Deck 4: Cells and Organelles

Question 1

Which of the following would be attributed to a peroxisomal dysfunction?

A)accumulation of N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase
B)accumulation of ganglioside GM₂
C)accumulation of very long chain fatty acids
D)accumulation of glucocerebroside
E)accumulation of complex sugars

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The cytosol is best described as the

A)fluid within the nucleus.
B)three-dimensional array of interconnected filaments.
C)semifluid substance in which organelles are suspended.
D)internal contents of organelles.
E)area of the cell not occupied by the nucleus.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The size range of most plant and animal cells is

A)1-10 nm.
B)1-5 ?m.
C)10-50 ?m.
D)0.1-0.5 mm.
E)50-100 mm.

Answer 3

10-50 ?m.

Question 4

Which of the following is least likely to be part of a cell membrane?

A)peptidoglycans
B)phospholipids
C)glycoproteins
D)transport proteins
E)enzymes

Question 5

Which of the following organelles is not part of the endomembrane system?

A)ribosome
B)endoplasmic reticulum
C)Golgi apparatus
D)lysosome
E)secretory vesicle

Question 6

Which of the following is true of plant cells?

A)Plant cells may contain chloroplasts.
B)Plant cells are always much larger than animal cells.
C)Chromosomes are found only in plant cells.
D)Only plant cells have a cell membrane.
E)The plant cell has no cell wall.

Question 7

If the surface area of a cell increases by a factor of 100,the volume of that cell will

A)remain the same.
B)increase by a factor of 100.
C)increase by a factor of 1000.
D)increase by a factor of 10.
E)decrease by a factor of 100.

Question 8

A protein is destined to be secreted from a cell.In which organelle would you expect to find the protein just after it is produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A)endosome
B)lysosome
C)secretory vesicle
D)Golgi apparatus
E)nucleus

Question 9

Which sequence reflects the locations that a secretory protein will visit on its way from its production to its secretion outside the cell?

A)rough ER,secretory vesicle,Golgi complex,ER vesicle
B)rough ER,Golgi complex,smooth ER,ER vesicle
C)nucleus,Golgi complex,rough or smooth ER,secretory vesicle
D)smooth ER,rough ER,Golgi complex,secretory vesicle
E)rough ER,ER vesicle,Golgi complex,secretory vesicle

Question 10

Which of the following processes would be most likely to occur in the Golgi complex?

A)synthesis of steroids
B)production and packaging of lipids
C)glycosylation of proteins
D)synthesis of DNA
E)detoxification of drugs

Question 11

Which of the following organelles is not generally found in animal cells?

A)food vacuole
B)centriole
C)endoplasmic reticulum
D)central vacuole
E)mitochondrion

Question 12

Membrane proteins may function in

A)receiving extracellular signals.
B)amphipathic modification.
C)temperature control.
D)protein manufacture.
E)information storage.

Question 13

Eukaryotic cells are believed to have arisen

A)from a symbiotic relationship between primitive nucleated cells and bacterial cells.
B)from the fusion of multiple archaeal cells into a larger,more complex cell.
C)independently from prokaryotic cells.
D)by mutations that lead to changes in plasma membranes,leading to internal membrane-bound organelles.
E)independently from prokaryotic cells by mutations that lead to changes in plasma membranes,leading to internal membrane-bound organelles.

Question 14

Prions are

A)the site of protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells.
B)simple viruses composed of protein.
C)primitive protein particles that are believed to be an ancient precursor of living cells.
D)infectious circular RNA molecules that replicate in host cells.
E)infectious misfolded proteins that cause normal protein molecules to misfold.

Question 15

Which of the following is characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

A)binary fission
B)membrane-bounded nucleus
C)peptidoglycan cell wall
D)70S ribosomes
E)smaller than 5 µm in diameter

Question 16

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in synthesis of

A)lipids.
B)polysaccharides.
C)proteins.
D)DNA.
E)lipids,polysaccharides,proteins,and DNA.

Question 17

The methanobacteria,halobacteria,and sulfobacteria are included in which domain?

