Deck 4: Attention

Question 1

For two groups of novice typists,the first group spends 90 minutes learning how to use a standard keyboard (the upper left row starts with "QUERTY"),then spends 90 minutes learning a different layout (the upper left row starts with "RDOVAK").The second group spends 90 minutes learning the RDOVAK keyboard (and never sees to the QUERTY keyboard).Finally,each group is given a typing test on the RDOVAK keyboard.

A)The first group will perform better.
B)The second group will perform better.
C)Both groups will perform at the same level.
D)Why are there only three options? I think a third group is needed.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The guidance of executive attention is associated with the __________.

A)brainstem
B)anterior cingulate
C)cerebellum
D)superior parietal lobe

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Neurologically,orienting is associated with the __________.

A)brainstem
B)anterior cingulate
C)cerebellum
D)superior parietal lobe

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In vigilance tasks,performance starts to decline after __________.

A)20-35 minutes
B)5-15 minutes
C)1-2 minutes
D)60-90 minutes

Question 5

For the metaphor of attention as a process,__________.

A)attention is a limited capacity
B)it is something that grows and develops over time
C)attention serves to direct mental processing
D)it is something that shifts and degrades over time

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of attention?

A)Practice in using attention increases its limits almost indefinitely.
B)We cannot attend to everything we are presented with.
C)Some tasks do not involve much attention.
D)Some tasks require less attention with practice.

Question 7

__________ is the maintenance of attention for infrequent events over long periods of time.

A)Inhibition of return
B)Visual search
C)Vigilance
D)Anticipatory processing

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of input attention?

A)supervisory attentional system
B)spotlight attention
C)arousal
D)orienting reflex

Question 9

__________ is the reflexive redirection of attention that orients you toward the unexpected stimulus so that you can devote deliberate attention to it if warranted.

A)RAS
B)Orienting reflex
C)Psychological refractory period
D)Habituation

Question 10

Tasks that can be done with little involvement of attention are more likely to be labeled __________.

A)formal
B)informal
C)implicit
D)explicit

Question 11

Tasks that require the involvement of attention are more likely to be labeled __________.

A)formal
B)informal
C)implicit
D)explicit

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of controlled attention?

A)supervisory attentional system
B)spotlight attention
C)selective attention
D)mental resources

Question 13

__________ processes involve conscious processing,conscious awareness that a task is being performed,and usually conscious awareness of the outcome of that performance.

A)Explicit
B)Prospective
C)Implicit
D)Orienting

Question 14

Over time,vigilance at a task that requires sustained attention declines because __________.

A)responses detection declines
B)attention stops working (it goes into sleep mode)
C)perceptual processes become fatigued
D)the response bias changes

Question 15

Conscious processing,conscious awareness that a task is being performed,and (usually)conscious awareness of the outcome of that performance describe __________.

A)implicit processing
B)explicit processing
C)input attention
D)input processing

Question 16

General alertness/basic arousal is controlled (at least in part)by the __________.

A)thalamus
B)brain stem
C)corpus callosum
D)cerebellum

Question 17

If I show you the word fragment "B O __ __ __" and ask you to complete the word with any English word,this task would best be described as __________.

A)word stem completion
B)fractional completion
C)implicit memory test
D)a test of word priming

Question 18

Which of the following terms is the least similar to the others?

A)controlled
B)implicit
C)conscious
D)explicit

Question 19

For the metaphor of attention as a mental resource,__________.

A)attention is finite
B)it is something that grows and develops over time
C)attention serves to direct mental processing
D)it is something that shifts and degrades over time

Question 20

If I had you perform a stem completion task but had you exclude words from a list that I had just given you,your results are likely to illustrate __________.

A)Stroop interference
B)orienting reflex
C)implicit memory
D)spotlight attention

Question 21

When you move your spotlight of attention,it __________.

A)sweeps across the visual field
B)contracts
C)expands
D)jumps from one point to another

Question 22

Which is NOT true of Posner's spatial cueing task?

A)Participants were to maintain fixation at the center of the screen throughout each trial.
B)Useful advance information led to facilitation.
C)Misleading cues lead to costs.
D)Neutral cues facilitated the movement of the spotlight of attention.

Question 23

Which of the following terms is associated with the idea of redirecting attention to an unexpected event?

A)orienting reflex
B)inhibition of return
C)motion drive
D)unplanned attention

Question 24

Habituation is __________.

A)a reduction in the orienting response to familiar stimuli
B)the forming of a new bad habit
C)found in people with stunted neural processes
D)unaffected by memory

Question 25

__________ is a gradual reduction of the orienting response back to baseline.

A)Vigilance
B)Fatigue
C)Habituation
D)Implicit processing

Question 26

Searching for a red circle in a field of green squares is likely to yield __________.

