Deck 17: National Security Policymaking

Question 1

The threat posed by terrorist groups and hostile states supporting them caused America to

A)reconsider basic principles of its foreign policy.
B)recall many of its senior diplomats from the Middle East.
C)emphasize the principles of deterrence and containment in foreign policy.
D)make dramatic cuts in domestic expenditures to pay for the new war on terrorism.
E)shift back to isolationism.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

An isolationist foreign policy argues that

A)the United States should stay out of other nations' conflicts.
B)the United States should work with allies to isolate security threats.
C)the United States should take an active role in other nations' concerns.
D)the United States should prevent the spread of hostile ideologies.
E)the United States should project its power in the world.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

After the president,the nation's foremost diplomat is considered to be

A)the national security advisor.
B)the secretary of state.
C)the secretary of defense.
D)the United States ambassador to the United Nations.
E)the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The international economy is characterized by _________,that is,mutual reliance in which actions in a country reverberate and affect the economic well being of people in other countries.

A)brinksmanship
B)interdependency
C)anti-isolationism
D)preemption
E)balance of trade

Question 5

The Monroe Doctrine asserted America's sphere of influence

A)in the Middle East.
B)in Southeast Asia.
C)in Central and South America.
D)in Liberia.
E)in the North Atlantic.

Question 6

When it comes to American international economic policy,pluralism is

A)pervasive.
B)undermined.
C)all but dead.
D)nonexistent.
E)uneven.

Question 7

The cold war ended

A)spontaneously with freedom and self-determination erupting in Eastern Europe.
B)with the signing of the East-West Corollaries in 1993.
C)with the American occupation of Eastern Europe in 1945.
D)as a result of pro-democracy protests by Chinese students in Tiananmen Square.
E)with Iraq's defeat in Kuwait in 1991.

Question 8

The United Nations was created in order to

A)increase the power of America's interests in the world.
B)better allow the United States to achieve its foreign policy goals.
C)undermine United States foreign policy.
D)promote peace and the respect for human rights and economic freedoms.
E)fight against the spread of communism.

Question 9

The foreign policy powers of Congress

A)have no constitutional basis.
B)include raising and organizing the armed forces.
C)include making treaties.
D)are negligible when compared with the president's.
E)include the appointing of top military officials to the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Question 10

The shift in American foreign policy toward the communist world that sought to relax tensions and provide firm guarantees of mutual security is known as

A)mutual assured destruction.
B)détente.
C)glasnost.
D)perestroika.
E)containment.

Question 11

The Warsaw Pact,NATO,and the European Union are all examples of

A)multinational corporations.
B)nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).
C)global government.
D)regional organizations.
E)treaties.

Question 12

What is "soft power"?

A)The ability to project power through threat of military force
B)The ability to persuade other countries to do what the U.S. wants without force or coercion
C)The ability to deploy a more mobile,less traditional military force
D)All of the above are characteristic of soft power.
E)None of the above is characteristic of soft power.

Question 13

The process by which nations carry on relationships with each other is known as

A)foreign policy.
B)diplomacy.
C)trade regulation.
D)internationalism.
E)isolationism.

Question 14

As a regional organization,the European Union helps to coordinate all of the following policy areas EXCEPT

A)a common currency.
B)monetary policy.
C)trade policy.
D)immigration and labor policy.
E)defense policy.

Question 15

The Pentagon refers to the

A)State Department.
B)Foreign Services.
C)Joint Chiefs of Staff.
D)Defense Department.
E)Department of Homeland Security.

Question 16

The president is the chief initiator of U.S.foreign policy.

Question 17

Which organization seeks to control the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations and the price of oil?

A)Strategic Petroleum Reserve
B)Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
C)North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement
D)National Security Council
E)United Nations

Question 18

What did the doctrine of containment advocate?

A)Nonintervention in the problems of other countries
B)Controlling and resisting the spread of Soviet influence in the world
C)Preventing the spread of nuclear weapons
D)Controlling and resisting the spread of Nazi influence in the world
E)Seeking diplomatic relations so as to avoid conflict with the Soviet Union

Question 19

The permanent,and therefore most powerful,members of the U.N.Security Council include

A)the United States,Great Britain,China,France,and Russia.
B)the United States,Great Britain,Russia,France,and Israel.
C)the United States,Great Britain,Germany,Japan,and Russia.
D)the United States,Great Britain,France,Japan,and Russia.
E)the United States,Canada,Great Britain,France,and Germany.

