Deck 9: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Drive-reduction theory cannot explain which of the following?

A) Thirst
B) Drug taking
C) Race car driving
D) Both b and c

Answer 1

Both b and c

Question 2

The need to acquire money is what type of drive?

A) Basic
B) Primary
C) Secondary
D) Incentive

Answer 2

Secondary

Question 3

Modern evolutionary theorists acknowledge that there may be a ____ predisposition for addiction,but they reject the notion that ____ predetermines that someone will become an addict.

A) intellectual;intellect
B) genetic;genetic code
C) instinctual;instinct
D) emotional;emotion

Answer 3

genetic;genetic code

Question 4

Which of the following contends that individuals perform below their abilities when they are underaroused or overaroused?

A) Primary drive theory
B) Weber's law
C) Yerkes-Dodson law
D) Activation-synthesis theory

Question 5

Motivation is a(n)____ state that ____ behavior toward the fulfillment of a goal.

A) inner;energizes
B) dynamic;changes
C) discovery;motivates
D) None of the above

Question 6

External theories of motivation focus more on ____ of the goal or the environment that pulls the organism in a certain direction.

A) predeterminers
B) fluctuations
C) attributes
D) None of the above

Question 7

According to the drive-reduction theory,an imbalance in homeostasis creates a physiological need,which in turn produces a(n)____,defined as a physiological state of arousal that moves the organism to meet the need.

A) optimal level
B) incentive
C) instinct
D) drive

Question 8

Those who enjoy ____ tend to listen to loud music,socialize a great deal,eat spicy foods,drink alcohol,smoke tobacco,engage in frequent sexual activity,and do things that are risky or novel.

A) high arousal
B) low arousal
C) positive arousal
D) negative arousal

Question 9

Which drives are unlearned and arise from basic biological needs such as the need for food and water?

A) Basic
B) Instinctual
C) Primary
D) Secondary

Question 10

What theories of motivation assume that there is something about the organism that "pushes" it toward,or away from,some object?

A) External
B) Internal
C) Instinctual
D) Homeostatic

Question 11

Instead of motivation being simply tied to reducing arousal,it appears that motivation is associated with ____ arousal.

A) achieving
B) maintaining
C) regulating
D) increasing

Question 12

An unlearned,relatively fixed pattern of behavior,essential to survival,is known as ____.

A) homeostasis
B) a drive
C) an attribution
D) an instinct

Question 13

When the original instinct theory fell out of scientific favor,many psychologists sought to explain motivation by turning to ____,which is based on the concept of homeostasis.

A) arousal theory
B) primary drive theory
C) drive-reduction theory
D) incentive theory

Question 14

By extending Darwin's theory,early psychologists of the twentieth century proposed that humans have ____.

A) instincts
B) primary drives
C) intrinsic motivators
D) the capacity to evolve

Question 15

A "thirst drive," marked by arousal and discomfort,developed by an individual deprived of water or other liquids for an extended period of time,is an example of a psychological need created by ____.

A) circadian rhythms
B) homeostasis imbalance
C) anxiety disorder
D) misinformation effect

Question 16

Which theory emphasizes the importance of learning on motivation by distinguishing between primary and secondary drives?

A) Instinct theory
B) Primary drive theory
C) Drive-reduction theory
D) Two-factor theory

Question 17

What level of arousal is described as optimal in the Yerkes-Dodson law?

A) Underarousal
B) Overarousal
C) Intermediate
D) Maximum

Question 18

Modern evolutionary theorists propose that we inherited adaptive genetic traits,but these traits express themselves more as ____ for behaviors rather than as a predetermined set of actions.

A) incentives
B) predispositions
C) motivations
D) None of the above

Question 19

Motivation is best described as what type of process?

A) Dynamic
B) Fulfillment
C) Constant
D) Stable

Question 20

Which term describes the tendency for organisms to keep physiological systems internally balanced by adjusting them in response to change?

