Deck 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

Question 1

The 23rd chromosome pair determines biological sex. In females, the chromosomes are ________, while in males, the chromosomes are ________.

A) XX; XX
B) XX; XY
C) XY; XY
D) XY; XX

Answer 1

XX; XY

Question 2

During puberty, a girl's ovaries begin releasing greater amounts of the sex hormone called________. By contrast, during puberty a boy's testes being releasing greater amounts of the sex hormone called ________.

A) estradiol; testosterone
B) testosterone; estradiol
C) estrogen; androgen
D) androgen; estrogen

Answer 2

estrogen; androgen

Question 3

When a person experiences conflicting or ambiguous aspects of biological sex, this condition is called

A) intersex.
B) bisexuality.
C) ambisexuality.
D) homosexuality.

Answer 3

intersex.

Question 4

Because of the presence of normal levels of ________, preschool-aged boys tend to show more masculine patterns of play.

A) androgens such as testosterone
B) estrogens such as estradiol
C) sex chromosomes
D) aggression

Question 5

The biological sex of an infant with two sex chromosomes is determined by the

A) total number of chromosomes the infant has.
B) presence or absence of an X chromosome.
C) 23rd chromosome, contributed by the mother.
D) 23rd chromosome, contributed by the father.

Question 6

Mark was on a business trip when his wife went into labor with their first child. He returned to his hotel room from an all-day conference to discover the following message: "Your wife
Just gave birth to an infant without an SRY gene." Should Mark be concerned by this news?

A) No, it means the infant is genetically male.
B) No, it means the infant is genetically female.
C) Yes, it means the infant has Klinefelter syndrome.
D) Yes, it means the infant has androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Question 7

Biological sex is primarily determined by

A) genetic influences.
B) hormonal influences.
C) interactive influences of brain and environment.
D) genetic and hormonal influences.

Question 8

Approximately 1 in 500 to 1 in 1,000 births result in children with three sex chromosomes (XXY), an abnormality called

A) Turner syndrome.
B) Klinefelter syndrome.
C) gender incongruity.
D) congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Question 9

Although not directly related to reproduction, ________ do make adolescent bodies look more like adult males or females.

A) primary sex characteristics
B) secondary sex characteristics
C) gender schemas
D) gender roles

Question 10

Typically developing females have ________ and during puberty they experience ________.

A) testes; spermarche
B) ovaries; spermarche
C) testes; menarche
D) ovaries; menarche

Question 11

When boys are in puberty, they typically do not know that they have begun to produce sperm until they experience

A) spermarche.
B) semenarche.
C) menarche.
D) andropause.

Question 12

Both males and females have sex glands referred to as gonads. In males, the gonads are________ and in females, they are ________.

A) testes; ovaries
B) ovaries; testes
C) estrogens; androgens
D) androgens; estrogens

Question 13

There is a specific gene that has been identified that determines the genetic sex of the zygote. Which of the following is that gene, and where is it found?

A) SRX, found on the X chromosome
B) SRY, found on the X chromosome
C) SRX, found on the Y chromosome
D) SRY, found on the Y chromosome

Question 14

Typically developing males have ________ and during puberty they experience ________.

A) ovaries; menarche
B) testes; menarche
C) testes; spermarche
D) ovaries; spermarche

Question 15

The development of pubic hair in males and females is considered a secondary sex characteristic because

A) it is the second sex characteristic to emerge.
B) it is not directly related to sexual reproduction.
C) it occurs for some people but not all people.
D) unlike a primary sex characteristic, it can be easily modified (by shaving).

Question 16

Dale is a 12-year-old boy who wakes up to find that his sheets are wet. His parents explain that he most likely ejaculated during a wet dream and that this is a normal
Part of puberty for a boy. Based on this, Dale is most likely experiencing

A) semenarche.
B) spermarche.
C) menstruation.
D) menarche.

Question 17

Dr. Gupta notices that his patient Benjamin's testosterone level is 20 times higher than it was during Benjamin's last checkup one year ago. Based on this, Dr. Gupta concludes
That Benjamin most likely has

A) entered puberty.
B) Klinefelter syndrome.
C) gender dysphoria.
D) Turner syndrome.

