the first time, she is overcome by its vastness and her own feelings of humility. What is Jacqueline currently experiencing?

A) mindfulness
B) flow
C) awe
D) nirvana

Question 51

What basic approach do humanistic, Rogerian psychotherapists use when treating their patients?

A) utilize the talking cure
B) offer them unconditional positive regard
C) offer harsh advice and criticism
D) relate the patients' issues to those of their own

Question 52

Linda thinks that her friends will like her only if she is thin, attractive, and cheerful. Rogers would say it is unlikely that Linda will

A) self-actualize.
B) become a fully functioning person.
C) build personal constructs.
D) experience Umwelt.

Question 53

Jennifer is so immersed in a video game that she doesn't realize how late it has gotten or that her mother has been calling her to dinner. What is Jennifer currently experiencing?

A) mindfulness
B) flow
C) awe
D) nirvana

Question 54

Research has shown that some personal constructs are more readily called to mind than others. These constructs are considered

A) chronically accessible.
B) recall-ready.
C) intrinsic notions.
D) intrinsically motivated.

Question 55

The theorist ________ would likely use the metaphor "humans are scientists" to describe the nature of human psychology.

A) George Kelly
B) Carl Rogers
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi

Question 56

From an optimistic humanism perspective, what is true of all human beings?

A) They begin as blank slates.
B) They are basically good.
C) They are aware of their surroundings.
D) They come from the earth and will return to it when they die.

Question 57

George Kelly's personal construct theory emphasizes that individuals

A) construct reality through neurotic distortions.
B) build an authentic existence through the acceptance of personal responsibility.
C) construct a hierarchy of needs that motivates behavior.
D) build the experience of reality through unique sets of ideas about the world.

Question 58

Which theorist would MOST likely make the statement that above all else, individuals are driven to fulfill all that meets their basic needs of survival?

A) Maslow
B) Rogers
C) Kelly
D) Csikszentmihalyi

Question 59

Research suggests that individuals high in which personality attribute are MOST likely to experience flow?

A) locus of control
B) extraversion
C) openness
D) self-monitoring

Question 60

Some American corporations use Maslow's ideas when dealing with their employees. For example, they might

A) maximize their employees' feelings of security so that the employees can pursue higher goals and identify with the organization.
B) attempt to hire only people who are close to achieving at least minimal levels of self-actualization.
C) reinforce desired employee behavior by providing small salary increases whenever an employee performs an activity that is beyond what is usually expected.
D) maximize their employees' feelings of material satisfaction so that the employees become financially dependent upon the company (and are thus more dedicated to it).

Question 61

Csikszentmihalyi concluded that the best way someone can spend his or her time is in ________ activities.

A) telegraphic
B) autotelic
C) nomotelic
D) autographic

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT a major component of defining happiness?

A) high levels of positive emotions and low levels of negative emotions
B) satisfaction with how things are going in different life domains
C) achieving absolute existential awareness
D) overall satisfaction with life

Question 63

Based on self-determination theory, the individual who ________ is likely to report the highest level of well-being.

A) values financial success
B) seeks fame
C) is focused on personal growth
D) is focused on hedonic pleasures

Question 64

Stephen seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. He pursues

A) hedonic well-being.
B) eudaimonic well-being.
C) bad faith.
D) self-determination.

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT one of the core virtues identified by positive psychology?

A) courage
B) purity
C) justice
D) wisdom

Question 66

Which of the following virtues is LEAST important in Eastern traditions?

A) humanity
B) justice
C) temperance
D) courage

Question 67

An autotelic activity

A) results in social reinforcement such as praise or approval.
B) produces a material reinforcement such as money.
C) releases unconscious urges and desires.
D) is enjoyable for its own sake.

Question 68

From a phenomenological perspective, to understand another person, you must understand

A) that person's construals.
B) that person's family history.
C) how they feel about you.
D) yourself.

Question 69

Positive psychology seeks to study human ________ rather than ________.

A) behavior; thoughts or cognitions
B) strengths; faults
C) potential; behavior
D) nature; social constructions

Question 70

The psychological state of flow involves all of the following EXCEPT

A) a focused state of consciousness.
B) a disrupted sense of time.
C) intense feelings of joy and happiness.
D) tremendous concentration.

Question 71

According to the text, which of the following contributes to your happiness the MOST?

A) your genes
B) getting married
C) making a lot of money
D) gratitude interventions

Question 72

Csikszentmihalyi's concept of flow is analogous to

A) self-actualization.
B) an authentic existence.
C) an optimal experience.
D) existential optimism.

Question 73

According to self-determination theory, individuals who seek to increase their ________ will limit their ________.

A) intrinsic pleasure; extrinsic pleasure
B) hedonic pleasure; eudaimonic pleasure
C) eudaimonic pleasure; hedonic pleasure
D) well-being; happiness

Question 74

According to self-determination theory, which of the following should be limited?

A) autonomy
B) competence
C) eudaimonic pleasure
D) hedonic pleasure

Question 75

Which of the following factors is NOT a major contributor toward one's happiness?

A) life circumstances
B) intentional activities
C) genetically determined individual set points
D) cultural upbringing

Question 76

According to the text, which of the following questions is central positive and humanistic psychology but is NOT traditional psychology?

A) What is the meaning of life?
B) How are people different from one another?
C) How are people motivated to succeed?
D) What parts of the brain relate to our personality?

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT an example of an experience of flow?

A) writing a paper for four hours straight
B) playing a video game that requires a lot of skill
C) binge-watching a television series
D) running a marathon

Question 78

According to the text, which of the following best describes the relationship between happiness and positive life outcomes?

A) Happiness leads to positive life outcomes.
B) Positive life outcomes lead to happiness.
C) Happiness leads to positive life outcomes, which in turn increases happiness.
D) There is not enough evidence on the link between happiness and positive life outcomes.

Question 79

Positive psychologists usually argue that true happiness comes from overcoming important challenges. This idea is quite similar to Sartre's conception of

A) optimistic toughness.
B) hardiness.
C) self-actualization.
D) Umwelt.

Question 80

________ is the relatively recent branch of psychology that investigates the traits, processes, and social institutions that promote a good and meaningful life.

A) Hedonic well-being
B) Eudaimonic well-being
C) Positive psychology
D) Optimistic psychology