A)a steep search function
B)a shallow search function
C)evidence favoring the existence of serial exhaustive search
D)evidence for the operation of a supervisory attentional system

Question 27

Which is NOT true of spotlight attention?

A)It operates very early in perception.
B)It enhances the detection of events within its beam.
C)it provides the encoding route into the visual system.
D)It is reliant on the voluntary allocation of mental effort or concentration.

Question 28

Attention capture and orienting are important because they allow __________.

A)for neurological bonding
B)retinotopic filament reduction to occur
C)the preparation of an appropriate response
D)what was previously not allowed

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT associated with Posner's spatial cueing task?

A)facilitation
B)valid trial
C)encoding stimulus information
D)All of the above are associated with Posner's spatial cueing task.

Question 30

Which of the following terms is NOT a physiological response during an orienting reflex?

A)change in heart rate
B)respiration rate altered
C)widening of audition
D)pupil dilation

Question 31

Evolutionary accounts of attention suggest that __________.

A)attention is evolutionarily relatively new
B)attention is driven solely by perception
C)our faces and eyes communicate where we are attending
D)mate selection is driven by effectiveness in attending to courtship cues

Question 32

Which of the following is an aspect of human facial expression that can direct our attention?

A)eye gaze
B)eyebrow lifting
C)nasal flares
D)chin wrinkling

Question 33

Which of the following terms is NOT likely to result in attention capture?

A)change in color
B)sudden movement
C)abrupt onset of a stimulus
D)conceptually driven arousal levels

Question 34

According to the textbook,which of the following is the LEAST likely to be a feature of performance on a visual search task that leads to the apparent "pop-out" of the target from the background distractor items?

A)rapid search
B)sequential search
C)parallel search
D)input attention

Question 35

Attention capture occurs for __________ events.

A)important
B)natural
C)embodied
D)unexpected

Question 36

Which is a model of visual attention?

A)thespian model
B)spotlight model
C)pre-categorical stage model
D)script theory

Question 37

A reduction in the orienting response to familiar stimuli is __________.

A)adaption
B)elision
C)stunting
D)habituation

Question 38

Which neural pathway is more likely to be involved in the orienting reflex?

A)dorsal pathway
B)ventral pathway
C)medial pathway
D)frontal pathway

Question 39

A slowdown in processing from an invalid attentional cue is called __________.

A)a cost
B)inhibition
C)a boost
D)segmentation

Question 40

A speed-up in processing from an attentional cue is called __________.

A)facilitation
B)inhibition
C)a boost
D)segmentation

Question 41

If a pop-out effect does not occur,the visual search is best described as a __________ search.

A)failed
B)obligatory
C)parceled
D)conjunction

Question 42

The ability to attend to one source of information while ignoring or excluding other ongoing messages around us is __________.

A)selective attention
B)explicit attention
C)automatic
D)reliant on early selection

Question 43

The shadowing task is __________.

A)the workhorse of audiovisual perception research
B)to repeat the message out loud as soon as it is heard
C)to listen ("shadow")for comprehension of the content
D)best described as a serial,discrete attentional process that uses input attention

Question 44

The cocktail party effect refers to __________.

A)attenuation
B)selection
C)masking
D)priming

Question 45

It appears that hemineglect is caused by __________.

A)an inability to perceive objects as wholes
B)an inability to disengage attention from a stimulus on the nonneglected side
C)countless repetition leading to dangerous automatization
D)slow,attentionally demanding processing that is open to conscious awareness

Question 46

The attention process that keeps a person from searching the same place over and over is __________.

A)Type I selection
B)inhibition of return
C)multimodal modificational attention
D)sensory biases

Question 47

The loss of the ability to direct attention to one side of the visual world is called __________.

A)inattention
B)hemi-inhibition
C)hemineglect
D)attenuation

Question 48

Another way of describing Broadbent's filter theory of selective attention is:

A)early selection
B)middle selection
C)late selection
D)multimode model

Question 49

The deliberate,voluntary allocation of mental effort is associated with __________ attention.

A)exogenous
B)ordinary
C)streamlined
D)controlled

Question 50

A different audio message is played to each ear.The task is to repeat back the message as soon as it is heard (e.g.,Cherry,1954; Lindsay & Norman,1977).This task is most commonly called __________.

A)masking
B)priming
C)shadowing
D)repetition blindness

Question 51

Selective attention involves __________.

A)only attending to salient objects
B)having attention drawn to unexpected events
C)a narrowing of the attentional spotlight
D)selecting one stimulus over others

Question 52

Shadowed speech is __________.

A)generally fluid
B)often monotone (with little intonation)
C)for the unattended channel
D)completely automated

Question 53

Conscious processing is __________.

A)intentional
B)usually rapid (<1 second)
C)not open to awareness or introspection
D)not resource demanding

Question 54

Regarding the to-be-ignored channel in a shadowing task,__________.