A) Homeostasis
B) Temperature-regulation system
C) Yerkes-Dodson law
D) Hierarchy of needs

Question 21

According to the hierarchy of needs,which of the following needs would you try to satisfy first?

A) Love needs
B) Safety needs
C) Achievement needs
D) Physiological needs

Question 22

Which psychologist stated that basic needs have to be sufficiently satisfied before we are motivated to satisfy higher-level needs?

A) Abraham Maslow
B) Albert Bandura
C) Carl Lange
D) Walter Cannon

Question 23

A behavior or an activity that a person perceives as a valued goal in its own right represents a source of ____ motivation.

A) instinctual
B) intrinsic
C) egotistic
D) extrinsic

Question 24

Which type of social needs are activated first?

A) Achievement needs
B) Safety needs
C) Love needs
D) Esteem needs

Question 25

Working in the homeless shelter because it looks good on your college application is an example of what type of motivation?

A) Extrinsic
B) Incentive
C) Intrinsic
D) Reward

Question 26

Incentive theory focuses on the role of ____ in motivation.

A) positive outcomes
B) negative stimulus
C) avoidance behavior
D) external factors

Question 27

Which theory proposes that any stimulus that we learn to associate with positive or negative outcomes can serve as a motivation for our behavior?

A) Instinct theory
B) Incentive theory
C) Yerkes-Dodson law
D) Activation-synthesis theory

Question 28

Which of the following influences the value of an incentive?

A) Biology
B) Instinct
C) Drive
D) Motivation

Question 29

Which approach to understanding motives developed out of the humanistic view?

A) Hierarchy of needs
B) Social-learning theory
C) Drive theory
D) Instinct theory

Question 30

According to the hierarchy of needs,which of the following needs would you try to satisfy last?

A) Achievement needs
B) Esteem needs
C) Power needs
D) Self-actualization needs

Question 31

What type of needs make up the first four levels of Maslow's hierarchy?

A) Psychological
B) Physiological
C) Predictable
D) Deficiency

Question 32

Enrique has one day to finish a report that he would usually have four days to complete,and he is feeling tense and nervous.Which of the following explains why this report may not be as good as his other reports?

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B) Hull's drive reduction theory
C) Incentive theory
D) Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 33

Except for self-actualization,all of Maslow's needs in the hierarchy are motivated by a feeling of ____.

A) excess
B) abundance
C) power
D) deprivation

Question 34

Which set of needs are activated once physiological needs are adequately satisfied?

A) Achievement needs
B) Safety needs
C) Self fulfillment needs
D) Esteem needs

Question 35

At 10 years old,you start ice skating and love it.No one ever has to tell you to practice.You practice at the rink every morning 2 hours before school.Your ice skating behavior can be best described as due to ____.

A) deprivation motivation
B) a need for drive reduction
C) extrinsic motivation
D) intrinsic motivation

Question 36

Which of the following types of rewards are most likely to undermine intrinsic motivation?

A) Applause
B) Money
C) Praise
D) None of the above

Question 37

Which theory focuses on how things in our environment pull us in certain directions?

A) Optimum motivation theory
B) Incentive theory
C) Self-actualization theory
D) Avoidance theory

Question 38

Which theory developed from the insights gained from classical and operant conditioning?

A) Primary drive theory
B) Yerkes-Dodson theory
C) Incentive theory
D) Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Question 39

Which type of motivation is based on our need for controlling our own behavior?

A) Intrinsic motivation
B) Extrinsic motivation
C) Instinctual motivation
D) Egotistic motivation

Question 40

Maintaining an optimum level of bodily arousal conforms to which of the following?

A) Incentive theory
B) Hull's theory of drive reduction
C) Yerkes-Dodson law
D) Masters and Johnson report

Question 41

Lesbians are ____ gay and heterosexual men to desire or engage in casual sex.

A) less likely than
B) more likely than
C) equally likely as
D) about as likely as

Question 42

According to the evolutionary perspective,why is a cautious approach in sexual matters the best sexual strategy for a woman to adopt?

