Deck 13: Cognitive Development Through Adolescence

Question 1

Piaget's first stage of development is called ______.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Answer 1

sensorimotor

Question 2

______ theories view development as the gradual acquisition of one or more things-memory capacity,attentional focus,knowledge,and so forth.

A)Stage
B)Piagetian
C)Nonstage
D)Heuristic

Answer 2

Nonstage

Question 3

Nonstage theories view children as ______.

A)qualitatively but not quantitatively different from adults
B)qualitatively and quantitatively different from adults
C)quantitatively but not qualitatively different from adults
D)qualitatively and quantitatively similar to adults

Answer 3

quantitatively but not qualitatively different from adults

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the preoperational stage?

A)the use of language
B)semiotic function
C)reversibility
D)egocentrism

Question 5

Piaget believed that newborns came into the world with ______.

A)complex cognitive structures
B)only a few simple reflexes
C)well-developed perceptual abilities
D)short-term and long-term memory structures

Question 6

Between the ages of 7 and 11 or 12,the child is in Piaget's ______ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 7

A basic tenet of Piagetian theory is that cognitive development at any age will be constrained by ______.

A)long-term memory capacity
B)short-term memory capacity
C)knowledge base
D)existing mental structures

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT true of the sensorimotor stage?

A)The infant lacks the capacity for mental representation.
B)The child fully understands the object concept.
C)The child is developing more complex schemes.
D)The child displays circular reactions.

Question 9

Stage theories assume all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)children are qualitatively different from adults
B)children go through stages in a fixed order
C)children learn strategies that help them progress from one stage to the next
D)stages of development are universal

Question 10

The concept of reversibility appears in the ______ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a belief held by Jean Piaget?

A)Cognitive structures slowly emerge on their own.
B)Intelligence represents an adaptation of mental structures to the environment.
C)The infant comes into the world with very little cognitive ability.
D)The child is an active participant in his/her own development.

Question 12

According to Piaget,the major transition from the preoperational to the concrete operations period involves the ability to ______.

A)decenter and to focus on transformations or reversals
B)see that many operations are not reversible
C)list all possible states of affairs
D)think beyond the here and now

Question 13

Jean Piaget believed that ______.

A)cognitive structures slowly emerge on their own
B)intelligence represents an adaptation of mental structures to the environment
C)the infant comes into the world with the ability to remember
D)the child is a relatively passive participant in development

Question 14

Egocentrism is commonly seen during the ______ stage(s).

A)preoperational
B)concrete operational
C)formal operational
D)preoperational and concrete operational

Question 15

The application of existing mental structures to new objects is called ______.

A)scheme development
B)assimilation
C)accommodation
D)sensory development

Question 16

According to Piaget,the preoperational stage is characterized by ______.

A)the ability to use one thing to represent another
B)the ability to "see" things from other people's viewpoints
C)the ability to focus on transformations or changes
D)the understanding of reversibility

Question 17

A theory that assumes that children are qualitatively different from adults and go through a fixed order of periods of development is called a ______ theory.

A)nonstage
B)stage
C)heuristics
D)structural

Question 18

The preoperational stage begins at around the age of ______.

A)6 months
B)1 year
C)18 months
D)3 years

Question 19

The changing of mental structures to fit new objects is called ______.

A)scheme development
B)assimilation
C)accommodation
D)sensorimotor

Question 20

The development of object permanence occurs during the ______ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)preoperational and concrete operational

Question 21

Research on the development of syntax suggests that ______.

A)syntactic development occurs gradually over many years
B)children begin by imitating specific utterances that they hear from adults
C)children do not learn syntax
D)parents constantly correct syntactic errors in children's speech

Question 22

Many cognitive psychologists prefer to speak of children's language as being ______ rather than "learned."

A)inborn
B)instinctual
C)acquired
D)remembered

Question 23

Children's performance on a memory task is often a function of their ______.

A)age
B)knowledge of the materials in the task
C)years of schooling
D)age and years of schooling

Question 24

Children show an implicit understanding of the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning by around ______.