A)bacteria
B)protista
C)blue-green algae
D)archaea
E)eukarya

Question 18

Experiments by Stanley Miller in the 1950s demonstrated that the first organic molecules on earth

A)were nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA.
B)most likely formed in an extraterrestrial environment and were deposited on earth via asteroids.
C)could have formed abiotically in a reducing atmosphere containing hydrogen,methane,ammonia,and water vapor.
D)were catalysts composed of simple amino acids.
E)were catalysts composed of simple amino acids and most likely formed in an extraterrestrial environment and were deposited on earth via asteroids.

Question 19

Some researchers have hypothesized that type II diabetes mellitus is caused by a mitochondrial defect.Which of the following would be the best way for them to study mitochondrial differences in fresh tissue samples from diabetic and nondiabetic mice?

A)Mitochondria could be identified and isolated from other cellular components using immunofluorescence microscopy in both tissues.
B)Mitochondria are the only organelles that survive tissue homogenization,thus both tissues could be homogenized to study the mitochondria.
C)Mitochondria from both tissues could be isolated from other cellular components by using proteolytic enzymes to break down other cellular structures.
D)Mitochondria from both tissues could be isolated from other cellular components by fractionating tissue homogenate using differential centrifugation followed by density gradient centrifugation.
E)Mitochondria can not be separated from whole cells without damaging them.

Question 20

When the size of a cell increases,the surface area/volume ratio

A)decreases initially and then begins to increase.
B)remains the same.
C)decreases.
D)increases initially and then begins to decrease.
E)increases.

Question 21

The hallmark feature of peroxisomal diseases is the accumulation of

A)hydrolases.
B)very long chain fatty acids.
C)peroxidases.
D)ATP.
E)pigments.

Question 22

Which of the following fundamental properties of life do viruses not possess?

A)metabolism
B)irritability
C)ability to reproduce
D)metabolism and irritability
E)irritability and ability to reproduce

Question 23

The chromoplast is an organelle associated with

A)oxidation of sugars.
B)synthesis of secretory proteins.
C)plant pigment storage.
D)ribosome production in primitive plants.
E)storage of chromium.

Question 24

In which of the following properties are the archaea more like eukaryotes than the bacteria?

A)size
B)microtubules and microfilaments
C)translation initiation
D)mode of cell division
E)both translation initiation and mode of cell division

Question 25

Glyoxysomes play an important role in the germination of fat-storing seeds and are considered to be specialized

A)peroxisomes.
B)lysosomes.
C)vacuoles.
D)centrioles.
E)ribosomes.

Question 26

The extracellular matrix outside the plasma membrane of animal cells is typically composed of

A)collagen and proteoglycans.
B)lipids.
C)cellulose.
D)peptidoglycan.
E)collagen,proteoglycans,lipids,and peptidoglycan.

Question 27

Which of the following is a true statement regarding lysosomes?

A)The lysosome may mature from a late endosome.
B)The lysosome may function in glycosylation.
C)The contents of the lysosome originate in the smooth ER.
D)The lysosome functions in export packaging.
E)None of these are correct.

Question 28

Kuru is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system believed to be caused by which type of agent?

A)virus
B)bacterium
C)prion
D)viroid
E)protozoan

Question 29

The major structural elements of the cytoskeleton are

A)the extracellular matrix and the cell wall.
B)microtubules,microfilaments,and intermediate filaments.
C)the cytoplasm and cytosol.
D)cleavage furrows and G-actin.
E)proteoglycans and cellulose microfibrils.

Question 30

Which of the following organelles has only a single membrane around it?

A)ribosome
B)nucleus
C)mitochondrion
D)chloroplast
E)peroxisome

Question 31

Prokaryotes have ________ ribosomes with ________ and ________ subunits,whereas eukaryotes have ________ ribosomes with ________ and ________ subunits.

A)80S,50S,30S; 100S,60S,40S
B)100S,60S,50S; 90S,60S,40S
C)70S,50S,30S; 80S,60S,40S
D)70S,40S,30S; 80S,50S,30S
E)80S,60S,40S; 70S,50S,30S

Question 32

A(n)________ is composed of tetrameric protofilaments.

A)extracellular matrix
B)microtubule
C)bacteriophage
D)microfilament
E)intermediate filament

Question 33

Intermediate filaments are

A)different in different cell types.
B)smaller than actin filaments.
C)composed of tubulin.
D)composed of globular proteins only.
E)None of these are correct.