Question 18

The male sperm determines the sex of the resulting zygote. This is because

A) females have only Y chromosomes in the 23rd pair, while in males, the 23rd chromosome pair contains only X chromosomes.
B) males have only Y chromosomes, while females have an X and a Y chromosome.
C) females have only X chromosomes in the 23rd pair, while in males, the 23rd chromosome pair contains an X and a Y chromosome.
D) both males and females have an X and a Y chromosome in the 23rd pair, but the male has more influence.

Question 19

Yi Ling experiences her first menstrual period two months after her twelfth birthday. This event is called ________ and it represents development of a ________ sex characteristic.

A) menarche; primary
B) menarche; secondary
C) spermarche; primary
D) spermarche; secondary

Question 20

During puberty, typically developing males will experience ________ and females will experience ________.

A) primary sex characteristics; secondary sex characteristics
B) secondary sex characteristics; primary sex characteristics
C) menarche; spermarche
D) spermarche; menarche

Question 21

A newborn infant at Springfield Hospital has only a single 23rd chromosome. Based on this, this infant is best described as

A) being biologically female.
B) being biologically male.
C) transgender.
D) intersex.

Question 22

The process of creating gender schemas starts in children by around the age of

A) two years old.
B) five years old.
C) one year old.
D) six months old.

Question 23

Christopher and William are adopting an infant. The infant's medical record shows that the infant has XX sex chromosomes and in the photo the infant appears to have a penis.
Based on this information, the infant most likely

A) is a typically developing male.
B) has Turner syndrome.
C) is a typically developing female.
D) has congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Question 24

Namra, a Pakistani girl, and Rosalie, an Italian girl, both aspire to be politicians. Based on the typical gender role socialization in their respected countries, which girl is likely to have
A harder time realizing her dream?

A) Namra
B) Rosalie
C) Both will have extreme difficulty.
D) Both will have very little difficulty.

Question 25

People with androgen insensitivity syndrome

A) develop Turner syndrome.
B) develop Klinefelter syndrome.
C) are genetically female.
D) are genetically male.

Question 26

Bilal believes that boys are generally strong, aggressive, and interested in sports, while girls are generally polite, expressive, nurturing, and interested in relationships. These
Beliefs reflect Bilal's gender

A) expression.
B) schemas.
C) identity.
D) role socialization.

Question 27

The Kidz World toy store used to have a section labeled "Toys for Boys" that included footballs, chemistry sets, and toy trucks, and a separate section labeled "Toys for Girls" that
Included dolls, play kitchen sets, and costume jewelry. Last month the store's manager
Combined these two sections into one and removed the gender labels with the hopes that it
Would help people change their ideas about which toys are appropriate for a child. The
Manager is trying to change people's gender

A) roles.
B) stereotypes.
C) dysphorias.
D) identities.

Question 28

Darshana is a girl who did not develop normally when she reached puberty. A genetic test confirmed that Darshana has Turner syndrome and she is now receiving estrogen
Replacement therapy. Based on this, you can conclude that the genetic test revealed that
Darshana has ________ female sex chromosome(s) and ________ male sex chromosome(s).

A) two; no
B) one; no
C) two; one
D) one; one

Question 29

Dr. Jackson has just delivered a newborn infant with androgen insensitivity syndrome. The baby is genetically male but has ambiguous genitals that much more closely resemble
A vagina than a penis. Based on recent research, what is the most appropriate course of
Action that Dr. Jackson should recommend to the infant's parents?

A) surgical alteration to give the infant male genitals and raise the infant as male
B) surgical alteration to give the infant female genitals and raise the infant as female
C) do not alter the infant's genitals and raise the infant as female
D) do not alter the infant's genitals and wait for the infant to develop a gender identity

Question 30

Encouraging college students to consider a variety of careers, regardless of whether they are traditionally considered "jobs for men" or "jobs for women," is one way to

A) encourage a homosexual sexual orientation.
B) encourage a transgender gender identity.
C) overcome gender stereotypes.
D) overcome gender dysphoria.

