Deck 14: Northern Humanism, Northern Renaissance, Religious Reformations, and Late Mannerism

Question 1

In his Essays, Montaigne viewed humans and human nature

A) with an optimistic outlook, for he had faith in fellow human beings.
B) without any hope, since all humans were sinners.
C) as vain and insignificant, but he avoided total skepticism in his outlook.
D) through the eyes of conventional Christian beliefs.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What was the theme of Erasmus's Praise of Folly?

A) It was a defense of the Catholic Church against its critics.
B) It offered a justification for Luther's faith.
C) It satirized many individuals and institutions of his day.
D) It defended the doctrine of predestination.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Who wrote Six Books of the Commonwealth?

A) Andreas Vesalius
B) Michel de Montaigne
C) Jean Bodin
D) Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What differentiated northern humanists from Italian ones?

A) the northern humanists' emphasis on education
B) the northern humanists' belief in rationalism
C) the northern humanists' preoccupation with the condition of the church
D) the northern humanists' interest in Greco-Roman classics

Question 5

Which is a mannerist feature in Shakespeare's Hamlet?

A) The main character, Hamlet, is portrayed from a single vantage point.
B) Hamlet is wracked with self-disgust.
C) Hamlet has an unrealistically high opinion of the human race.
D) It adheres to classical ideals.

Question 6

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the disintegration of the Catholic Church?

A) the growing corruption within the church
B) the external threat of Islam from the Middle East
C) the rise of sovereign states
D) the impact of humanism and humanistic studies

Question 7

How did the Protestant Reformation begin to affect painting and sculpture in the 1520s?

A) Protestants now began to build elaborately decorated churches.
B) Zealous Protestants destroyed some works of art.
C) The fresco became the dominant expression of Protestant creativity.
D) Religious art was commissioned for Protestant homes.

Question 8

How did Rabelais differ from other northern humanists?

A) He affirmed the goodness of human nature.
B) He demonstrated a secular outlook on life.
C) He often made obscene references.
D) He thought that men and women were able to lead useful lives based on reason and common sense.

Question 9

Shakespeare's reputation is greatest for which literary genre?

A) comedy
B) history
C) sonnet
D) tragedy

Question 10

Both Christian humanism and Renaissance thought

A) emphasized classical studies.
B) concentrated primarily on secular matters.
C) dealt with social issues, especially the plight of women.
D) were influenced by the pietistic movement.

Question 11

What techniques did Hieronymus Bosch borrow from Flemish art?

A) jewel tones and gleaming surfaces
B) disjunctive perspective and repetitive facial types
C) chiaroscuro and dark colors
D) sweeping landscapes and precise detail

Question 12

Marguerite of Navarre's lasting achievement was

A) a collection of stories written in the style of Boccaccio's Decameron.
B) the painting of portraits modeled on the style of Michelangelo.
C) founding the religious order of Ursuline nuns.
D) the adapting of the Italian madrigal to French musical tastes.

Question 13

Besides paintings, Dürer also is known for his

A) engravings.
B) sculptures.
C) bronze castings.
D) architectural designs.

Question 14

Bosch'sGarden of Earthly Delights depicts

A) heaven.
B) heaven and hell.
C) the Garden of Eden, a garden devoted to fleshly sins, and hell.
D) Erasmus's vision of the good life.

Question 15

In which country did Protestantism first appear?

A) England
B) Germany
C) France
D) Spain

Question 16

What was Erasmus's fate?

A) He founded Protestantism.
B) He alienated both the Catholics and the Protestants.
C) In defending the Catholics, he lost the support of the Protestants.
D) He became a wandering scholar without credibility.

Question 17

A theme of the Isenheim Altarpiece was the

A) horror and anguish of the fate of Jesus.
B) belief that humanity is basically good.
C) encoding of religious myth within an allegory using animals.
D) use of classical myth to express a Christian message.

Question 18

Which of the following is correct regarding Elizabethan England?

A) It fell into economic and international decline.
B) It experienced a cultural flowering, especially with a secular and commercial theater.
C) It became the leader of Europe's Catholic states.
D) All these answers are correct.

Question 19

Whose paintings represent a continuation of the late Gothic style rather than a northern development of Renaissance tendencies?

A) Albrecht Dürer
B) Matthias Grünewald
C) Hieronymus Bosch
D) Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Question 20

Pieter Bruegel's paintings were

A) products of the Catholic Reformation.
B) efforts to capture the ordinary lives of peasants.
C) expressions of the late Gothic style.
D) judged to be lewd and immoral in his day.

Question 21

El Greco's painting style represents

A) the essence of Spanish emotionalism and religious zeal.
B) the spirit of Greek art adapted to Spanish conditions.
C) the restrained ideal of High Renaissance art.
D) a throwback to the Byzantine style of his native Crete.

Question 22

The one event that upset Luther and ultimately launched the Protestant Reformation was the

A) collection of Peter's Pence in his town.
B) appointing of the Bishop of Mainz by the local prince.
C) selling of indulgences in Germany.
D) crowning of the Duke of Saxony by the pope.

Question 23

The Lutheran reforms positively affected women by

A) calling for equality between husbands and wives.
B) opening state-run schools for young women.
C) enabling clergy to marry and thus giving respectability to marriage.
D) permitting women to become priests.

Question 24

Which was an accomplishment of the Council of Trent?

A) It condemned indulgences.
B) It adopted the Protestant belief that the Bible alone was the basis of authority on the word of God.
C) It affirmed that salvation should be sought by faith and good works.
D) It resolved to try to mend the split in Christian Europe.

