Deck 3: Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks

Question 1

In order to make a sodium (Na)chlorine (Cl)bond in NaCl,

A)one electron is transferred from the chlorine atom to the sodium atom.
B)one electron is transferred from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom.
C)two electrons are transferred from the chlorine atom to the sodium atom.
D)two electrons are transferred from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is limestone made of?

A)calcite
B)feldspar
C)olivine
D)quartz

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is the term for atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons?

A)electrons
B)ions
C)isotopes
D)polymorphs

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The atomic mass of an element is equal to the number of

A)protons.
B)protons plus neutrons.
C)neutrons.
D)protons plus neutrons plus electrons.

Question 5

Which of the following elements tends to share electrons?

A)carbon
B)helium
C)oxygen
D)sodium

Question 6

Sodium has an atomic number of 11.How many electrons will the sodium ion Na⁺ have?

A)1
B)10
C)11
D)12

Question 7

Iron and magnesium ions are similar in size and both have a +2 positive charge.Therefore,we would expect iron and magnesium to

A)bond easily.
B)share electrons.
C)form polymorphs.
D)substitute for each other in minerals.

Question 8

The chemical formula (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ describes which of the following minerals?

A)feldspar
B)mica
C)olivine
D)pyroxene

Question 9

Isotopes of a given element have

A)the same number of protons and the same atomic mass.
B)the same number of protons but different atomic masses.
C)different numbers of protons but the same atomic mass.
D)different numbers of protons and different atomic masses.

Question 10

What is the dominant type of bonding in minerals?

A)covalent bonding
B)ionic bonding
C)metallic bonding
D)nuclear bonding

Question 11

Carbon has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic weight of 12.011.This means that carbon atoms have

A)six protons and 12.011 neutrons.
B)six neutrons and 12.011 protons.
C)six protons and a density of 12.011 grams per cubic centimeter.
D)six protons and varying numbers of neutrons.

Question 12

What will be the charge of an atom containing eight protons,nine neutrons,and 10 electrons?

A)−2
B)−1
C)+1
D)+2

Question 13

Solid materials that do not possess an orderly arrangement of atoms are called

A)glasses.
B)minerals.
C)crystals.
D)polymorphs.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Cations are generally larger than anions.
B)Cations are generally smaller than anions.
C)Cations and anions are approximately the same size.
D)Approximately one-half of the cations are larger than anions and one-half are smaller.

Question 15

Diamond is an example of what type of bonding?

A)covalent
B)ionic
C)metallic
D)nuclear

Question 16

What does the symbol Na⁺ represent?

A)a sodium proton
B)a sodium cation
C)a sodium electron
D)a sodium anion

Question 17

Which of the following substances is not considered a mineral?

A)coal
B)diamond
C)gypsum
D)rock salt

Question 18

Which of the following subatomic particles has a positive charge?

A)electron
B)neutron
C)proton
D)all of the above

Question 19

How are the elements organized in the periodic table?

A)in order of increasing density
B)in order of increasing number of electrons
C)in order of increasing number of neutrons
D)in order of increasing number of protons

Question 20

Isotopes of an element have different numbers of

A)electrons.
B)neutrons.
C)protons.
D)electrons,neutrons,and protons.

Question 21

Large crystals with well-formed crystal faces tend to form when

A)minerals have space to grow.
B)rocks undergo melting.
C)molten rock cools quickly.
D)volcanoes erupt explosively.

Question 22

The two most common elements in Earth's crust are

A)calcium and carbon.
B)iron and sulfur.
C)chlorine and sodium.
D)oxygen and silicon.

Question 23

Which of the following minerals has the best cleavage?

A)amphibole
B)mica
C)pyroxene
D)quartz

Question 24

Which of the following minerals fizzes when it comes in contact with hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

A)calcite
B)halite
C)mica
D)quartz

Question 25

The mineral property "cleavage" refers to

A)the development of crystal faces during mineral growth.
B)the splitting of a mineral along planar surfaces.
C)the development of irregular fractures in a mineral.
D)the density of a mineral.

Question 26

Mica is a common example of a ________ silicate.

A)framework
B)single-chain
C)double-chain
D)sheet

Question 27

The most common rock-forming minerals in the crust are

A)carbonates.
B)oxides.
C)silicates.
D)sulfides.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about graphite and diamond is false?

A)Graphite and diamond have the same density.
B)Graphite and diamond have different mineral structures.
C)Graphite and diamond are both made of carbon atoms.
D)Graphite is stable in Earth's crust,whereas diamond is stable in Earth's mantle.