Question 31

James was born with a penis but during puberty began to grow breasts. After various medical tests, a doctor tells James that he has XXY sex chromosomes. Based on this you know that
James is most likely experiencing

A) normal development of primary sex characteristics.
B) normal development of secondary sex characteristics.
C) atypical development as explained by the gender similarities hypothesis.
D) atypical development due to him being intersex.

Question 32

Michael was born with three sex chromosomes. At 20 years old, he has a very small but functional penis, a high voice, a naturally hairless face and chest, and well-developed breasts.
Based on this, Michael is most likely experiencing being intersex due to

A) Turner syndrome.
B) congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
C) Klinefelter syndrome.
D) androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Question 33

Information about gender roles and gender identity are a part of a person's cognitive structures that organize information about gender categories. These cognitive structures are
Called gender

A) schemas.
B) lenses.
C) perspectives.
D) biases.

Question 34

Kyung is studying for his psychology exam. He is correctly trying to remember that people learn gender roles through gender ________ and people learn gender identity through their
Experiences and mental development, as described in ________.

A) schemas; cognitive development theory
B) schemas; the gender similarities hypothesis
C) role socialization; cognitive development theory
D) role socialization; the gender similarities hypothesis

Question 35

Jerome's parents have noticed that he is not developing normal secondary sex characteristics for a male going through puberty, so they have taken him to their physician, Dr. Sanchez, for
Testing. Dr. Sanchez explains to Jerome's parents that Jerome has Klinefelter syndrome.
What conclusion can we NOT draw from this information?

A) Jerome has two female sex chromosomes.
B) Jerome has one male sex chromosome.
C) Jerome has higher-than-normal production of testosterone.
D) Jerome has lower-than-normal production of testosterone.

Question 36

When little Billy first meets his new babysitter, Tanya, Billy assumes that Tanya is male because she has short hair and is wearing a football jersey. Billy's mistake was most likely
Due to a mismatch between his own gender ________ and Tanya's gender ________.

A) schema; expression
B) expression; schema
C) role; dysphoria
D) dysphoria; role

Question 37

At a college in the United States a female runner was found to have XY sex chromosomes, lack ovaries and a uterus, and have internal testes that produce high levels of testosterone.
This runner may be described as being intersex because she

A) is biologically male but experiences personal distress about this assigned gender.
B) is biologically male but genetically female.
C) is biologically male but identifies as female.
D) does not clearly fall into the binary of being biologically male or biologically female.

Question 38

Common beliefs about people of particular genders based on many people's similar gender schemas are called gender

A) stereotypes.
B) roles.
C) identities.
D) expressions.

Question 39

Gender identity is best understood as being ________ and sexual orientation is best understood as being ________.

A) binary; binary
B) binary; on a continuum
C) on a continuum; binary
D) on a continuum; on a continuum

Question 40

Research suggests that a person's sense of being male or female depends primarily on________ and ________, but less upon ________.

A) gender socialization; sex chromosomes; hormones
B) genitalia; sex chromosomes; gender identity
C) sex chromosomes; hormones; gender socialization
D) sex chromosomes; gender identity; genitalia

Question 41

Bruce Reimer was born biologically male. However, he underwent surgery as an infant to remove his penis after it was damaged and then was raised as a female. Later in life Bruce
Declared that he truly identified as a male. Bruce's story most clearly illustrates that gender
Identity is a result of

A) biology, which can override gender role socialization.
B) gender role socialization, which can override biology.
C) both gender role socialization and biology.
D) neither gender role socialization nor biology.

Question 42

Ophelia believes that as a woman her role is to stay home and care for children while her husband works. Ophelia could have learned this gender role in all of the following ways
EXCEPT by

A) traveling widely to many nontraditional cultures.
B) being rewarded for staying at home and caring for her children.
C) trying to work outside the home and finding it very difficult and frustrating.
D) seeing her mother, aunts, and sisters stay home and care for their children.