A)age 4
B)second grade
C)fourth grade
D)sixth grade

Question 25

The concept of "zone of proximal development" was introduced by ______.

A)Piaget
B)Vygotsky
C)Freud
D)Baillargeon

Question 26

Galotti's studies of deductive and inductive inferences showed that children ______.

A)cannot clearly articulate the difference between these two inferences until about eighth grade
B)can articulate the difference by about fourth grade
C)show implicit understanding of the difference (in terms of their response time and confidence)by about fourth grade
D)show implicit understanding of the difference by about sixth grade

Question 27

The working memory span of a typical 3-year-old child is about ______ item(s).

A)1
B)3
C)5
D)7

Question 28

Children show an understanding of syntax (a "pivot grammar")by the age of ______.

A)8 months
B)1 year
C)18 months
D)3 years

Question 29

Neurological evidence suggests that the development of object permanence coincides with the growth of the ______ within the brain.

A)frontal cortex
B)occipital cortex
C)parietal cortex
D)corpus callosum

Question 30

Four- and 5-year-old children can correctly answer logical syllogisms if the syllogism involves ______.

A)real creatures
B)the children's friends and relatives
C)anything about which the children had pre-existing knowledge
D)make-believe animals

Question 31

Research suggests that infants show awareness of the Gestalt principle of similarity ______.

A)at birth
B)by 3 months
C)by 6-7 months
D)by 1 year

Question 32

Very few kindergarten students,about half of second graders,and almost all fifth graders spontaneously show ______.

A)evidence of syntax
B)rehearsal
C)working memory
D)conversational rules

Question 33

Abstract thinking appears in the ______ stage,according to Piaget.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 34

Research by Baillargeon shows that infants,when presented with possible and impossible events,______.

A)see both events as equally possible during the first year of life
B)show surprise at the impossible event from birth
C)show surprise at the impossible event somewhere between the ages of 3 and 6 months
D)show surprise at the impossible event between the ages of 7 and 9 months

Question 35

When a chip is hidden from a child's view in an adult's hand,and the child is asked about the truth value of the statement "Either the chip in my hand is blue or it is not blue," ______.

A)second graders claim that the statement is false,but sixth graders know that it must be true
B)second graders claim that the statement cannot be judged true or false without seeing the chip,while sixth graders know that it must be true
C)both second graders and sixth graders claim that the statement is false
D)both second graders and sixth graders claim that the statement cannot be judged true or false without seeing the chip

Question 36

Piaget believed that formal operations begin around the age of ______.

A)5
B)8
C)10
D)12

Question 37

Piaget's methodology was primarily ______.

A)experimental
B)longitudinal
C)cross-sectional
D)clinical

Question 38

The major difference between Vygotsky's and Piaget's theories is that Vygotsky ______.

A)argues that each "stage" comes much earlier
B)sees the child and the child's context as inseparable
C)argues that the child's abilities must be studied when the child is not being influenced by adults
D)places greater emphasis on language development

Question 39

Studies of brain development suggest that ______.

A)all of one's brain cells and the connections between them are formed before birth
B)all of one's brain cells and the connections between them are formed within the first 6 months of life
C)the brain continues to grow and develop during the first 4 years of life
D)brain cell development occurs regardless of exposure to external stimuli

Question 40

The formal operations stage is characterized by ______.

A)the emergence of the concept of reversibility
B)the disappearance of egocentrism
C)the beginning of the ability to mentally represent information
D)the emergence of abstract thinking

Question 41

The cases of Genie and Victor of Aveyron demonstrate that ______.

A)environmental triggers are necessary for language acquisition
B)language acquiisition is entirely biological
C)language acquiisition is universal regardless of context
D)language acquisition does NOT occur until at least 5 years old

Question 42

Throughout the course of development,you would expect the use of various cognitive strategies to ______.

