Deck 14: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Which of the following would an infant find most difficult to perceive?

A)a line drawing of an object
B)biological motion
C)the sound of a music box
D)the touch of sandpaper

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A study that tracks the same group of people over time is called a(n)__________ study.

A)experimental
B)longitudinal
C)cross-sectional
D)observational

Answer 2

B

Question 3

How many different types of systems are involved in basic number sense?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A study that compares people in different age groups is called a(n)__________ study.

A)experimental
B)longitudinal
C)cross-sectional
D)observational

Question 5

How do infants respond to the mother's voice soon after birth?

A)They prefer the sound of it.
B)They cannot distinguish from those of other adults.
C)They are bored with it and prefer novel voices.
D)The cannot process it well,as the auditory system is not fully developed.

Question 6

What is basic number sense?

A)knowing that the number line starts on the left
B)some understanding of how many items are in a display
C)the conceptual knowledge that some numbers are bigger than others
D)the ability to count to ten

Question 7

Which of the following neurological structures is NOT well-developed in humans at birth?

A)hippocampus
B)thalamus
C)medial temporal lobe
D)occipital lobe

Question 8

Why might humans be born so neurologically immature relative to other animals?

A)They are bigger than some animals.
B)lack of normal exposure to nature during development
C)Increased technology available for humans has stunted neurological growth.
D)They have more complex nervous systems.

Question 9

A longitudinal study is __________.

A)quicker
B)more restricted
C)not prone to participant dropouts
D)more accurate

Question 10

Which of the following structures is well-developed in humans at birth?

A)hippocampus
B)prefrontal cortex
C)thalamus
D)none of these

Question 11

Compared to a longitudinal study,a cross-sectional study is __________.

A)more accurate
B)particularly prone to participant dropouts
C)quicker
D)more correlational

Question 12

The precise basic number sense system is good for __________.

A)doing math
B)counting backwards
C)large numbers of items
D)small numbers of items

Question 13

Which of the following is the most difficult for an infant to perceive?

A)father's voice
B)non-family-member faces
C)caricatures
D)toys

Question 14

What is a lifespan perspective?

A)knowing that people live an entire life
B)your current perspective in life distorts your perspective on the others.
C)the acknowledgement that people are always in a state of development
D)seeing a person's whole life in a one perspective

Question 15

What kind of visual images do infant prefer?

A)low-contrast
B)pictures of objects
C)high-contrast
D)fast moving

Question 16

The approximate basic number sense system is good for

A)doing math
B)counting backwards
C)large numbers of items
D)small numbers of items

Question 17

Children show visual search attention processes that __________.

A)are far ahead of those of adults
B)are way behind those of adults
C)are similar to those of adults
D)can be described logarithmically

Question 18

How acute is infant face perception after one year?

A)still almost completely absent
B)adult-like
C)only for family members
D)halfway to adult capacity

Question 19

Knowing how many things can be seen is also called __________.

A)math intelligence
B)span of apprehension
C)counting capacity
D)basic number sense

Question 20

The acknowledgment that there is no such thing as a person who is not in some stage of development is consistent with __________.

A)a lifespan perspective
B)cognitive psychology
C)humanistic psychology
D)life

Question 21

A very young child calls a tortilla a pancake.What principle does this example illustrate?

A)overextension
B)precategorical thinking
C)developmental reversals
D)poor parenting

Question 22

The Stroop effect is larger in young children who __________.

A)lack mathematical skills
B)have developed problem-solving skills
C)read poorly
D)read well

Question 23

Rovee-Collier was able to illustrate that infants exhibit some characteristics of episodic memory.What is the name of the method she used to do this,using a ribbon that was tied to the infant's ankle and to an overhead mobile?

A)direct activation
B)autobiographical encoding
C)similarity attachment
D)conjugate reinforcement

Question 24

Children can do was well as-if not better than-adults on a working memory span task if __________.

A)the adults are made to recall things while sitting in a small chair
B)the tester treats them as equals,and doesn't talk down to them
C)no more than two words are presented each second
D)they involve things that are interested in is focused on

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a reason for smaller working memory span in children?

A)slower speaking rates
B)weaker neurological binding
C)smaller vocabularies
D)poorer metacognitive skills

Question 26

What type of memory is more likely to be well-developed at birth?

A)episodic
B)nondeclarative
C)semantic
D)autobiographical

Question 27

An important thing that aids in how effective children's memories are is __________.