Question 43

According to the cognitive development theory, gender identity develops in three main stages. Which of these is the correct sequence?

A) thinking of self and others in stable ways as boys or girls; thinking about what a boy or girl is; recognizing that identity doesn't have to match appearance
B) thinking about what a boy or girl is; thinking of self and others in stable ways as boys or girls; recognizing that identity doesn't have to match appearance
C) recognizing that identity doesn't have to match appearance; thinking about what a boy or girl is; thinking of self and others in stable ways as boys or girls
D) recognizing that identity doesn't have to match appearance; thinking of self and others in stable ways as boys or girls; thinking about what a boy or girl is

Question 44

As children develop mentally and have more experiences that provide information about gender, they begin to develop their ________, which stabilizes over time. However, older
Children and adults may not present themselves as you might expect, a result of ________.

A) gender expression; gender roles
B) gender identity; gender expression
C) sexual orientation; gender socialization
D) gender socialization; sexual orientation

Question 45

Imagine that the political leaders of Japan, a traditional culture, want to encourage more girls in their culture to become business leaders and scientists. In order to achieve their goal,
Japanese politicians should encourage Japanese

A) parents to keep their daughters at home to care for their siblings.
B) girls to spend most of their time with their mothers and other adult females.
C) parents to praise their daughters for participating in activities enjoyed by boys.
D) boys to tease girls for participating in activities enjoyed by boys.

Question 46

Mikhail's parents smile and cheer approvingly whenever Mikhail plays contact sports with his friends. However, his parents yell at him whenever Mikhail plays with his sister's dolls.
In this example, Mikhail's gender role socialization is being influenced by

A) observational learning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) modeling.

Question 47

Ebony is shown a series of photos of a person who could be either male or female. When asked to say whether she thinks the person in the photos is a boy or a girl, Ebony says that the
Person could be a boy or a girl because the way a person looks may not match his or her
Gender. Ebony is most likely between

A) one and two years old.
B) two and three years old.
C) four and five years old.
D) six and seven years old.

Question 48

When a person such as Coy Mathis is described as transgender, what does this mean?

A) She has a gender identity that is not the same as her biological sex.
B) She definitely feels a lot of distress about her assigned gender.
C) She is sexually and/or romantically attracted to people of the same sex.
D) She is sexually and/or romantically attracted to people of the same sex and people of a different sex.

Question 49

Tom believes that it is his wife's role to do the laundry and to cook the meals, because that is what he saw his own mother doing when he was growing up. Based on this, Tom's
Expectations about gender roles in the household was shaped by

A) imitation.
B) observation.
C) operant conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 50

Jeremy is shown a series of photos of a person who could be either male or female. When asked to say whether he thinks the person in the photos is a boy or a girl, Jeremy says that the
Person is a girl. The next day, Jeremy is shown the photos again, but this time he identifies the
Person as a boy. Jeremy is most likely between

A) one and two years old.
B) two and three years old.
C) four and five years old.
D) six and seven years old.

Question 51

People who can answer the question, "Do you think of yourself as a man or a woman?" have developed a

A) gender schema.
B) gender identity.
C) sexual preference.
D) sexual schema.

Question 52

Which of the following offers evidence that gender identity may be related to biology?

A) The presence of prenatal testosterone makes a person more likely to identify as a man.
B) The presence of prenatal testosterone makes a person more likely to identify as a woman.
C) Low levels of testosterone in children result in more masculine play.
D) In a study, genetically male infants raised as girls were more likely to identify as women.

Question 53

Ten-year-old Haruna observes that her mother and her older sister are both successful chemical engineers. Because of this, Haruna starts saving her allowance to buy the deluxe
Junior chemistry set she saw in a local hobby store. Based on this information, it is clear that
Haruna is experiencing

A) genderqueer gender identity.
B) male gender identity.
C) gender role socialization.
D) gender dysphoria.

Question 54

According to the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, which of the following is a recognized psychological disorder?