A)increase
B)decrease
C)stay about the same
D)disappear

Question 43

Although a child correctly counts two rows of 5 coins initially,when an experimenter spreads out one row to take up more space than the other row,the child incorrectly assumes that there are more coins in the row which takes up more space.This is an example of ______.

A)egocentric thinking
B)lack of conservation
C)abstract thinking
D)concrete thinking

Question 44

The ______ task is one way typically used to examine children's theory of mind abilitiy.

A)inductive reasoning
B)abstract thinking
C)numeric matrices
D)false belief

Question 45

______ refers to a set of assumptions and intuitions whereby we assume that other individuals are cognitive beings with their own set of beliefs,desires,intentions,and congitive processes.

A)Open brain hypothesis
B)Inductive reasoning
C)Theory of mind
D)Social cognition

Question 46

Based on their observations of chess masters and novices,Chase and Simon (1973)concluded that experts extract ______ information than novices in situations where their expertise is ______.

A)less;relevant
B)less;irrelevant
C)more;relevant
D)more;irrelevant

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT one of Piaget's stages of development?

A)reflex-oriented
B)sensorimotor
C)preoperational
D)concrete operational

Question 48

Kemler argues that with development,children shift from a(n)______ approach to a more ______ approach.

A)holistic;analytic
B)analytic;holistic
C)strategic;impulsive
D)strategic;holistic

Question 49

Renee Baillargeon's experiments rely on looking times to interpret their findings.Which of the following is NOT accurate with respect to looking times?

A)Babies tend to look longer at things they are surprised by.
B)Babies tend to look longer at things they expec
C)Babies can become habituated to events that were initially surprising.
D)Babies can be surprised by unexpected twists to otherwise expected events.

Question 50

Which of the following is a criticism raised in response to Piaget's work?

A)Piaget's conclusions were drawn from work with his own children.
B)Piaget often used a clinical method with participants,adjusting to their individual abilities.
C)Evidence for distinct stages is not strong,and abilities appear and mature in non-uniform ways.
D)All of these.

Question 51

The concept of a production deficiency relates to a tendency not to produce ______.

A)syntactically correct sentences
B)appropriate solutions to problems
C)appropriate answers on memory tests
D)appropriate strategies for a given task

Question 52

Why is it potentially probelmatic that Piaget's theory is based on observations from his own children?

A)Piaget's children could not have possibly been like any other children.
B)Piaget's did not actually record what his children were doing and just recalled it from memory.
C)It is possible that Piaget was biased in his observations of his children.
D)Piaget did not actually have any children.

Question 53

Regarding metacognition,younger children ______.

A)are not as good as older children at judging when they have studied a set of material adequately
B)are typically too pessimistic about how well they can perform on most cognitive tasks
C)are typically too pessimistic about how quickly they can perform cognitive tasks
D)spontaneously monitor their own cognitive performance and know their strengths and weaknesses

Question 54

Chi and Koeske conducted a memory study with a four-and-a-half-year-old child who loved dinosaurs.They tested the child on a list of 20 dinosaurs that he knew a lot about,and a separate list of 20 dinosaurs that he was less familiar with.Although the child could recall only about 4 out of 20 unfamiliar dinosaurs,the child was able to recall ______ of the familiar dinosaurs.

A)4
B)6
C)9
D)15

Question 55

A(n)______ approach to information processing involves approaching information globally and noticing overall similarity.

A)heuristic
B)analytic
C)agonistic
D)holistic

Question 56

Children as young as three months old appear to have principles of naive physics that includes which of the following?

A)An understanding that objects in motion should stay in motion if unimpeded.
B)Objects persist in space even when out of view.
C)A force applied to an object should cause it to move or act in specific and regular ways.
D)All of these.

Question 57

Piaget's theory of development would be characterized as ______ and Vyogtsky's would be characterized as ______.

