Deck 6: Learning and Remembering

Question 1

Declarative memories are more likely to be __________,whereas nondeclarative memories are more likely to be__________.

A)implicit; explicit
B)explicit; implicit
C)formal; informal
D)informal; formal

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The reduction in the number of trials (or the time,in other studies)necessary for relearning compared to the original learning is a result of __________.

A)operant learning
B)savings
C)metamemory
D)mnemonic device

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which does NOT contribute to how mnemonics work?

A)acquisition/encoding: structure for learning (encoding)the information
B)retention: builds a durable record
C)retrieval: provides effective retrieval cues
D)confidence: overlearning increases our willingness to rely on memory

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which is a classic mnemonic device?

A)subtractive method
B)method of loci
C)additive factors method
D)method of savings

Question 5

Episodic memories generally convey __________.

A)general world knowledge
B)skills
C)hunches
D)personally experienced events

Question 6

People feel like they are working harder with __________ practice,but they are really not learning all that much.

A)distributed
B)massed
C)episodic
D)semantic

Question 7

__________ is knowledge about one's own memory functioning: how it works and fails to work.

A)Metaanalysis
B)Metacognition
C)Metaawareness
D)Metamemory

Question 8

Metamemory is __________.

A)knowledge of how memory works in other people
B)awareness of one's own memory contents and processes
C)knowing what other people are likely to know
D)knowledge that is inborn or innate

Question 9

The knowledge that you acquire in class is more likely to be stored in __________ memory.

A)declarative
B)simple
C)implicit
D)nondeclarative

Question 10

Another name for the von Restorff effect is __________.

A)the memory effect
B)the forgetting effect
C)chunking
D)the isolation effect

Question 11

Which is NOT part of Ebbinghaus's legacy?

A)use of operational definitions
B)use of statistical testing
C)use of rigorous methodology
D)use of mnemonic devices to cue memory recall

Question 12

In the Ebbinghaus's tradition,savings are __________.

A)the amount of information saved from forgetting over time
B)the reduction in confusion from preexisting knowledge
C)a reduction in the number of trials to relearn a set of information
D)an increase in the speed with which memories are recalled

Question 13

The relearning task in the Ebbinghaus tradition is when __________.

A)people need to change how they learn information
B)previously learned information needs to be purged or forgotten to make room for new information
C)there is a reduction in the amount of time needed to learn something
D)people are asked to relearn a set of information after it has been forgotten

Question 14

In __________,a list is originally learned,set aside for some period of time,then later relearned to the same criterion of accuracy.

A)a relearning task
B)a cued recall task
C)paired associate learning
D)a mnemonic task

Question 15

The mnemonic that relies on a person using a previously memorized rhyme is called __________.

A)peg-word mnemonic
B)trails task
C)the method of loci
D)familiarity mnemonic

Question 16

In general,memory is better after __________ practice than __________ practice.

A)distributed; massed
B)massed; distributed
C)concentrated; intense
D)intense; concentrated

Question 17

According to Squire,what is LTM knowledge that can influence thought or behavior without any necessary involvement of conscious awareness?

A)episodic
B)explicit
C)functional
D)nondeclarative

Question 18

The mnemonic that relies on a person using a set of already familiar places is called overlearning

A)peg-word mnemonic
B)trails task
C)the method of loci
D)familiarity mnemonic

Question 19

The improved retention of one piece of information that is made distinct or different from the information around it (e.g.,underlining one word in a to-be-remembered list in red ink)is __________.

A)content accuracy
B)technical accuracy
C)priming
D)von Restorff / isolation effect

Question 20

Semantic memories generally convey __________.

A)general world knowledge
B)skills
C)hunches
D)personally experienced events

Question 21

After showing you a picture,I ask you,"Was it a BOY or a GIRL?" ,and then I ask: "Did you see a BALL or a BAT?" .This type of memory test would best be defined as __________.(Note: it is safe to assume that you have now finished your duties as a participant in my research.)