A) being intersex
B) having gender dysphoria
C) being transgender
D) asexuality

Question 55

Deaux and Major (1987) showed that people may not always express themselves in a way that is consistent with their gender identity. What is the key factor identified by Deaux and
Major that determines how people express their gender identity?

A) People are influenced by their biological sex to act more masculine or feminine.
B) People are influenced by their sexual orientation to act more masculine or feminine.
C) People are influenced by gender socialization to act more masculine or feminine.
D) People are influenced by the situation to act more or less masculine or feminine.

Question 56

A young girl named Malala Yousafzai was brutally attacked and nearly killed for attending school and speaking out against Islamic militants opposed to education for females in her
Traditionalist Pakistani culture. This is an extreme example of a girl being punished for defying

A) primary sex characteristics.
B) secondary sex characteristics.
C) gender identity.
D) gender roles.

Question 57

Which of the following is an argument against the term cisgender, according to the textbook?

A) It recognizes that there can be more than two genders.
B) It is not widely used or understood.
C) It is a derogatory term that is meant to isolate people.
D) It implies that "consistent" or "on the side of" is the same as "normal."

Question 58

Colin is a four-year-old boy with a two-year-old sister. When asked, Colin is likely to

A) consistently identify himself as a boy, but inconsistently refer to his sister as a girl.
B) inconsistently identify himself as a boy, but consistently refer to his sister as a girl.
C) consistently identify himself as a boy and his sister as a girl.
D) inconsistently identify himself as a boy and also inconsistently identify his sister as a girl.

Question 59

Positions, characteristics, and interests that are considered normal and expected for boys and men or for girls and women in a particular culture are known as

A) gender roles.
B) gender schemas.
C) sexual orientation.
D) social roles.

Question 60

Julia is a popular young woman with many friends of both sexes. One day, Jahrel, a male friend, overhears her talking to her boyfriend on the phone. Jahrel comments that she doesn't
Talk to him the same way she talks to her boyfriend. What has Jahrel noticed about Julia's
Conversation?

A) She is using a pet name for her boyfriend.
B) Her voice is more businesslike and serious on the phone with her boyfriend.
C) She is using a more childlike, feminine, and absentminded tone with her boyfriend.
D) She is speaking much faster to her boyfriend on the phone than when speaking face-to-face.

Question 61

Samuel describes himself as asexual. From this description, we can conclude that he

A) does not experience sexual attraction.
B) does not feel romantic attraction.
C) does not identify as male or female.
D) is incapable of achieving orgasm.

Question 62

Imagine that you are a psychologist interviewing students who are participating in a study on sex and gender. Of the four students described below, which one would you categorize
As androgynous?

A) David, who is biologically male and thinks and feels male
B) Emily, who is biologically female but doesn't think or feel as either male or female
C) Jiatong, who is biologically male and thinks and feels both male and female
D) Felipe, who is biologically male and thinks and feels female

Question 63

When people develop a stable gender identity that is consistent with their biological sex, their gender identity is referred to as

A) gender matched.
B) cismatched.
C) cisgender.
D) biomatched.

Question 64

The sexual orientation of a female who is NOT attracted to males is best described as

A) lesbian.
B) bisexual.
C) asexual.
D) It is impossible to tell without more information.

Question 65

Shinobu is a male who says that he is bisexual. From this you can definitely conclude that he

A) is equally attracted to both males and females.
B) may or may not be equally attracted to males and females.
C) is attracted to males but not females.
D) is attracted to females but not males.

Question 66

Marisol explains to her best friend that she is bisexual. Marisol is discussing her

A) biological sex.
B) gender identity.
C) sexual orientation.
D) sexual activity.

Question 67

Keith is an adolescent male who has never had sex with anyone. Keith is emotionally and romantically attracted to females and wants to date a female friend from school. Keith is
Sexually attracted to males and becomes sexually aroused when he is near certain male
Friends he finds attractive. Based on this, Keith's sexual orientation is most likely

A) asexual.
B) gay.
C) bisexual.
D) heterosexual.

