Deck 11: Social Learning and Memory: Observing, Interacting, and Reenacting

Question 1

Stimulus matching refers to:

A) copying the exact actions that are observed.
B) directly comparing a generated stimulus with an observed stimulus.
C) copying the end result of a behavior that is observed.
D) being able to imagine oneself in the place of another person.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Ella observed her father cleaning up toys by putting them all in a large bin and then carrying the bin over to the corner. The next time Ella had to clean up her toys, she left the bin in the corner and carried the toys to it one by one. This is an example of:

A) perspective taking.
B) stimulus matching.
C) emulation.
D) true imitation.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In songbirds, neurons in _____ behave like mirror neurons in monkeys.

A) the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) and the high vocal center (HVC)
B) area X
C) the basal ganglia
D) the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN)

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In observational learning, it is difficult to predict what an organism will learn because:

A) learning occurs during copying but not during observation.
B) it is not always possible to determine what the organism perceives from the model.
C) the behavior can often be explained by instrumental conditioning rather than by observational learning.
D) it is hard to determine whether feedback is being provided to the observer.

Question 5

A process in which the learner actively monitors events and then chooses later actions based on those observation is known as:

A) true imitation.
B) observational learning.
C) cognitive learning.
D) social conformity.

Question 6

According to studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats, which brain area(s) seem(s) particularly important for learning of novel food preferences from demonstrator rats?

A) the basal forebrain
B) the basal forebrain and the cortex
C) the hippocampus and the cortex
D) the hippocampus

Question 7

According to modern social-learning theory, learning occurs as a result of:

A) observation.
B) conditioning.
C) both observation and conditioning.
D) both observation and performance of the behavior.

Question 8

_____ is defined as learning from others and often used as a synonym for observational learning.

A) Social learning
B) Emulation
C) Social conformity
D) True imitation

Question 9

Tony is excited when he watches his high school football team win the championship. He decides to try out for the team the following year, hoping that he will get to enjoy the same excitement he observes in the players he sees on the team. His behavior demonstrates that people are more likely to copy models:

A) who are similar to themselves.
B) whom they admire.
C) when the outcome is desirable.
D) when they have the motor capabilities to perform the same actions.

Question 10

Which species are the only mammals other than humans that are known to be able to flexibly imitate sounds?

A) dogs
B) birds
C) dolphins
D) whales

Question 11

People with frontal-lobe damage who exhibit deficits in the ability to imitate:

A) can still imitate an action when instructed to do so.
B) can still imitate an action when they observe someone performing the action.
C) may have problems with inhibiting imitation.
D) usually show deficits in executive-control functions.

Question 12

Which statement is an example of social learning?

A) A chimpanzee copies the hand motions made by its trainer.
B) A cat learns through trial and error to escape from a puzzle box.
C) A rat learns the correct route through a maze by being rewarded with food on reaching the end.
D) A dog learns to salivate in response to a bell after the bell is repeatedly followed by food.

Question 13

The third phase of song learning in songbirds involves:

A) memorizing songs.
B) practicing songs.
C) comparing their own songs to memories of songs they have heard in the past.
D) learning when it is appropriate to sing.

Question 14

In a dog kennel, if one dog starts barking, there is a tendency for the rest of the dogs to also start barking. This is an example of:

A) observational conditioning.
B) stimulus enhancement.
C) vocal learning.
D) emotional contagion.

Question 15

_____ is the act of doing what one observes another organism doing.

A) Simulation
B) Emulation
C) Copying
D) Perspective taking

Question 16

Mirror neurons are neurons that respond:

A) during both performance and visual observation of an action.
B) when an organism performs an action that is the opposite of the observed action.
C) during true imitation but not during emulation.
D) during observational learning in which visual feedback occurs.

Question 17

In Bandura and colleagues' Bobo doll study (1961) it was found that children were more likely to behave aggressively if they:

A) had been rewarded for behaving aggressively.
B) first observed an adult behaving aggressively.
C) were other children in the room with them.
D) were explicitly told to behave aggressively.