Question 20

Currently,Congress appropriates ___ percent of the federal budget for economic and humanitarian foreign aid.

A)Less than 1
B)5
C)10
D)13
E)27

Question 21

The idea that war is "the continuation of politics by other means" helps to capture

A)the way Democrats and Republicans differ over the war in Iraq.
B)the way political parties fight with each other.
C)the idea that governments use their military to help pursue policy goals.
D)the notion that economic instruments are ineffective weapons of foreign policy.
E)diplomacy is the quietest instrument of influence in global politics.

Question 22

The military influence of U.S.foreign policy has historically been centered in

A)the Middle East.
B)Southeast Asia.
C)Central America and the Caribbean.
D)Africa.
E)Western Europe.

Question 23

The best known and perhaps most important international organization is

A)the World Trade Organization (WTO).
B)the League of Nations.
C)the United Nations.
D)the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
E)the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

Question 24

Karl von Clausewitz famously characterized war as

A)"hell."
B)"the thing which governments must avoid at all costs."
C)"the greatest threat to civilization as we know it."
D)"the breakdown of politics."
E)"continuation of politics by other means."

Question 25

When a country exports more than it imports,it has a balance-of-trade deficit.

Question 26

The post-Cold War trend of reductions in defense spending reversed dramatically following the terrorist attacks of September 11th.

Question 27

The importance of oil in shaping U.S.foreign policy helps to highlight

A)the importance of military superiority.
B)the increasing importance of economic instruments of foreign policy.
C)the need to drill for domestic sources.
D)how the importance of oil is often over-exaggerated.
E)the critical nature of regime change in the Middle East.

Question 28

The realm of policy decisions concerned primarily with relations between the United States and the rest of the world is known as

A)domestic policy.
B)economic policy.
C)terrorism policy.
D)foreign policy.
E)international policy.

Question 29

Throughout most of its history,the United States has rarely adopted an isolationist foreign policy.

Question 30

The United Nations has its headquarters in

A)Madrid.
B)Brussels.
C)New York.
D)San Francisco.
E)Washington D.C.

Question 31

Military,economic,and diplomatic tools are the three essential elements employed in the realm of

A)economic policy.
B)foreign policy.
C)monetary policy.
D)international relations.
E)domestic policy.

Question 32

International politics involves

A)primarily the interaction of nations.
B)primarily individuals traveling the world.
C)primarily international organizations like the U.N.
D)primarily regional organizations like NATO.
E)some combination of all of these.

Question 33

Recent examples of the United States' use of military force to pursue policy goals include

A)the toppling of regimes in Iraq and Afghanistan.
B)the effort to stop ethnic cleansing in Kosovo.
C)humanitarian intervention in Somalia.
D)rescuing stranded foreigners and protecting the U.S. embassy in Liberia.
E)All of these are examples.

Question 34

Some critics of defense spending argue that there is a trade-off between guns and butter,and the more money spent on defense,the less there is for social spending.

Question 35

Most United States foreign policy stands in opposition to American public opinion.

Question 36

Tourism can be understood as part of American foreign relations today.

Question 37

"Soft power" refers to the ability of a country to persuade others to do what it wants without force or coercion.

Question 38

Five countries (the United States,Japan,Great Britain,France,and Russia)have permanent seats on the Security Council.

Question 39

George Kennan is noted for developing the policy of containment.

Question 40

Among the oldest instruments of foreign policy are

A)global international trade relations.
B)international organizations like the United Nations.
C)war and the threat of war.
D)electronic surveillance and espionage.
E)international agreements governing sea trade.

Question 41

Within the United Nations,real power is located in

A)the Chamber of Deputies.
B)the General Assembly.
C)the Security Council.
D)the Council of Ministers.
E)the Secretariat.

Question 42

Within American politics,the power to accord official recognition to other countries belongs to

A)the Senate.
B)the Secretary of State.
C)the ambassador to the United Nations.
D)the president.
E)the chairman of the Joint Chiefs.

Question 43

The ______ is a regional economic organization of major nations.

A)North Atlantic Treaty Organization
B)Warsaw Pact
C)European Union
D)Trilateral Commission
E)Geneva Convention

Question 44

The United Nations was created in

A)1789.
B)1865.
C)1919.
D)1945.
E)1967.

