Deck 7: Knowing

Question 1

Features that are common,but not essential,to the meaning of a concept,are __________.

A)characteristics
B)defining
C)necessary and sufficient
D)parallel

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Associations are represented in a semantic network by __________.

A)nodes
B)networks
C)links
D)spreading activation

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which is NOT true of semantic memory?

A)general world knowledge
B)a person's mental encyclopedia and dictionary
C)includes language
D)critically depends on pituitary functioning

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In testing their model,Collins & Quillian __________.

A)used a lexical decision verification task
B)were unable to account for serial exhaustive memory search functions
C)demonstrated that concepts closer together in the network are responded to faster
D)used both RT and accuracy measures

Question 5

The first person to use the term "semantic memory" was __________.

A)Bartlett
B)Wundt
C)Sternberg
D)Quillian

Question 6

N400 stands for __________.

A)a node in a semantic network
B)an integrative function in the nomological network
C)negative 400 mV spike
D)negative spike at 400 ms

Question 7

In the Smith et al.(1974)model of semantic memory,__________ is the features and properties of a concept that are essential to its meaning: for example,"bearing live young," for "mammal."

A)definingness
B)perceptual category
C)prototyping
D)cognitive economics

Question 8

"Defining feature" is most associated with __________.

A)Bartlett's mental workbench
B)connectionist models
C)Collins and Quillian's hierarchical model
D)Smith's feature list model

Question 9

Semantic memory is memory for __________.

A)general world knowledge
B)the meaning of individual experiences only
C)commonly exacted behaviors (e.g.,riding a bicycle)
D)things that are not reconsolidated

Question 10

"ROBIN is a BIRD" is NOT an example of __________.

A)nodes
B)network
C)bridging
D)spreading activation

Question 11

Which is NOT part of the Collins & Quillian model?

A)nodes
B)network
C)bridging
D)spreading activation

Question 12

The kind of memory that is thought to be largely similar across different people is __________.

A)paralinguistic
B)episodic
C)semantic
D)direct

Question 13

Concepts are represented in a semantic network by __________.

A)nodes
B)networks
C)links
D)spreading activation

Question 14

Kounios & Holcomb concluded that the N400 ERP component reflects __________.

A)serial position effects
B)semantic priming
C)unrelatedness
D)relatedness

Question 15

Hintzman (1978)referred to semantic memory as __________.

A)hierarchical memory
B)connectionist memory
C)generic memory
D)category memory

Question 16

In a feature list model of semantic memory,the structure of semantic memory comes from __________.

A)the nodes and links
B)the structure of the lists and the retrieval processes
C)the structure of the world
D)the structure of our minds

Question 17

P300 stands for __________.

A)positive ERP
B)300 milliseconds after presentation
C)an index of cognitive processing
D)all of the above

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT true of Collins & Quillian's revised semantic network model?

A)Typical or central members of the category are connected to the superordinate node by shorter pathways.
B)can handle typicality effects
C)retains the exclusively hierarchical organizational structure
D)has difficulty with perceptual symbols

Question 19

A simple sentence presented for a person's yes/no decision is a __________.

A)Stage I comparison
B)Sternberg search task
C)lexical decision task
D)sentence verification task

Question 20

Loftus and Palmer's (1974)research showed that eyewitness reports varied as a function of the wording of a question.This suggests that __________.

A)semantic memory knowledge biases how we remember events
B)people often do not listen closely to questions
C)semantic memory research is not very ecologically valid
D)there is an inheritance of concepts across domains

Question 21

Which is NOT a purported advantage of using connectionist modeling to study cognition?

A)structural similarity to neural connections
B)Individual units within connectionist models are "similar" to neurons.
C)The yes/no of neural firing mirrors the on/off binary aspect of connectionist units.
D)Massive parallel functions allow us to extrapolate beyond what computers can model.

Question 22

Which of the following could be used as evidence AGAINST a "hierarchical" organization of semantic memory?

A)serial position curve
B)typicality effects
C)hierarchical deconstruction
D)cognitive economy

Question 23

Holcomb's sentence "Armed robbery implies thief used a weapon" is a _________ sentence,whereas "Armed robbery implies thief used a rose" is a __________ sentence.

A)concrete-concrete; anomalous-concrete
B)congruent-concrete; anomalous-concrete
C)congruent-abstract; anomalous-abstract
D)"right"; "wrong"

Question 24

Anomia is a __________.

A)deficit in reading due to brain injury
B)deficit in comprehension due to brain injury
C)deficit in word finding due to brain injury
D)deficit in memory due to brain injury

Question 25

The study by Pecher,Zeelenberg,& Barsalou (2003)supports the use of perceptual symbols in semantic memory in that __________.