A)free recall
B)paired associate learning
C)recognition
D)method of savings

Question 22

Paired associate learning __________.

A)always uses nonsense syllables
B)inherently requires an active,strategic kind of rehearsal
C)learning a list so that the correct response item can be reproduced when the stimulus item is presented
D)clustered list learning

Question 23

What is the best thing to which a person can relate information for better memory?

A)visual images
B)context
C)the self
D)time

Question 24

Which of the following is a critical failure of the depth of processing account?

A)defining levels independently of retention
B)elaborative rehearsal
C)subtractive method
D)mnemonic encoding

Question 25

A problem for Craik & Lockhart's depth of processing account is __________.

A)circular reasoning
B)that shallow processing leads to maintenance rehearsal
C)that deep processing involves elaborative encoding
D)that shallow processing is less cognitively demanding than deeper processing

Question 26

With respect to levels of processing,task effects refer to __________.

A)maintenance rehearsal producing superior recall when compared with Elaborative rehearsal
B)higher recall for earlier list items
C)the fact that recognition reflects familiarity and actual recognition
D)the fact that maintenance rehearsal can lead to equal or superior recognition performance compared with Elaborative rehearsal

Question 27

Elaborative rehearsal is

A)is nonsense syllable recall
B)means reinforcement increasing likelihood of recall
C)is meaning-related complex rehearsal/encoding
D)measures working memory span

Question 28

Which of the following types of memory tasks generally requires the greatest proportion of conscious processing?

A)free recall
B)cued recall
C)recognition
D)procedural

Question 29

What is the self-reference effect?

A)lower memory for items that contain the word "self"
B)better memory for items that contain the word "self"
C)the finding that memory is better for information related to the self
D)the finding that memory is worse for information related to the self

Question 30

Which of the following is a critical failure of the depth of processing account?

A)easy to understand
B)task effects
C)savings scores
D)retroactive interference

Question 31

The deliberate cycling or practice of information is called __________.

A)learning
B)studying
C)encoding
D)rehearsal

Question 32

The isolation effect is __________.

A)the fact that repetition leads to stronger memory traces
B)the fact that the frequency of events seems to be encoded into memory easily (or automatically)
C)improved memory for one piece of evidence that has been made distinct or different
D)the fact that rehearsal organization and imagery lead to better retrieval

Question 33

Primacy effects are associated with __________.

A)long-term memory storage
B)short-term memory storage
C)dual coding
D)cued recall

Question 34

Maintenance vs.elaborative rehearsal is primarily associated with __________.

A)depth of processing
B)the method of savings
C)paired associate learning
D)encoding specificity

Question 35

Maintenance rehearsal __________.

A)is low-level,repetitive kind of rehearsal
B)is higher recall for later list items
C)is higher recall for earlier list items
D)measures working memory span

Question 36

Which of the following could reflect a problem for the depth of processing account?

A)task effects (e.g.,comparing cued versus free recall)
B)mnemonic devices leading to improved memory performance
C)definingness
D)that the amount of time spent remembering a "G-word" during a maintenance rehearsal task did not impact accuracy of recall (Craik & Watkins,1973)

Question 37

Rehearsal is __________.

A)the same as learning
B)largely ineffective
C)the deliberate cycling or practice of information
D)another term for memory retrieval

Question 38

Rehearsing information makes memories __________.

A)more durable
B)retrieved more slowly
C)increasingly competitive
D)more likely to succumb to a state of neural flux

Question 39

Items presented early on in a list are more likely to get __________.

A)less interference
B)slow-moving alpha waves
C)procedural memory support
D)more rehearsal

Question 40

Better recall for items in a list that were made unusual in some fashion (e.g.,bold or underlined)is called __________.

A)the von Restorff / isolation effect
B)the vividness effect
C)autobiographical memory
D)the flashbulb memory effect

Question 41

Endel Tulving presented people with a long list of unrelated words several different times.Each time the list was presented,the order of the items was rearranged.After each list presentation,Tulving had the participants free recall as many of the words on the list as possible.When he analyzed the order in which the words were recalled,he discovered that the subjects had developed their own groupings of the words.This consistency illustrates __________.