Question 34

Viruses are composed of

A)DNA and protein.
B)only protein.
C)RNA and lipid.
D)nucleic acid,protein,and sometimes lipid.
E)only nucleic acid.

Question 35

The main role of the central vacuole in plant cells is to

A)store glycogen for seed growth.
B)synthesize and store proteins.
C)digest trapped food particles.
D)catalyze photorespiration in association with chloroplasts.
E)maintain turgor pressure in plant tissue.

Question 36

Lignin is an important component in

A)tight junctions.
B)plant cell walls.
C)fungal cell walls.
D)plasmodesmata.
E)bacterial cell walls.

Question 37

Viroids differ from viruses in that they

A)are acellular.
B)lack capsid proteins.
C)are self-replicating.
D)have latent forms that exist in some genomes.
E)are associated with plant diseases.

Question 38

Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from ancient bacteria.Which characteristics of a free-living bacteria have mitochondria lost over time?

A)an independent genome
B)ribosomes
C)phospholipid membranes
D)motility
E)ribosomes,phospholipid membranes,motility,and an independent genome

Question 39

Viruses are important in the study of cell biology because

A)they cause disease.
B)they are the simplest form of cellular life.
C)they are used as model organisms to study molecular biology and genetics.
D)they cause disease and are used as model organisms to study molecular biology and genetics.
E)they are the simplest form of cellular life and are used as model organisms to study molecular biology and genetics.

Question 40

Communication between animal cells is facilitated by

A)tight junctions.
B)gap junctions.
C)adhesive junctions.
D)plasmodesmata.
E)gap and adhesive junctions.

Question 41

Are viruses living organisms? Defend your answer based on the properties of life.

Question 42

The ________ are prokaryotes that resemble bacteria in size and cell division but are more similar to eukaryotes in DNA replication,transcription,RNA processing,and protein synthesis.

Question 43

The pathway that a secretory protein takes from inside to outside is: rough endoplasmic reticulum,________,Golgi complex,________,outside the cell.

Question 44

In your own words and with your own examples,explain fully how cells are limited in size and how some cells have modifications that allow them to be larger or more adapted to a particular function in spite of these limitations.

Question 45

________ are infectious proteins that are responsible for several animal diseases,including scrapie and mad cow disease.

Question 46

Collagen fibers are to the extracellular matrix as ________ is to the cell wall.

Question 47

The similarity of mitochondria and chloroplasts to bacterial cells led to the development of the ________,which proposes that these organelles are derived from bacteria.

Question 48

The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely occurred in many steps.Outline the steps that may have occurred beginning with the formation of biological molecules and ending in complex structures observed in eukaryotic cells today.

Question 49

A microbiologist has discovered what she thinks are two new types of photosynthetic cells.The first cell (organism 1)appears nearly cubic and is approximately 1.5 ?m wide × 1.5 ?m long × 1.5 ?m deep.The second,larger cell (organism 2)is 5 ?m wide × 15 ?m long × 2 ?m deep.
a.What is the surface area/volume ratio of each organism?
b.Based on what you know about the surface area/volume ratios,which organism will find it more difficult to interact with the surrounding environment?
c.Suggest possible strategies that might allow the organism identified it part (b)to cope with its reduced capacity to interact with the environment.
d.Which of these organisms is more likely to be a prokaryote?

Question 50

Tubulin is to microtubules as ________ is to microfilaments.

Question 51

As a cell increases in size,volume increases faster than surface area because surface area is proportional to the ________ of the linear dimension of the cell,but volume is proportional to the ________ of the linear dimension.

Question 52

Several biology students have just returned from a field trip in which they were asked to collect prokaryotes and eukaryotes.The eukaryotic organisms were to be divided into plant cells,animal cells,or "other." The students have access to a light and electron microscope.Can you suggest how they could determine whether these cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic? How could they distinguish plant from animal cells?

Question 53

The ________ is comprised of the semifluid portion of the cell and contains the organelles.

Question 54

________ are infectious RNAs that are responsible for diseases in several crop plants,such as tobacco.

Question 55

Ribosomal subunits are referred to by number and letter combinations (e.g.,70S).The "S" refers to ________.

Question 56

The region within the prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located is known as the ________.

Question 57

Photosynthesis is to the chloroplast as ________ is to the mitochondrion.

Question 58

The matrix is to the mitochondrion as the ________ is to the chloroplast.