A)decreases in breathing rates
B)increased effectiveness in processing sugars during digestion
C)the development of metacognition
D)reduced emotional inhibitions

Question 28

The development of semantic memory and the routines of life that go with it lead young children to prefer __________.

A)repetition
B)novelty
C)rapid pacing
D)colors

Question 29

What is the name for the inability to remember life events from before the ages of two to four?

A)memory development
B)infantile amnesia
C)childhood forgetting
D)retrograde interference

Question 30

Suppose that an infant sees you throw a doll behind a screen,and sees a ball emerge on the other side.If they do not exhibit surprise at seeing this,this means that they lack __________.

A)intelligence
B)perceptual exactitude
C)sufficient attentional resources
D)object permanence

Question 31

Increased metacognitive skills can lead to children __________.

A)focusing less on forgetting
B)showing improved memory performance
C)exhibiting reverse von Restorff effects
D)becoming increasingly attention fragmenters

Question 32

The conjugate reinforcement technique of Rovee-Collier has been used to show that infants have some form of __________ memory.

A)semantic
B)episodic
C)procedural
D)automatic

Question 33

Baillargeon has shown that short-term memory development can be observed early on by the existence,duration,and effectiveness of __________.

A)object permanence
B)encoding awareness
C)serial position effects
D)encoding specificity

Question 34

The slower speaking rates of children can lead to __________.

A)smaller working memory spans
B)lack of interest by adults
C)greater semantic activation
D)complex sentence constructions

Question 35

Because young children have less developed semantic memories,this leads them to sometimes __________.

A)under-extend a category
B)over-extend a category
C)be at a loss as to what something is
D)use overly detailed life scripts

Question 36

At what age does infantile amnesia begin to let up?

A)one
B)three
C)birth
D)ten

Question 37

What are the cognitive processes that Rovee-Collier's conjugate reinforcement technique measures in infants?

A)attention
B)language
C)problem solving
D)memory

Question 38

With very young children,the Stroop task shows a(n)__________ effect.

A)augmented
B)inverse
C)delayed
D)negligible

Question 39

An infant who exhibits object permanence is able to __________.

A)remember an object that is no longer visible
B)remember the name of an object
C)hold objects in their hands
D)treat an object as a solid

Question 40

The development of the concept of the self helps with the development of __________ memory.

A)semantic
B)short-term
C)autobiographical
D)motor

Question 41

During the multiword stage of language development,children's speech becomes __________.

A)precisely adult-like
B)more syntactically complex
C)more like motherese
D)louder

Question 42

One of the problems that children face in learning a language is the high degree of __________ of spoken language.

A)consistency
B)arrhythmia
C)variability
D)tension

Question 43

A child who is in the two-word stages is likely _________ old.

A)ten months
B)eighteen months
C)three years
D)five years

Question 44

During the two-word stage of language development,_____________ occur(s).

A)the word explosion
B)formal operations
C)categorical speech perception
D)speech segmentation

Question 45

Based on research by Linda Smith,we know that children find it easier to learn the name of an object when that object __________.

A)fills the child's field of vision
B)is pointed at by the parent
C)is held by the child
D)is in movement,by itself or moved by a parent

Question 46

Children learn language from adults with the help of __________.

A)visual symbols
B)child-directed speech
C)explicit memory cues
D)linguistic modifiers

Question 47

During the two-word stage of language development,the words are largely __________ words.

A)function
B)content
C)helping
D)compound

Question 48

The stages of language development can be best thought of as being __________.

A)discrete
B)artificial
C)algorithmic
D)overlapping

Question 49

Categorical phoneme perception emerges during which stage of language development?

A)single word
B)babbling
C)conversational
D)auditory

Question 50

The babbling stage of language development is useful for __________.

A)practicing making language sounds
B)learning a second language
C)cross-validation
D)nonparametric correlations

Question 51

In general,during language development,linguistic competence __________ linguistic performance.

A)is unrelated to
B)is locked to
C)lags behind
D)outpaces

Question 52

The babbling stage of language can best be described as __________.

A)morphotactic
B)irregular
C)regressive
D)prelinguistic

Question 53

When a child says "goed" instead of "went," this is a sign that __________.

A)poor parenting has led to developmental delays
B)the child has learned a grammatical rule
C)children are not as smart as adults
D)the child may be dyslexic

Question 54

For children in the single-word stage of language development,single words __________.