A)Miller's magical number seven
B)implicit knowledge
C)declarative knowledge
D)subjective organization

Question 42

What is the finding that memory is better when people actually do something?

A)the enactment effect
B)trace consolidation
C)release from PI
D)practice effects

Question 43

A retrieval cue __________.

A)prompts a person to start recalling
B)often misleads the retrieval process
C)helps direct memory search
D)indicates when retrieval is to be terminated

Question 44

Which of the following,like the enactment effect,comes about as a result of an increase in elaborative processing?

A)the generation effect
B)trace consolidation
C)release from PI
D)practice effects

Question 45

Words that denote concrete objects,as opposed to abstract words,can be encoded into memory twice: once in terms of their verbal attributes,and once in terms of their image-based properties.This __________.

A)increases the likelihood that the words will be recalled or remembered
B)illustrates the dual-coding hypothesis
C)relies on visual and verbal codes in memory
D)all of the above

Question 46

__________ is a useful prompt or reminder for the information to be retrieved.

A)A mnemonic
B)A retrieval cue
C)Introspection
D)Encoding specificity

Question 47

Which of the following describes the improved ability to remember things better when you are drunk if you learned them while you were drunk?

A)state-dependent learning
B)mood-congruent learning
C)release from interference
D)encoding specificity

Question 48

Words that denote concrete objects,as opposed to abstract words,can be encoded into memory twice: once in terms of their verbal attributes,and once in terms of their image-based properties.This illustrates __________.

A)semantic integration
B)the dual-coding hypothesis
C)propositional representation
D)cued recall

Question 49

The loss of information from memory due to the passage of time is __________.

A)interference
B)savings
C)decay
D)forgetting

Question 50

__________ is the hypothesis that the specific nature of an item's encoding,including all related information that was encoded along with it,determines how effectively the item can be retrieved.

A)Depth of processing
B)The method of savings
C)Elaborative encoding
D)Encoding specificity

Question 51

State-dependent learning can be thought of as a form of __________.

A)retrieval failure
B)recognition association
C)the enactment effect
D)encoding specificity

Question 52

The principle that Ebbinghaus used his method of savings to investigate is __________.

A)interference
B)memory loss
C)elaborative encoding
D)spreading activation

Question 53

Forgetting one memory as a result of the influence of other memories occurs as a result of __________.

A)interference
B)proactivity
C)decay
D)the Sommerset effect

Question 54

What is encoding specificity?

A)better memory when the retrieval context matches the encoding context
B)the idea that learning is better in some contexts than others
C)learning that is better for specific ideas than for general gist information
D)losing specific information over time,but retaining the gist

Question 55

Which does NOT belong?

A)decay
B)law of disuse
C)maintenance
D)loss due to the passage of time

Question 56

Each item is encoded into a richer memory representation-one that includes any extra information about the item that was present during encoding.The hypothesis that the specific nature of an item's encoding,including all related information that was encoded along with it,determines how effectively the item can be retrieved.This describes __________.

A)dual coding
B)semantic integration
C)subjective organization
D)encoding specificity

Question 57

Multimodal effects on learning __________.

A)improve dialog recall by actors when dialog and stage movements are practiced together
B)demonstrate that visual images are better remembered than words
C)make it clear that mnemonic devices are limited in application to highly effortful learning
D)reveal that it is possible to gain positive knowledge about human memory

Question 58

The enactment effect is a form of __________.

A)elaborative processing
B)maintenance rehearsal
C)procedural memory
D)iconic memory

Question 59

The generation effect reflects what sort of cognitive processing?

A)evolutionary enhancement
B)categorical organization
C)transience effect
D)deep processing

Question 60

Superior memory for information that was produced by a person (rather than simply read or heard)benefits from __________.