Question 45

The Joint Chiefs of Staff is made up of

A)the commanding officers of each branch of the armed services,along with a chairperson and vice chairperson.
B)the heads of the State Department and the Defense Department.
C)foreign policy advisers who meet with the president daily.
D)the highest-ranking generals in the U.S. Army.
E)the critical domestic and foreign policy advisers to the president.

Question 46

The departments of the executive branch that assist the president in designing and carrying out U.S.foreign policy are known as

A)the National Security Council.
B)the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
C)the United Nations.
D)the State Department.
E)the National Security Agency.

Question 47

A "country desk"

A)refers to specialized roles within the State Department focusing on each country.
B)refers to the seating arrangements in the United Nations General Assembly.
C)refers to ambassadorships in other countries.
D)refers to military planners within the Defense Department who draw up invasion plans for each country.
E)refers to specialists within the FBI who conduct espionage operations in each country.

Question 48

In his study of Joint Chiefs' advice to presidents,what did scholar Richard Betts discover?

A)The Joint Chiefs are far more likely than civilian advisers to push an aggressive military policy.
B)The Joint Chiefs are much more hesitant than civilian advisers to push an aggressive military policy.
C)The Joint Chiefs are no more likely than civilian advisers to push an aggressive military policy.
D)The Joint Chiefs' advice is mostly ignored by presidents.
E)The Joint Chiefs' advice is always the most important advice in shaping presidents' military policies.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a permanent member of the U.N.Security Council?

A)Japan
B)Great Britain
C)France
D)Russia
E)China

Question 50

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an example of a

A)United Nations agency.
B)regional organization for military purposes.
C)regional organization for economic purposes.
D)multinational corporation.
E)global organization for military purposes.

Question 51

How many countries have a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council?

A)1
B)10
C)5
D)15
E)9

Question 52

The president's principal civilian adviser on the military is the

A)national security adviser.
B)secretary of state.
C)secretary of defense.
D)director of the CIA.
E)chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Question 53

How many members are there in the United Nations General Assembly?

A)15
B)60
C)192
D)100
E)320

Question 54

NATO is an example of a regional organization based on

A)free trade and commerce.
B)cooperation on military force and mutual defense.
C)environmental regulation.
D)labor rights.
E)opposition to Nazi Germany.

Question 55

The international organization most associated with financing development projects in new nations is

A)the United Nations.
B)the World Bank.
C)the International Monetary Fund.
D)the Universal Postal Union.
E)the World Trade Organization.

Question 56

How many members are there in the United Nations Security Council?

A)10
B)15
C)185
D)100
E)25

Question 57

All of the following are members of NATO EXCEPT

A)the United States.
B)Canada.
C)France.
D)Turkey.
E)Israel.

Question 58

The foreign policy arm of the U.S.government is

A)the Defense Department.
B)the Department of War.
C)the State Department.
D)the Department of International Relations.
E)All of the above are true.

Question 59

The international organization charged with promoting peace and human rights is

A)the League of Peace.
B)Amnesty International.
C)Human Rights Watch.
D)the European Union.
E)the United Nations.

Question 60

Which of the following is not one of the functions of the United Nations?

A)Peacekeeping operations
B)Educational programs
C)Programs designed to promote world health
D)Programs designed to spread free trade
E)Programs designed to promote economic development

Question 61

The first country to use nuclear weapons,inaugurating a new era in warfare,was

A)the Soviet Union.
B)the United States.
C)Japan.
D)North Korea.
E)North Vietnam.

Question 62

The role of gathering and interpreting intelligence about foreign countries in order to allow policymakers to make good foreign policy decisions was given to

A)the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
B)the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
C)the National Security Council.
D)Both a and b are correct.
E)All of the above are correct.

Question 63

In his farewell address,George Washington advocated for a foreign policy premised on

A)guarding against the rise of the military-industrial complex.
B)containing the influence of America's enemies.
C)staying out of other nations' conflicts.
D)engaging in the spread of freedom and the ideals of the American Revolution.
E)obtaining American military supremacy in the world.

Question 64

The foreign policy doctrine that European nations should stay out of Latin America is known as

A)the Truman Doctrine.
B)the Powell Doctrine.
C)the Bush Doctrine.
D)the Roosevelt Doctrine.
E)the Monroe Doctrine.