Question 18

Children with autism:

A) have reduced intellectual abilities.
B) have more trouble imitating individual actions than sequences of actions.
C) cannot recognize when they are being imitated.
D) show more impairment of meaningless gestures than meaningful ones.

Question 19

When one dog starts sniffing the ground for a potential scrap of food, other dogs' attention may be drawn to that part of the ground, and they may copy this sniffing behavior. This is an example of:

A) observational conditioning.
B) stimulus enhancement.
C) social conformity.
D) emotional contagion.

Question 20

What has research shown regarding viewing violence in the media and aggression?

A) Viewing violent media has little effect on aggressive behavior.
B) Viewing violent media can reduce aggressive behavior.
C) Viewing violent media can increase aggressive behavior.
D) The results have been mostly inconclusive.

Question 21

In the basic process to explain how people copy, it is very important that what is being observed is encoded correctly so that it can be accessible and reproduced at a later time. This step in the process is known as:

A) presence of a model.
B) accessible format.
C) ability to reproduce the action.
D) motivation for reproducing.

Question 22

Maxwell is excited to see that a graduate from his high school works at a digital company designing games. He selects computer programing and engineering as his major at college, hoping to enjoy the same excitement when he succeeds. This example illustrates that individuals are likely to copy models when:

A) the model is present.
B) the model's actions are remembered.
C) they have a chance to copy the behavior.
D) the outcome they observe is a positive one.

Question 23

One might remember very well what it looks like when one drives, but unless one get into a car, one won't be able to imitate this action. Bandura referred to this step in the process of copying as:

A) presence of a model.
B) accessible format.
C) ability to reproduce the action.
D) motivation for reproducing.

Question 24

Bandura listed four basic steps to explain people copying what they see. The four steps are:

A) presence of a model, accessible format, ability to reproduce the action, and motivation for reproducing the action.
B) accessible format, presence of a model, ability to reproduce the action, and motivation for reproducing the action.
C) accessible format, presence of a model, motivation for reproducing the action, and ability to reproduce the action.
D) motivation for reproducing the action, ability to reproduce the action, presence of a model, and accessible format.

Question 25

Perspective taking is an ability:

A) that requires visual acknowledgement of the situation.
B) that depends on the individual's observation of the event.
C) that occurs only for relatively complex behaviors.
D) to imagine oneself in the place of another.

Question 26

Which statement is an example of a task that would be required in a two-action test?

A) A pigeon has to first turn in a circle and then peck at a light to obtain access to food.
B) Two pigeons have to peck at the same light for either of them to obtain access to food.
C) Two dolphins are taught to swim to a trainer for a fish reward, one by swimming through a tunnel and the other by swimming in a wiggly path.
D) Two apes are trained to retrieve a toy using a stick. One is rewarded with a banana, and the other is rewarded with an orange.

Question 27

In the basic process to explain how people copy, which step takes into consideration the actions of others as cues that act as a magnet for attention?

A) presence of a model
B) accessible format
C) ability to reproduce the action
D) motivation for reproducing

Question 28

Payton observed his father raking up leaves in the front yard. Payton proceeded to get a rake and raked up leaves just like his father did. This is an example of:

A) perspective taking.
B) stimulus matching.
C) emulation.
D) true imitation.

Question 29

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, it was found that:

A) aggressive behavior transferred to other contexts.
B) for girls, aggression was more common when they observed a female model than a male model.
C) only the children who were first provoked showed aggression toward the Bobo doll.
D) the attack styles of the children who behaved aggressively were different from the attack styles of the models they observed.

Question 30

Copying that involves reproducing motor acts is called:

A) true imitation.
B) emulation.
C) social conformity.
D) perspective taking.

Question 31

One-year-old Callie observed her mother eating green beans by poking them with a fork and bringing them to her mouth. Callie picked up a fork, used her fingers to balance some beans on the fork, and brought them to her mouth. This is an example of:

A) perspective taking.
B) stimulus matching.
C) emulation.
D) true imitation.

Question 32

Perspective taking is an ability that:

A) requires visual feedback.
B) occurs in most mammals and birds.
C) occurs only for relatively complex behaviors.
D) is possessed by few species other than humans.