A)participants rarely notice if the gender of the speaker is switched
B)participants rarely notice if a word is repeated 35 times
C)participants rarely notice if the speaker is replaced by a tone
D)participants typically notice if there is a change in the language being spoken

Question 55

Some of the original work using the shadowing task was performed by __________.

A)Norman
B)Triesman & Gelade
C)Cherry & Taylor
D)Sperling

Question 56

What parts of the brain are implicated in the operation of inhibition of return?

A)the superior colliculus and the parietal lobe
B)the corpus collosum and the hypothalamus
C)the tegmentum and the trigeminal nerve
D)the temporal lobe and the thalamus

Question 57

The failure to process perceptually available information is called __________.

A)inattention blindness
B)distraction
C)duality
D)ataxia

Question 58

In visual search,__________.

A)conjunction searches are generally faster than disjunction searches
B)parallel search generally takes longer than serial search
C)the kinds of distractors can critically influence search rates
D)the search slope refers to the cost per additional target in the display

Question 59

Controlled attention is NOT __________.

A)deliberate
B)voluntary
C)automatic
D)effortful

Question 60

Which is likely to produce the shallowest search slopes in a visual search task?

A)a small range of set sizes
B)searching for a red X among green Os
C)a large range of set sizes
D)searching for a black T among rotated black Ls

Question 61

Unattended information is more likely to be noticed (grab attention)if it is __________.

A)not semantically meaningful
B)played backwards
C)presented in a foreign language
D)consistent with one's goals

Question 62

Which is NOT true?

A)An automatic process does not reveal itself to conscious awareness.
B)An automatic process is always very fast (>1 second).
C)A fully automatic process uses few,if any,conscious resources.
D)An automatic process is triggered without intentionality.

Question 63

For early filter theories of attention,selection is based on __________.

A)semantic meaning
B)multimodalities
C)physical characteristics
D)inhibition

Question 64

The attention mechanism that keeps salient but irrelevant information from entering the current stream of thought is __________.

A)selection
B)mitigation
C)repression
D)inhibition

Question 65

Another way of describing Treisman's attenuation theory is:

A)early selection
B)middle selection
C)late selection
D)multimode model

Question 66

Attenuation theory is associated with __________.

A)Broadbent
B)Moray
C)Norman
D)Treisman

Question 67

During the attentional blink,what happens?

A)The eyes blink.
B)Attentional processing can catch up.
C)There is a loss of irrelevant information.
D)There is a brief slowdown in processing.

Question 68

The route to automaticity is __________.

A)practice and memory
B)introspection and effort
C)selection and filtering
D)hemiselection

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT part of a strict division (according to the text)between automatic and conscious processes?

A)intentionality
B)openness to introspection
C)attentional requirements (e.g.,capacity used)
D)speed to complete processing (<1 second)

Question 70

The finding that people will not remember a word repeated 35 times in an unattended ear during a shadowing task,but will notice their name,is consistent with __________ theories of attention.

A)modern
B)progressive
C)late selection
D)early selection

Question 71

According to Lavie,the attentional filter is more likely to be guided by physical characteristics when attention is __________ and by semantic characteristics when attention is __________.

A)not taxed; taxed
B)taxed; not taxed
C)voluminous; limited
D)limited; voluminous

Question 72

What is the name for the brief slowdown in processing that occurs immediately after processing another event?

A)attentional blink
B)negative priming
C)mind wandering
D)STEM attention

Question 73

Another name for the psychological refractory period is __________.

A)attentional blink
B)negative priming
C)mind wandering
D)STEM attention

Question 74

In a shadowing task,when the participant follows the semantic content of the message across to the to-be-unattended channel,this is consistent with all but __________.

A)early selection
B)late selection
C)multimodal model of attention
D)Radvansky's pertinence model

Question 75

A decrease in the ability to access information that was just a distractor item,but is now the target item,is called __________.

A)the Stroop effect
B)reductionism
C)inhibition of return
D)negative priming

Question 76

Automatic processes require __________.

A)intense concentration
B)cognitive control
C)residual resources
D)little or no conscious attention

Question 77

Controlled processing requires __________.

A)mind storms
B)external stimuli
C)attention
D)the refractory period

Question 78

Negative priming in attention is __________.

A)a slowdown in the normal priming effect
B)priming for emotionally negative information
C)slower responses to a recently inhibited stimulus
D)enhanced with late filter attention processes

Question 79

For later filter theories of attention,selection is based on __________.

A)semantic meaning
B)multimodalities
C)physical characteristics
D)inhibition

Question 80

When talking about attention,the role of inhibition is to __________.

A)reduce the influence of salient but irrelevant information
B)help people forget bad events
C)reduce the amount of attention available
D)slow thinking down so that it is more precise