Question 65

In American government,the power to declare war rests with

A)the president of the United States.
B)the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
C)the National Security Council.
D)the secretary of defense.
E)Congress.

Question 66

Congress' role in foreign policy includes all of the following EXCEPT

A)the power to declare war.
B)the ability to raise and organize the armed forces.
C)the appropriation of funds for national security activities.
D)the ability to sign treaties with foreign countries.
E)None of these; all are powers held by Congress.

Question 67

Which American president warned,"We've got to stop the Russians now" prior to committing American troops to Korea?

A)Ronald Reagan
B)Dwight Eisenhower
C)Richard Nixon
D)Harry Truman
E)Franklin Roosevelt

Question 68

The government body formed to coordinate American foreign and military policy is known as

A)the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
B)the National Security Council.
C)the Pentagon.
D)the Foreign Services.
E)the Defense Policy Institute.

Question 69

The dominant course for foreign policy throughout most of American history can be categorized as

A)protectionism.
B)internationalism.
C)isolationism.
D)neoconservatism.
E)containment.

Question 70

Which of the following statements about the Central Intelligence Agency is FALSE?

A)It was involved in the overthrow of the Iranian government.
B)The CIA was created after World War II to coordinate American information and intelligence activities abroad.
C)The CIA has never been involved in domestic affairs.
D)Congress requires the CIA to inform relevant congressional committees of current and anticipated covert operations.
E)The bulk of the material gathered and analyzed by the CIA comes from readily available sources.

Question 71

In 1946,who warned that the Russians had sealed off Eastern Europe with an "iron curtain"?

A)Winston Churchill
B)Franklin Roosevelt
C)Harry Truman
D)George Kennan
E)George Marshall

Question 72

What caused a public uproar involving the National Security Agency in 2005?

A)Revelations that the NSA had tortured prisoners at Guantanamo,Cuba
B)Revelations that the NSA was monitoring the communications of American citizens without obtaining warrants
C)A leaked memo that linked the events of September 11,2001,with the Democratic National Committee
D)A scathing report condemning the George W. Bush administration for "building a case for the war in Iraq on a quicksand foundation"
E)The resignation of Donald Rumsfeld under a cloud of suspicion for his role in a Colombian-based drug smuggling operation

Question 73

The policy of containment was first articulated by

A)Winston Churchill.
B)Harry Truman.
C)Curtis LeMay.
D)George Kennan.
E)George Marshall.

Question 74

The National Security Council was created to

A)carry out covert missions in other countries.
B)protect the homeland against attacks and invasions.
C)coordinate American foreign and military policy.
D)prevent the Joint Chiefs of Staff from usurping power.
E)gather intelligence about foreign countries.

Question 75

Who was the first American president to visit communist China?

A)George H. W. Bush
B)Ronald Reagan
C)Jimmy Carter
D)Gerald Ford
E)Richard Nixon

Question 76

The United States and Soviet Union agreement on SALT I reflected

A)a policy of containment.
B)brinkmanship.
C)a policy of détente.
D)the two nations' first effort to coordinate the development of a natural resource.
E)mutual assured destruction.

Question 77

Détente,or the relaxing of tensions coupled with firm guarantees of mutual security,represented a shift in American foreign policy toward the communist world ushered in by

A)Lyndon Johnson.
B)Robert Kennedy.
C)Eugene McCarthy.
D)Richard Nixon.
E)Ronald Reagan.

Question 78

The Vietnam War can be understood as

A)an example of how even a great power may not be able to prevail against a determined enemy unless there is a clear objective and the national will to do so.
B)an example of the doctrine of containment,because U.S. involvement was designed to prevent the fall of South Vietnam to the communists.
C)a war that deeply divided the United States and fostered cynicism toward the American government.
D)All of these are correct.
E)None of these is correct.

Question 79

Which agency within the American intelligence community is responsible for using imagery satellites to monitor missile sites and other military activities around the world?

A)The National Security Agency
B)The National Security Council
C)The National Reconnaissance Office
D)The Central Intelligence Agency
E)The Defense Intelligence Agency

Question 80

The containment doctrine did not prevent the communists from winning a stunning victory in which country in 1949?

A)Turkey
B)East Germany
C)China
D)Taiwan
E)Vietnam