Question 33

One of the most important elements in copying a behavior is having a reason to repeat the observed action. Bandura referred to this as:

A) presence of a model.
B) accessible format.
C) ability to reproduce the action.
D) motivation for reproducing.

Question 34

When chimpanzees were trained to copy a behavior whenever a researcher said, "Do this!" the chimpanzees could:

A) only copy behaviors with which they were already familiar.
B) copy one or two new behaviors.
C) copy many new behaviors.
D) not copy any behaviors.

Question 35

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, Bandura believed that the children were learning the aggressive acts:

A) after being rewarded for their behavior.
B) when they were imitating the model.
C) while they were observing the model.
D) right before they observed the model.

Question 36

When children imitate acts that reveal what they have learned from watching someone demonstrate an action, this demonstration is called:

A) emulation.
B) true imitation.
C) copying.
D) modeling.

Question 37

Studies of copying in humans and chimpanzees have shown that _____ copy the details of actions modeled by an adult human.

A) chimpanzees and human children
B) chimpanzees but not human children
C) human children but not chimpanzees
D) neither human children nor chimpanzees

Question 38

Why does social learning differ from most other forms of learning?

A) Most learning occurs individually.
B) It relies heavily on an individual's personality.
C) It is not always possible to determine what an organism is perceiving.
D) Not all species can learn by reproducing what they observe.

Question 39

A theory of human behavior that proposed that the kinds of reinforcement an individual has experienced in past social contexts will determine how that individual will act in a given situation is known as _____ theory.

A) social-learning
B) two-action
C) stimulus matching
D) mind-blindness

Question 40

The two-action test involves training two animals to perform:

A) the same action, leading to the same outcome.
B) two different actions, leading to two different outcomes.
C) the same action, leading to two different outcomes.
D) two different actions, leading to the same outcome.

Question 41

Zachary's dog Buddy, like many dogs, enjoys chasing the little red spot of light from a laser pointer when Zachary moves the light around the carpet. Zachary's new puppy Zoe observed Buddy chasing the light, which drew her attention to the light, and she began chasing it just like Buddy did. This is an example of:

A) observational conditioning.
B) stimulus enhancement.
C) social conformity.
D) emotional contagion.

Question 42

Which statement is TRUE?

A) No mammals other than humans can imitate vocalizations as well as birds can.
B) There are a lot of mammals that are good at imitating vocalizations.
C) Humans do not begin to imitate vocalizations until they are about 8 months old.
D) Animals that do not naturally imitate vocalizations can learn the skill.

Question 43

An individual learns an emotional response after observing it in others. This is known as:

A) observational conditioning.
B) stimulus enhancement.
C) imitation.
D) emotional contagion.

Question 44

Linda has never been afraid of spiders, but she constantly sees her mom scream at the site of one. Eventually, Linda develops a fear of spiders; this is an example of:

A) phobia.
B) classical conditioning.
C) emotional contagion.
D) observational conditioning.

Question 45

It was observed that some birds in England were learning to puncture the tops of milk bottles to get the cream. One explanation was that the birds' attention was being drawn to the milk bottles by other birds that had discovered this "trick." Which phenomenon does this explanation demonstrate?

A) observational conditioning
B) emotional contagion
C) imitation
D) stimulus enhancement

Question 46

Which are the only mammals other than humans that have the flexibility to imitate sounds?

A) rats
B) whales
C) birds
D) dolphins

Question 47

In a nursery, if one baby starts crying, there is a tendency for the other babies to also start crying. This is an example of:

A) observational conditioning.
B) stimulus enhancement.
C) vocal learning.
D) emotional contagion.

Question 48

The copying that involves the reproduction of sound is known as:

A) ventriloquism.
B) vocal imitation.
C) vocal emulation.
D) emotional contagion.

Question 49

Direction of one organism's attention toward specific objects, events, or locations within an environment as a result of another organism's action is called:

A) observational conditioning.
B) stimulus enhancement.
C) imitation.
D) emotional contagion.