A)internal;internal
B)internal;external
C)external;internal
D)external;external

Question 58

A child is shown a scenario in which Mary places a ball in a cabinet and walks away.Tiffany comes along and moves the ball into a drawer while Mary is gone.When Mary returns,the child is asked where Mary will look for her ball.The child incorrectly assumes that Mary will look in the drawer for the ball.This child is most likely in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A)preoperational
B)concrete operational
C)formal operational
D)felfex-oriented

Question 59

The metacognitive concept of "theory of mind" is most closely associated with which of the following Piagetian concepts?

A)accomodation
B)egocentrism
C)conservation
D)reversibility

Question 60

A child in the three-mountain task correctly realizes that the experimenter is only able to see details that are viewable from the experimenter's side of the mountain and cannot see details on the child's side of the mountain.This child is most likely in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A)sensorimotor
B)reflex-oriented
C)concrete operational
D)preoperational

Question 61

______ involves acquiring knowledge through introspection and reflection on one's own thoughts and beliefs

A)Mirrored reflection
B)Internal accomodation
C)Relfexive abstraction
D)Unique assimilation

Question 62

Brain imaging studies have shown that association areas involved in information processing develop ______ than motor areas and ______ than areas involved in higher-order processes.

A)slower;slower
B)slower;faster
C)faster;slower
D)faster;faster

Question 63

Children in the early sensorimotor stage do not recognize that a hidden toy still exists and can be found by searching.

Question 64

The effects of the environment on the brain can be seen by the ______ of corresponding activated neural circuits.

A)strength
B)number
C)type
D)mutations

Question 65

Piaget defined accommodation as the application of mental structures to new objects in the world.

Question 66

A(n)______ approach to information processing involves approaching information by paying attention to specific aspects or features.

A)analytic
B)heuristic
C)holistic
D)agonistic

Question 67

Toddlers show some understanding of syntax by the time they are old enough to use two-word phrases.

Question 68

Infants show evidence of using the Gestalt principle of similarity at the age of 2 months.

Question 69

Brain imaging studies have shown that which areas of the brain tend to mature first?

A)executive function
B)association
C)motor
D)all areas of the brain mature equally

Question 70

According to Piaget,you would expect ______ children to progress through his stages of cognitive development.

A)very few
B)some
C)most
D)all

Question 71

If Piaget were correct about young infants not having object permanence,you would expect that 3-month olds watching a car appear from out-of-view,travel down a ramp,behind a screen,and reappear on the other side would ______.

A)never be surprised by the appearance of the car
B)be surprised only when the car initially appeared from out-of-view
C)be surprised only after the car reappeared from behind the screen
D)be surprised any time the car appeared

Question 72

The ability to acquire language is ______ and the language acquired is ______.

A)biological;biological
B)biological;environmental
C)environmental;biological
D)environmental;environmental

Question 73

You would expect that children would start to use multi-word utterances (primitive sentences)at around age ______.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 74

According to Chomsky,people are born with language universals.This means ______.

A)all humans are prepared to acquire language
B)all humans will acquire the same language
C)all human languages are actually the same
D)all humans can understand all languages

Question 75

Research suggests that children as young as 3 months of age show surprise at "impossible" events.

Question 76

Brain imaging studies have shown that which areas of the brain tend to mature last?

A)executive function
B)association
C)motor
D)all areas of the brain mature equally

Question 77

Neuronal pruning involves ______.

A)increasing the overall connections between all neurons
B)decreasing the overall connections between all neurons
C)removing efficient connections between neurons
D)removing ineffecient connections between neurons

Question 78

Cognitive development ______.

A)ends once children reach the age of 18
B)ends once cognitive proceses reach their peak performance
C)ends once children reach puberty
D)never ends

Question 79

If Baillergeon were correct about young infants having object permanence,you would expect that 3-month-olds watching a car appear from out-of-view,travel down a ramp,behind a screen,and reappear on the other side would ______.

A)never be surprised by the appearance of the car
B)be surprised only when the car initially appeared from out-of-view
C)be surprised only after the car reappeared from behind the screen
D)be surprised any time the car appeared.

Question 80

A child acquires the use of language during the preoperational stage.