A)people showed priming based on abstract concepts
B)people showed priming based on perceptual modality
C)there was evidence that priming was greater when the probes were shown perceptually
D)there was evidence that priming was greater when the probes were shown abstractly

Question 26

Lexical means __________.

A)meaning
B)dictionary
C)response time
D)network

Question 27

SOA is __________.

A)semantic order of activation
B)semantics and orthographic analysis
C)a timing measure
D)a measure of semantic relatedness

Question 28

The term "cost" is used in cognitive research under what circumstances?

A)prototypic processing
B)functional amnesty
C)negative influence on processing
D)an indication of larger semantic networks

Question 29

A person with anterograde amnesia would be expected to show __________ semantic priming effects,compared to normal controls.

A)similar
B)larger
C)smaller
D)adaptive

Question 30

The proper term for better-than-baseline response (generally a result of useful advance information)is __________.

A)facilitation
B)typicality
C)prototyping
D)stroop

Question 31

Priming effects reveal what about semantic memory?

A)when it was learned
B)how it is structured
C)when a connectionist network has transformed into a semantic network
D)that there is functionally no end to semantic memory

Question 32

A person who has difficulty retrieving the names of things from semantic memory has a condition called __________.

A)anomia
B)ataxia
C)agraphia
D)amusia

Question 33

The amplitude of N400 ERPs was markedly lower in the right than in the left hemisphere for abstract words as compared to concrete words.Both amplitudes were lower for abstract relative to concrete words.This is evidence of __________.

A)serial position effect
B)Pavio's dual-coding hypothesis
C)semantic priming
D)natural categories

Question 34

"Lag 2" in a priming task reflects __________.

A)cost
B)facilitation
C)two intervening items or trials
D)the time increase required for participants to perform the more difficult task

Question 35

Connectionist models of memory are inspired by what?

A)the nervous system
B)telephone switchboards
C)computer motherboards
D)the grand interconnectivity of life

Question 36

According to Barsalou (1999),the idea that semantic memory cues perceptual symbols suggests that __________.

A)semantic memory is built up from sensory and motor elements derived from experience
B)there is no utility in people forming categories
C)a reanalysis of Collins and Quillian's model shows it to be correct
D)semantic memory is the same thing as episodic memory

Question 37

Which is NOT true of connectionism?

A)localist representation
B)a framework in which interconnected nodes in a network,pathways,and priming can be studied
C)The nodes can represent almost any kind of information,from simple line segments (letter recognition)to complex features (e.g.,has wings,red breast,can fly,etc.).
D)In principle,any type of knowledge can be represented by nodes and the weighted connections between them.

Question 38

In a priming experiment using lexical decision,what is the best "neutral" condition?

A)truck-robin
B)XXXX-dog
C)France-Switzerland
D)doctor-nurse

Question 39

Connectionist models embody the idea that semantic memories are __________.

A)localized in certain,precise spots
B)not really semantic after all
C)an innate part of who we are at birth
D)two across a network

Question 40

In semantic memory tasks,response time is speeded up or judgments are made more easily when the concepts are closer together in semantic distance-that is,when they are more closely related.The effect is reversed when the comparison is false; that is,RT is longer for the comparison "a whale is a fish" vs."a whale is a bird." This is an example of __________.

A)superordinate effect
B)semantic relatedness effect
C)subordinate effect
D)Hampton priming

Question 41

In semantic categories,the degree to which items are viewed as typical,central members of a category; the central tendency of a category: __________.

A)semantic activation
B)typicality
C)inheritance
D)priming

Question 42

In what way was the foundational research by Bartlett different from than by Ebbinghaus?

A)the use of delayed recall
B)It focused on meaningful materials.
C)using human research subjects
D)carefully controlling the materials to be memorized

Question 43

Schemata aid in what aspect of memory?

A)reconstructive processes
B)reproductive recall
C)analogical reasoning
D)propositional coding

Question 44

Which is NOT true?

A)Semantic priming can occur even in the absence of conscious awareness of prime identity.
B)In artificial categorization tasks,participants can be successfully oriented to classify on the basis of "diagnostic" features or "prototypical" features using short-term memory storage.
C)Semantic memory is organized according to semantic relatedness among concepts.Both automatic and controlled processing can be implicated in priming.
D)Regardless of SOA,implicit priming will overwhelm explicit priming.

Question 45

According to the classic view of categorization,which of the following would NOT be used by people to create their semantic categories?

A)necessary features
B)sufficient features
C)rules
D)prototypes

Question 46

The idea that people treat members of a category as if they had some shared common underlying quality is __________.

A)psychological essentialism
B)prototypicality
C)exemplarism
D)extractionistics

Question 47

In semantic memory,which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mental categories?