Question 50

The inborn tendency to react emotionally to stimuli that indicate emotion in other members of one's species is called:

A) observational conditioning.
B) stimulus enhancement.
C) imitation.
D) emotional contagion.

Question 51

The act of modifying vocal outputs using memories of previously experienced sounds is known as vocal:

A) imitation.
B) emulation.
C) learning.
D) assessment.

Question 52

Which scenario is an example of emotional contagion?

A) A baby cries in the pediatrician's office, and the other babies begin to cry as well.
B) A dog salivates at the sound of a bell.
C) A young child cries at the site of her mom.
D) Repeated shocks have taught the mouse to stay in the corner whether or not a shock is received.

Question 53

Studies of copying in humans and chimpanzees have shown that _____ are more likely to emulate a model's behavior than _____.

A) human adults; chimpanzees
B) human children; human adults
C) human children; chimpanzees
D) chimpanzees; human children

Question 54

What is the MOST extensively studied form of vocal learning?

A) speech learning in human infants
B) vocalizations in dolphins
C) song learning in birds
D) speech learning in chimpanzees

Question 55

The ability to be good at singing karaoke seems to depend on having:

A) good vocal imitation abilities.
B) a near-perfect memory of what the original song sounds like.
C) practiced a lot in the past.
D) many friends who are good at singing karaoke.

Question 56

Which statement is TRUE?

A) All animals that can vocalize can learn to do it by using vocal imitation.
B) All animals that can vocalize can learn vocally to some extent.
C) All animals can learn vocally.
D) All animals that vocally learn must be able to vocally imitate.

Question 57

Which statement is TRUE regarding vocal learning in songbirds?

A) Baby birds raised without contact with their own species still learn their own song.
B) If young birds are exposed to both the songs of their own species and the songs of a different species, they will readily learn both species' songs.
C) The songs that birds sing are genetically predetermined.
D) The songs that birds sing can show differences in dialect.

Question 58

According to the template model of song learning, the first phase of song learning in songbirds involves:

A) memorizing songs.
B) practicing songs.
C) comparing a bird's own songs with memories of songs it has heard in the past.
D) learning when it is appropriate to sing.

Question 59

Mia saw a movie with her friend and observed her friend crying during the sad parts. When Mia went to another movie with her parents the following weekend, she began to cry during the sad parts. This is an example of:

A) observational conditioning.
B) stimulus enhancement.
C) social conformity.
D) emotional contagion.

Question 60

Which statement is TRUE regarding emotional contagion?

A) It usually involves motor acts that have been learned.
B) The actions that result from emotional contagion are usually different from the observed actions.
C) The copied reaction is an unconditioned response.
D) All of the statements are true.

Question 61

John's friends don't smoke, but many of John's favorite movie stars do smoke. John has decided to take up smoking. His behavior demonstrates that people are more likely to copy models:

A) who are similar to themselves.
B) whom they admire.
C) when the outcome is desirable.
D) when they have stored a memory of the model performing the behavior.

Question 62

Watching the TV show Teletubbies is MOST likely to lead to imitation by child viewers if the:

A) environment in which the Teletubbies live is simple and colorful.
B) Teletubbies occasionally behave aggressively rather than cooperatively.
C) Teletubbies speak using a normal adult voice.
D) children perceive the Teletubbies as being similar to themselves.

Question 63

If one wanted to encourage 8-year-old Tina to read, who would be the BEST person to serve as a model?

A) another 8-year-old girl
B) an 8-year-old boy
C) a teenage girl
D) a teenage boy

Question 64

The process in which an observer learns something new through experiences with others is called:

A) observational conditioning.
B) stimulus enhancement.
C) social transmission of information.
D) emotional contagion.

Question 65

Correlational studies generally look for associations between familiarity with the content of commercials and drinking behavior. Such studies have shown that:

A) this product placement is conditioning disguised as entertainment.
B) greater exposure to alcohol advertising is correlated to a higher likeliness of drinking in young adults.
C) it introduces young adults to the dangers of alcohol and promotes a deters behavior.
D) if properly timed, advertisements serve to promote a positive behavior in young adults that is passed on with social situations.