A)encoding specificity
B)the generation effect
C)emotion-induced memory
D)recognition enhancement

Question 61

Jenkins & Dallenbach (1924)report an experiment in which participants underwent a nonsense syllable study phase followed by sleep or waking across a delay of either 1,2,4,or 8 hours.They report __________.

A)less integration in the sleep condition
B)better memory in the sleep condition
C)more memory consolidation and integration in the sleep condition
D)less memory consolidation and integration in the sleep condition

Question 62

If people are given pieces of information and asked to report the rest,this is called a __________ test.

A)free recall
B)cued recognition
C)free recognition
D)cued recall

Question 63

During a TOT state,a person has access to __________ in long-term memory.

A)nothing
B)partial information
C)consolidation
D)interference

Question 64

The idea that the von Restorff effect requires explicit,declarative memories is supported by what evidence?

A)People remember that which is is distinctive.
B)encoding-specific effects in this effect
C)an absence of an effect for amnesiacs
D)negative transfer effects

Question 65

What is the effect of testing on memory relative to studying more?

A)They are the same.
B)It depends on the context.
C)Memory is better with studying.
D)Memory is better with testing.

Question 66

The testing effect is the finding that __________.

A)memory is better if people take a test rather than restudy
B)memory is worse if people take a test rather than restudy
C)information is forgotten soon after people take a test
D)people care more about information if they think they will need to take a test

Question 67

TOT stands for __________.

A)thematic ortho-treatment
B)thalamic operation of transfer
C)tip of the tongue
D)temporal ordering of the thematic content

Question 68

In memory retrieval,interference is caused by __________.

A)the passage of time
B)other memories
C)neural noise
D)declining abilities

Question 69

Momentarily unable to recall some shred of information,often a person's name,that the individual knows is stored in LTM: this is an example of __________.

A)TOT
B)POT
C)ACT
D)RAS

Question 70

Information that is in memory,but cannot be retrieved at the moment,is said to be __________ but not __________.

A)available; accessible
B)accessible; available
C)consolidated; interfered with
D)interfered with; consolidated

Question 71

What is the part-set cuing effect?

A)superior memory if people are presented with part of a set as retrieval cues
B)worse memory if people are presented with part of a set as retrieval cues
C)the ability to remember only the part that was cued from a larger set
D)improved memory when memory cues are partial rather than complete

Question 72

Which would lead to the most ("massive")negative transfer in a paired associates learning task?

A)A-B,C-D
B)A-B,B-Br
C)A-B,A-B'
D)A-B,B-A

Question 73

Consolidation in memory is __________.

A)a result of an increase in the effects of interference over time
B)less effective than organization
C)a process of making memories more permanent over time
D)largely found in nonhuman animals

Question 74

Recognition failure of recallable words is __________.

A)when weakly associated items are cue paired in initial learning (glue-CHAIR)are then often not recognized in a contextualized recall situation (desk,top,chair)
B)any long-term memory knowledge that can influence thought and behavior without any necessary involvement of conscious awareness
C)an explanation for "forgetting" of some target information in which related or recent information competes with or causes the loss of the target information
D)the loss of memory or memory abilities caused by brain damage or disease

Question 75

Forgetting is NOT a result of __________.

A)a loss in accessibility
B)interference
C)inhibition
D)consolidation

Question 76

If information is __________,it can be retrieved,and so can also said to be __________.

A)available; accessible
B)accessible; available
C)consolidated; interfered with
D)interfered with; consolidated

Question 77

"Loss from memory" is __________.

A)interference
B)decay
C)forgetting
D)temporaneous

Question 78

Amnesia is __________.

A)a temporary inability to remember something
B)any kind of forgetting
C)catastrophic memory loss beyond normal forgetting
D)only found when there is severe psychological,but not neurological,trauma

Question 79

Memories are made more permanent over time by the occurrence of __________.

A)interference
B)accessibility
C)availability
D)consolidation

Question 80

Memory cues do not always help memory,as illustrated by the __________.

A)consolidation effect
B)interference effect
C)part-set cuing effect
D)encoding specificity principle