A)typicality effects
B)rule-based organization
C)correlated attributes
D)family resemblance

Question 48

What nature of memory is best illustrated by the operation and influence of schemata during memory retrieval?

A)forgetting
B)compartmentalization
C)learning
D)reconstruction

Question 49

Mental categories allow us to __________.

A)predict the ways in which we should interact with new instances
B)spend more time trying to figure out what things are
C)find the needle in the haystack
D)overcome our biases and prejudices derived from stereotypes

Question 50

Which theory of semantic memory is most consistent with the existence of ad hoc categories?

A)semantic networks
B)classic view of categorization
C)connectionist
D)temporal lobe theories

Question 51

Which is NOT true of categories?

A)Mental categories involve fuzzy boundaries.
B)Typical members resemble the prototype of the category.
C)Diffusion reduces the priming effects for central categorical membership.
D)Evidence supports the notion that multiple types of categorization are used.

Question 52

Which is NOT a principle proposed to contribute to classification and categorization?

A)prototype comparison
B)Type II class action
C)exemplar-based representation
D)explanation-based organization

Question 53

In semantic memory research,the result that typical members of a category tend to be judged as members of the category more rapidly than atypical members is called the __________.

A)typicality effect
B)redundancy gain
C)feature effect
D)familiarity bias

Question 54

An abstract central core of a mental category is a(n)__________.

A)core feature list
B)exemplar
C)prototype
D)ad hoc category

Question 55

When are ad hoc categories created?

A)over a long period of time
B)on the fly
C)during childhood
D)after a great deal of experience

Question 56

Rips (1975)reported an experiment in which subjects read a story about an island inhabited by only eight species of animals: sparrows,robins,eagles,hawks,ducks,geese,ostriches,and bats.The evidence indicated __________.

A)support for prepositional theories of representation
B)support for PDP models
C)support for the dual-coding hypothesis
D)evidence for prototype effects

Question 57

Neely (1977)used an SOA manipulation in a lexical decision task with the participants either expecting a category switch (BODY-robin)or not expecting a switch (BODY-arm).The data illustrate __________.

A)standard semantic priming when a category shift was to-be-expected
B)Standard semantic priming when a category shift was to-be-expected at (only)the long SOA condition
C)that at the short SOA,he found standard semantic priming regardless of whether the shift was expected or unexpected
D)that at the long SOA (but not the short SOA),he found standard semantic priming regardless of whether the shift was expected or unexpected

Question 58

Loftus & Loftus (1974)report a priming experiment using prime target pairs with a prime target delay of either 0 ms or 2500 ms.They also performed cross-trial priming with a lag of zero or two.Which did they NOT find?

A)Related primes produced facilitation.
B)Repeating categories produced facilitation.
C)Priming effects increased with increasing SOA.
D)Priming effects increased with lag.

Question 59

What are the mental representations that serve as a framework or body of knowledge for commonly experienced aspects of life called?

A)lexicons
B)parsecs
C)schemata
D)partonomies

Question 60

Neely (1977)used an SOA manipulation in a lexical decision task to illustrate __________.

A)long-term memory storage
B)short-term memory storage
C)the dual-coding hypothesis
D)that both automatic and controlled processing can be implicated in priming

Question 61

Priming effects always show facilitation relative to baseline.

Question 62

Collins & Quillian demonstrated that property pathways were stronger than isa pathways.

Question 63

In connectionist models,the weight of a connection determines its strength.

Question 64

Schemata both help and hurt memory.

Question 65

According to the classic view of mental categorization,categories are based around necessary and sufficient features.

Question 66

Embodied cognitive processes play no role in semantic memory.

Question 67

A semantic network represents the order in which different types of information were learned

Question 68

Schemata are a form of episodic memory.

Question 69

In a feature list theory,each concept captures the relative importance of various features.

Question 70

Abstract words activate right and left hemisphere processing equally.

Question 71

The more you know about something,the more complex your representational schema is,and the harder it is to access specific information.

Question 72

There is an implicit component to priming.

Question 73

The classic view of categorization has stood the test of time and captures much of how people mentally create and use categories.

Question 74

The lexical decision task requires that people know the meaning of the target word.

Question 75

People use schemata and scripts to help them reconstruct memories of past events.

Question 76

Most connectionist networks will include both facilitating and inhibitory connections.

Question 77

Semantic memory is organized according to semantic relatedness among concepts.

Question 78

Lexical decision performance is typically measured by response time.

Question 79

Lexical decision performance logically requires semantic access.

Question 80

The amplitude of N400 ERPs was markedly lower in the right than in the left hemisphere for abstract words as compared to concrete words.Both amplitudes were lower for abstract relative to concrete words.