Question 29

Which of the following minerals is not a form of Al₂O₃?

A)corundum
B)diamond
C)ruby
D)sapphire

Question 30

What type of mineral is pyrite,also known as "fool's gold"?

A)carbonate
B)oxide
C)silicate
D)sulfide

Question 31

Which of the following metals is commonly mined as an oxide?

A)iron
B)nickel
C)copper
D)zinc

Question 32

When cleaved,mica breaks through planes of

A)aluminum hydroxide.
B)silicon-oxygen tetrahedra.
C)interlayer cations.
D)sulfate anions.

Question 33

What type of mineral is gypsum,the primary component of plaster?

A)carbonate
B)oxide
C)silicate
D)sulfate

Question 34

Chemical substances that have exactly the same chemical formula but different crystal structures are called

A)electrons.
B)ions.
C)isotopes.
D)polymorphs.

Question 35

Which of the following minerals is a common clay mineral used for making pottery?

A)feldspar
B)kaolinite
C)olivine
D)pyroxene

Question 36

What form of iron is the chief iron ore?

A)iron carbonate
B)iron oxide
C)iron sulfide
D)native iron metal

Question 37

Which of the following minerals does not contain carbon?

A)calcite
B)diamond
C)dolomite
D)gypsum

Question 38

What type of minerals are calcite and dolomite?

A)carbonates
B)oxides
C)silicates
D)sulfates

Question 39

Which of the following minerals has the greatest hardness?

A)calcite
B)orthoclase
C)quartz
D)talc

Question 40

Which of the following statements about feldspar is false?

A)Feldspar is harder than calcite.
B)Feldspar is softer than corundum.
C)Feldspar is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust.
D)Feldspar is a sheet silicate.

Question 41

Which of the following minerals is a framework silicate?

A)quartz
B)orthoclase feldspar
C)plagioclase feldspar
D)They are all framework silicates.

Question 42

Rocks that form from the solidification of molten rock are called

A)metamorphic.
B)sedimentary.
C)igneous.
D)chemical.

Question 43

_________ and __________ are examples of polymorphs.

A)Quartz; feldspar
B)Diamond; graphite
C)Biotite; mica
D)Pyroxene; amphibole

Question 44

Which of the following minerals does not exhibit cleavage?

A)amphibole
B)calcite
C)mica
D)quartz

Question 45

Which of the following statements regarding the density of minerals is false?

A)Density depends on the atomic weight of the ions in a mineral.
B)Density depends on the closeness of the atomic packing.
C)Density increases with increasing pressure.
D)Density increases with increasing temperature.

Question 46

A common metal sulfide mineral is

A)galena.
B)pyrite.
C)cinnabar.
D)They are all metal sulfide minerals.

Question 47

If a mineral is allowed to grow without space impediments,then it will develop

A)crystal faces.
B)polymorphs.
C)cleavage planes.
D)ionic bonds.

Question 48

Which of the following minerals has two good cleavage planes oriented at right angles to each other?

A)amphibole
B)calcite
C)mica
D)pyroxene

Question 49

Ore deposits are associated with

A)igneous rocks.
B)sedimentary rocks.
C)metamorphic rocks.
D)igneous,sedimentary,and metamorphic rocks.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Minerals are crystalline.
B)Ninety percent of minerals are ionic compounds.
C)Minerals are also called grains.
D)The most common mineral in Earth's crust is quartz.

Question 51

The concept that identifies that the three basic groups of rocks are all related is called

A)the rock cycle.
B)the igneous cycle.
C)the lithification cycle.
D)the geodynamo.

Question 52

How many cleavage planes do sheet silicates tend to have?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 53

Which minerals are commonly found in igneous,sedimentary,and metamorphic rocks?

A)quartz and halite
B)feldspar and quartz
C)pyroxene and feldspar
D)feldspar and calcite

Question 54

Minerals that contain metallic elements that can be recovered profitably are called

A)gems.
B)ore minerals.
C)hydrothermal minerals.
D)igneous ore.

Question 55

The silica tetrahedra readily bonds with cations when available because

A)it has a net positive charge.
B)it is electrically neutral.
C)it has a net negative charge.
D)its internal bonds are very weak.

Question 56

The sulfate mineral found on the surface of Mars that supports the presence of liquid water is called

A)jarosite.
B)hematite.
C)pyrite.
D)goethite.