A)often lack prosody
B)are often over-expanded
C)are different from the ones that adults use
D)can convey complex ideas

Question 55

During the word explosion,a child's vocabulary goes from about ________ words to __________ of words at age 5.

A)40; hundreds of thousands
B)15; millions
C)50; thousands
D)30; hundreds

Question 56

Linguistic competence is to __________ as linguistic performance is to __________.

A)formal; informal
B)informal; formal
C)understanding; speaking
D)speaking; understanding

Question 57

Which of these is a basis for determining what stage of development a child is in?

A)syntactic complexity level (SCL)
B)average output time (AOT)
C)adult language similarity (ALS)
D)mean language unit (MLU)

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT a feature of child-directed speech?

A)higher voice pitch
B)slower speech
C)quieter voice
D)exaggerated speaking

Question 59

The development of language skills in children is __________ in adults.

A)completely unrelated to that
B)the same as
C)faster than
D)slower than

Question 60

During the single-word stage of language development,a child may have a working vocabulary of about ________ words.

A)5
B)100
C)20
D)75

Question 61

What do changes in neural firing mean for older adults?

A)Some neurotransmitters stop working.
B)Emotions are stunted.
C)Their hair turns white.
D)Cognition proceeds more slowly.

Question 62

Which of the following is a developmental accomplishment during the formal operations stage?

A)conservation of mass
B)perspective taking
C)abstract thinking
D)object permanence

Question 63

What part of the frontal lobe is most affected by aging?

A)dorsolateral
B)ventromedial
C)rear strip
D)all of it

Question 64

According to Piaget,when is a child in the sensorimotor stage?

A)birth to age two
B)ages two to seven
C)ages seven to eleven
D)age eleven and up

Question 65

Which of the following is a developmental accomplishment during the concrete operations stage?

A)conservation of mass
B)perspective taking
C)abstract thinking
D)object permanence

Question 66

Which of the following is an example of over-regularizing in language development?

A)"Ba-ba" (for bottle)
B)"Super-mega-huge"
C)"Comed"
D)"Kitty" (for skunk)

Question 67

Vygotsky emphasized the roles of __________ and __________ in childhood development.

A)individual differences; culture
B)intelligence; abilities
C)genetics; parenting
D)family; friends

Question 68

What is presbyopia as it relates to aging and vision?

A)retinal atrophy
B)retinal detachment
C)a softening of the lens
D)a hardening of the lens

Question 69

According to Piaget,when is a child in the formal operations stage?

A)birth to age two
B)ages two to seven
C)ages seven to eleven
D)age eleven and up

Question 70

What is the formal name of the hardening of the lens in vision associated with aging?

A)presbycusis
B)presbyopia
C)cataracts
D)glaucoma

Question 71

According to Bruner,childhood development occurs __________.

A)as a progression through well-defined stages,starting with the sensori-motor stage
B)as a result of the influence of the culture a child is in,often through language
C)through the building of new knowledge on the scaffolding of old knowledge
D)in ways that reflect the individual differences among various children

Question 72

According to Piaget,when is a child in the concrete operations stage?

A)birth to age two
B)ages two to seven
C)ages seven to eleven
D)age eleven and up

Question 73

Which of the following is a developmental accomplishment during the preoperational stage?

A)conservation of mass
B)perspective taking
C)abstract thinking
D)object permanence

Question 74

According to Vygotsky,knowledge that is just beyond a child's ability is said to be in the __________.

A)learning range
B)zone of proximal development
C)reachable future
D)penumbra

Question 75

According to Piaget,when is a child in the preoperational stage?

A)birth to age twp
B)ages two to seven
C)ages seven to eleven
D)age eleven and up

Question 76

According to Bruner,the stages of childhood development include all of the following EXCEPT __________.

A)iconic representation
B)enactive representation
C)symbolic representation
D)propositional representation

Question 77

How is the lateralization of functions in the cortex affected by aging?

A)decreases
B)increases
C)becomes absent
D)is unaffected

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT a neurological change that accompanies aging?

A)decline in the dopamine system
B)slower neural firing
C)loss of function in the tectum
D)reduced frontal lobe function

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT a researcher known for work on childhood development?

A)Hasher
B)Piaget
C)Vygotsky
D)Bruner

Question 80

Which of the following is a developmental accomplishment during the sensorimotor stage?

A)conservation of mass
B)perspective taking
C)abstract thinking
D)object permanence