Question 66

According to modern social-learning theory, in order for a teenage boy to learn to do his homework, he must:

A) observe someone else being rewarded for doing homework.
B) observe someone else being rewarded for doing homework and be rewarded himself for imitating that behavior.
C) be rewarded for doing his homework without having observed anyone else doing homework.
D) observe someone else being rewarded for doing homework, be rewarded himself for imitating that behavior, and be able to take the perspective of the person he observed doing homework.

Question 67

Learning to speak or sing may not only make easier to communicate but serve:

A) to increase one's ability to "fit in."
B) participate in social activities.
C) increase opportunities for learning.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 68

When Matthew first arrived at China, he found it very difficult to adapt. Fifteen years later, his family is coming to see him and they are having a hard time recognizing him. He has not only learned the language, but also adapted his attire and personality to his new home. This is an example of:

A) emulation.
B) true imitation.
C) observational learning.
D) social conformity.

Question 69

The tendency to adopt the behavior of the group is known as:

A) observational conditioning.
B) social conformity.
C) emulation.
D) perspective taking.

Question 70

The emotional excitement associated with annual events such as the Super Bowl can amplify memories during exposure to advertisements. This suggests that alcoholic preferences of football fans are likely to be a result of:

A) conditioning disguised as entertainment.
B) social understanding of the product.
C) visual expectations.
D) emulation.

Question 71

The only mammals other than humans that can learn to sing a song by hearing it are:

A) chimpanzees.
B) dolphins.
C) gorillas.
D) whales.

Question 72

If one is waiting to purchase an item from the vending machine and the person in front loses some money and one decides not to risk losing one's money and use another machine, this is known as social:

A) discrimination.
B) transmission.
C) learning.
D) conformity.

Question 73

Which scenario is an example of social conformity?

A) Everyone in the class raises their hand to answer the question.
B) John wasn't sure what spoon to use at the table so he looked around.
C) After attending a few meetings, John dresses like everyone in the group.
D) Everyone at the ceremony knew the Pledge of Allegiance.

Question 74

What do commercials promote by portraying attractive people having fun drinking a particular brand?

A) observational learning
B) behavior processes
C) social conformity
D) social learning

Question 75

A model of learning that consists of three basic phases that are song memorization, song practice, and song utilization is known as:

A) social learning.
B) template model.
C) social transition.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 76

Which statement is TRUE regarding violent entertainment and aggressive behavior?

A) The rate of homicides increased after TV was introduced, even in countries where TV was banned.
B) Level of arousal does not seem to play a role in the likelihood of a person behaving aggressively.
C) Children who play violent video games behave more aggressively than children who play nonviolent video games.
D) Children who watch the same violent TV show multiple times are more likely to behave aggressively than children who watch that same show only once.

Question 77

Research suggests that viewing violence on TV:

A) can increase the likelihood that a child will behave aggressively immediately after watching it.
B) can lead to positive outcomes when people imitate nonviolent "heroes" in otherwise violent TV shows.
C) is much more likely to lead to aggression than is reading about violence or seeing violence in a play.
D) can decrease a person's arousal level such that the person behaves less aggressively.

Question 78

Imagine that one is attending a very fancy dinner for the first time. One learns which utensils to use for each course of the meal by watching which utensils the other guests use. This demonstrates:

A) observational conditioning.
B) stimulus enhancement.
C) social transmission of information.
D) emotional contagion.

Question 79

Studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats have shown that:

A) rats are more likely to eat a novel food if they smell the food on another rat's breath after observing the other rat eating the food.
B) a novel food can become a preferred food if a rat observes another rat eating the food, even if the observer rat never smells the food.
C) food preferences that are learned through observation are not passed down to subsequent generations.
D) rats can learn to eat, but not to avoid, novel foods by observing another rat eating the food.

Question 80

The repeated pairing of an image and the name of a specific company with individuals celebrating and drinking may lead to what type of conditioning?

A) observational
B) classical
C) operant
D) visual