Question 57

The shape in which individual minerals or an aggregate of minerals grow is called

A)habit.
B)crystal form.
C)crystal structure.
D)cleavage.

Question 58

The identity of a rock is dependent on its mineralogy and

A)shape.
B)color.
C)hardness.
D)texture.

Question 59

Ore deposits that are formed when minerals are concentrated by the mechanical sorting action of river currents are called _________ deposits.

A)hydrothermal
B)placer
C)pegmatites
D)igneous ore

Question 60

Hardness is referred to as a mineral's

A)resistance to cleavage.
B)resistance to fracture.
C)resistance to breaking.
D)resistance to scratching.

Question 61

The atomic mass of an element increases as the number of

A)protons and electrons increase.
B)neutrons and electrons decrease.
C)electrons and protons increase.
D)protons and neutrons increase.

Question 62

Which of the following atomic configurations has the greatest atomic mass?

A)25 protons,25 neutrons,25 electrons
B)24 protons,26 neutrons,30 electrons
C)20 protons,20 neutrons,18 electrons
D)24 protons,27 neutrons,24 electrons

Question 63

Which mineral is commonly referred to as "fool's gold"?

A)galena
B)garnet
C)pyrite
D)hematite

Question 64

Which mineral or mineral group occurs exclusively in sedimentary rocks?

A)clay minerals
B)feldspar
C)olivine
D)garnet

Question 65

_________ is the most common mineral or mineral group in Earth's crust.

A)Calcite
B)Pyroxene
C)Quartz
D)Feldspar

Question 66

Calcite (CaCO₃)fizzes when it comes in contact with hydrochloric acid (HCl).What are the products of this reaction?

A)Ca and CO₃
B)CaO and CO₂
C)CaC and O₂
D)Ca,C,and O₂

Question 67

If hardness is a measure of the strength of chemical bonds,then which of the following minerals has the weakest bonds?

A)talc
B)mica
C)diamond
D)graphite

Question 68

As we go deeper in Earth and the pressure grows we encounter minerals with

A)lower density.
B)higher silica content.
C)more compact crystal structures.
D)more open crystal structures.

Question 69

The rock cycle describes how the three basic rock groups

A)form.
B)form and relate to one another.
C)form and break down.
D)form,break down,and relate to one another.

Question 70

In identical mineral structures,cations of similar sizes often substitute for each other.Based on size similarities which of the following pairs would you expect to substitute with most ease?

A)Na⁺ and K⁺
B)Ca⁺ and Mg⁺²
C)Si⁺⁴ and K⁺
D)Mg⁺² and Fe⁺²

Question 71

The atomic mass of the element carbon is 12.011.This because

A)all carbon atoms contain six protons and six neutrons.
B)carbon atoms contain 12 protons and one neutron.
C)most carbon atoms contain six protons and six neutrons.
D)most carbon atoms contain six protons and seven neutrons.

Question 72

Which mineral or mineral group occurs exclusively in igneous rocks?

A)garnet
B)olivine
C)feldspar
D)calcite

Question 73

Which of the following is not a mineral in the strictest geologic sense?

A)quartz
B)olivine
C)gall stone
D)hail stone

Question 74

Which of the following atomic configurations is an anion?

A)25 protons,25 neutrons,25 electrons
B)24 protons,26 neutrons,30 electrons
C)20 protons,20 neutrons,18 electrons
D)24 protons,27 neutrons,24 electrons

Question 75

_________ is the most common mineral or mineral group in the Earth as a whole.

A)Pyroxene
B)Garnet
C)Perovskite
D)Feldspar

Question 76

Which mineral or mineral group occurs exclusively in metamorphic rocks?

A)clay minerals
B)feldspar
C)olivine
D)kyanite

Question 77

What is the strongest type of bonding found in minerals?

A)covalent bonding
B)ionic bonding
C)metallic bonding
D)nuclear bonding

Question 78

Sulfide minerals react with groundwater to produce

A)sulfuric acid.
B)sulfate ions (SO₄^2-).
C)iron ions (Fe³⁺).
D)sulfuric acid,sulfate ions (SO₄^2-),and iron ions (Fe³⁺).

Question 79

What is the most common type of bonding in minerals?

A)covalent bonding
B)ionic bonding
C)metallic bonding
D)nuclear bonding

Question 80

Which of the following is not a mineral in the strictest sense of the definition?

A)ivory
B)diamond
C)ruby
D)gold