Question 25

With which city's university was Martin Luther associated when he published his famous Ninety-five Theses?

A) Paris
B) Cologne
C) Wittenburg
D) Strasbourg

Question 26

Who of the following founded Anglicanism?

A) Henry VIII
B) Elizabeth I
C) Martin Luther
D) John Calvin

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT true of late-sixteenth-century Catholic Church music?

A) Clarity of words was sacrificed to musical sounds.
B) It became simpler in many ways.
C) The Council of Trent decreed that music should be easily understood by the illiterate masses.
D) Palestrina set the standard for the Catholic ideal for the next few centuries.

Question 28

What movement or style dominated Spanish painting after 1564, but left Spanish literature largely untouched?

A) humanism
B) early mannerism
C) late mannerism
D) chivalric satire

Question 29

In his search for answers to his sense of sin, Luther finally found the solution through the

A) preachings of the local bishop.
B) biblical passages stressing salvation through one's faith.
C) forgiving quality of the clergy.
D) use of the seven sacraments.

Question 30

What is the name of Don Quixote's male sidekick in Cervantes's novel?

A) Sancho Panza
B) Lazarillo de Tormes
C) Dulcinea
D) Gabby Hayes

Question 31

The success of the Society of Jesus was due to all of these reasons EXCEPT the

A) zeal and leadership of its founder, Loyola.
B) dedication and discipline of its members.
C) support given the order by the papacy.
D) sympathy of Protestants who secretly admired them.

Question 32

An indulgence was

A) a grant from the pope for a Christian to indulge in sinful living.
B) a pardon that reduced the time spent for doing penance.
C) the taking of the Holy Eucharist while in a state of sin.
D) the sale of a church office.

Question 33

What was Sofonisba Anguissola's artistic achievement?

A) She pioneered the three-quarter-length portrait.
B) She introduced Italian art to northern Europe.
C) She helped introduce the Italian school of art to Spain.
D) She adapted the style of Leonardo to French tastes.

Question 34

Calvin's concept of predestination meant that

A) each priest had the power to save his congregation.
B) every believer who took the sacraments was saved.
C) only God knew who was saved or not saved.
D) all Christians were predestined to die and go to purgatory.

Question 35

Who is credited with reviving Spanish theater in the sixteenth century?

A) Miguel de Cervantes
B) Lazarillo de Tormes
C) Lope de Vega
D) Lopez de Segura

Question 36

Luther attacked the sale of indulgences in his

A) Ninety-five Theses.
B) Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation.
C) treatise on free will.
D) translation of the Bible.

Question 37

Which new literary genre flourished in Spain in the sixteenth century?

A) chivalric novel
B) chansons de geste
C) romance
D) picaresque novel

Question 38

Closely associated with Calvinism was the belief that

A) everyone who makes money will be damned.
B) being lazy or industrious has no effect on one's soul.
C) one's outward behavior has no effect on salvation.
D) worldly success was a sign of God's approval.

Question 39

The most representative mannerist artist in Spain who captured the spirit of the Catholic Reformation was

A) Velázquez.
B) Goya.
C) El Greco.
D) Dal'.

Question 40

Who of the following specialized in word paintings-musical illustrations of the written text?

A) Miguel de Cervantes
B) Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
C) Thomas Weelkes
D) El Greco

Question 41

Describe some of the responses used by secular leaders to the religious dissent brought on by the Protestant Reformation, including the actions of Charles V and Phillip II.

Question 42

What type of song was most expressive of late-sixteenth-century music?

A) Gregorian chant
B) canzone
C) motet
D) madrigal

Question 43

Bruegel's The Painter and the Connoisseur pioneered what new subject in art?

A) a secular depiction of the pope
B) the concept of self-satire by the artist
C) a satiric view of the relations between an artist and an art expert
D) a satiric view of the relationship between the artist and the church
Essay Questions

Question 44

Which of the following was NOT a legacy of Protestantism?

A) glorification of the work ethic
B) Puritanism
C) condemnation of capitalism
D) the notion that human beings can commune directly with God

Question 45

What impact did the Counter-Reformation have on El Greco? How was this revealed in his paintings?

Question 46

Discuss the origins and beliefs of the Society of Jesus.

Question 47

What made Erasmus a leading figure among the humanists? Discuss his beliefs as they were manifested in his writings.

Question 48

What action brought an end to Phillip II's success and good fortune?

A) his campaign against the Turks in the Mediterranean
B) his invasion of Portugal
C) his campaign against the Muslims in southern Spain
D) his campaign against the United Provinces in the northern Netherlands

Question 49

What events brought about the English Reformation?

Question 50

What role did politics play in Luther's successful revolt against the Catholic Church? How did Luther's religious ideas, especially toward the relations between church and state, reflect the political situation in Germany?

Question 51

How are Shakespeare's insights into human nature expressed in Hamlet? In what ways is Hamlet a mannerist work?

Question 52

The leading exponent of late mannerism in Italy, Tintoretto, had a style that could be described as

A) feverish and emotional.
B) restrained and stately.
C) Gothic and decadent.
D) discordant and alienating.

Question 53

Discuss the literary achievement of Marguerite of Navarre and describe the social world within which she wrote.

Question 54

What were the causes of the Protestant Reformation?

Question 55

Explain the basic ideas of Calvinism and show how they affected societies where large numbers of Calvinists were citizens.