Question 68

Kyle is interning at a psychological clinic for adolescents. His new patient, Isaac, has been diagnosed with gender dysphoria. Based on this information, Kyle can correctly conclude that
Isaac is ________ about his assigned gender.

A) transgender and distressed
B) genderqueer and distressed
C) transgender
D) genderqueer

Question 69

Dr. Coelho is writing a report on a new patient. She diagnoses the patient, a 16-year-old male, with gender dysphoria. Based on this diagnosis, the patient is likely to display all of the
Following symptoms EXCEPT

A) thoughts of suicide.
B) anxiety.
C) depression.
D) physical pain.

Question 70

Jonah's parents have brought him to a counselor because Jonah claims to have no sexual interest in either males or females even though he went through puberty five years ago. The
Counselor determines that Jonah has normal primary and secondary sex characteristics and his
Gender identity is male. He enjoys intimacy and companionship with women, but he has no
Sexual attraction to them or to males. Based on this information, Jonah seems most likely to
Have a(n) ________ sexual orientation.

A) asexual
B) bisexual
C) androgynous
D) genderqueer

Question 71

While cis means ________, trans means ________.

A) on the side of; on the other side of
B) normal; abnormal
C) on the other side of; on the side of
D) inside; outside

Question 72

Imagine that you are a psychologist interviewing students who are participating in a study on sex and gender. Of the four students described below, which one would you categorize as
Genderqueer?

A) Youssef, who is biologically male and identifies as male
B) Michaela, who is biologically female and identifies as neither male nor female
C) Leah, who is biologically male and identifies as both male and female
D) Kayla, who is biologically male and identifies as female

Question 73

LaShawna prefers that people use female pronouns when referring to her but describes herself as feeling something in between "male" and "female." She says she is proud to
Represent the best elements of each gender. LaShawna is describing her gender

A) role.
B) identity.
C) transition
D) dysphoria.

Question 74

Shannon is meeting new coworkers. Shannon explains that she is biologically male but identifies as female. Based on this, we can conclude that Shannon is

A) genderqueer.
B) androgynous.
C) both genderqueer and androgynous.
D) neither genderqueer nor androgynous.

Question 75

Carlos is biologically male but he does not feel particularly male, nor does he feel particularly female. Based on this, Carlos's gender identity is best described as

A) transgender.
B) gender dysphoric.
C) genderqueer.
D) androgynous.

Question 76

A male who is only attracted to other males is most likely to call himself ________, and a female who is only attracted to other females is most likely to call herself ________.

A) lesbian; gay
B) gay; lesbian
C) homosexual; bisexual
D) bisexual; homosexual

Question 77

Kumar is a 38-year-old man with a wife and two daughters. Twenty years ago when he was a freshman in college, Kumar occasionally had sex with his male roommate. Based
On this information, what is the best way to describe Kumar's sexual orientation?

A) straight
B) bisexual
C) gay
D) It is impossible to tell without more information.

Question 78

Shana is a female who says that she is sexually attracted to other females. Based on this information alone, we can conclude that Shana's sexual orientation is

A) either homosexual or bisexual.
B) only heterosexual.
C) only homosexual.
D) only bisexual.

Question 79

Amanda lives in the United States, where she grew up thinking and feeling like she is female. When she spent a semester abroad in India, she met several hijra students who thought of
Themselves as something between male and female. Amanda had a lot of difficulty
Understanding the experiences of these hijra students, most likely because in the United
States, gender identity is usually thought of as ________, whereas in India gender identity is
More likely to be thought of as ________.

A) consistent with biological sex; a continuum
B) a result of cognitive development theory; a result of gender role socialization
C) a continuum; consistent with biological sex
D) a result of gender role socialization; a result of cognitive development theory

Question 80

Colleen is a woman who is sexually and romantically attracted to men but not women. Her brother, Mark, is also sexually and romantically attracted to men but not women.
Based on this, Colleen's sexual orientation is most likely ________ and Mark's sexual
Orientation is most likely ________.

A) heterosexual; heterosexual
B) lesbian; gay
C) heterosexual; gay
D) lesbian; heterosexual