A) Because a woman is most likely to be responsible for any offspring that may result from having sex
B) Because of the sociocultural stigma associated with female sexual promiscuity
C) Because of the more severe parental guidelines enforced on girls relative to boys
D) Both b and c

Question 43

What percentage of rapes or attempted rapes on American college campuses is comprised of acquaintance rapes?

A) 50
B) 63
C) 75
D) 84

Question 44

The theory that it is in a man's best interest to establish sexual intimacy as quickly and as frequently as possible with numerous women is suggested by which perspective?

A) Psychodynamic
B) Behaviorist
C) Biological
D) Evolutionary

Question 45

All but which of the following nonphysical factors act as motives for sexual behavior?

A) Peer approval
B) The need to feel valued
C) The need for power
D) All of the above

Question 46

Which shape best describes Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) Triangle
B) Circle
C) Square
D) Rectangle

Question 47

The reinforcing properties of ____ may well involve the same brain structures and neurotransmitter systems that are so strongly stimulated by cocaine and other addictive drugs.

A) homeostasis
B) sex
C) self-actualization
D) achievement

Question 48

All but which of the following statements indicates that women have higher erotic plasticity compared to men?

A) Women's sexual motivation is more easily shaped by social factors.
B) Women's sexual motivation is more easily shaped by cultural factors.
C) Women's sexual motivation is more easily shaped by situational factors.
D) Women's sexual motivation is more easily shaped by emotional factors.

Question 49

Which of the following misconceptions is termed rape myth?

A) That all women enjoy forcible sex
B) That all women are subservient
C) That all men enjoy domination
D) That all men find forced sex exciting

Question 50

Social scientists who suggest that sexual desire and romantic love have evolved to meet different human needs propose that sexual desire is governed by the ____ system.

A) attachment
B) dating
C) sexual mating
D) sexual pleasure

Question 51

Which of the following can be used to provide the best explanation for the gender differences in preferences for sexual variety?

A) Genetic traits
B) Evolutionary pressures
C) Societal pressures
D) None of the above

Question 52

Which of the following factors do women's interest in sexual variety and experimentation depend upon according to the National Health and Social Life Survey?

A) Economic and social status
B) Religion and upbringing
C) Education and social status
D) Education and religion

Question 53

Women most often bear responsibility for the care of offspring resulting from a sexual encounter,and therefore,are best served by being selective in choosing partners.In contrast,because men can theoretically "father" many children simultaneously without necessarily having to bear the responsibility of caring for them,they are best served by not being selective in choosing partners.Which of the following theoretical perspectives is most associated with this analysis of selecting sexual partners?

A) Sociocultural
B) Biological
C) Environmental
D) Evolutionary

Question 54

According to Maslow,what are the needs in the upper reaches of the hierarchy?

A) Self-actualization needs
B) Achievement needs
C) Curiosity needs
D) Safety needs

Question 55

A study found which of the following was the most widely endorsed cause of female sexual desire?

A) Biological processes
B) Physical need for sex
C) Interpersonal experiences related to sexual desire
D) Interpersonal experiences related to romantic love

Question 56

What are women taught in the traditional sexual script in North American culture?

A) To freely express sexual interest and brag about sexual exploits
B) To downplay interest in sex and resist sexual advances
C) To have many sexual partners
D) None of the above

Question 57

Which of the following has the goal of establishing and maintaining a strong emotional bond between two people?

A) Attachment system
B) Bonding system
C) Sexual mating system
D) All of the above

Question 58

What did Masters and Johnson discover regarding women's and men's physiological changes as they approach and achieve orgasm?

A) That changes in women are more intense
B) That changes in men are more intense
C) That changes in both men and women are remarkably similar
D) That changes in both men and women are remarkably dissimilar

Question 59

Women tend to emphasize ____ as more of a necessity for sexuality than men.

A) similar interests
B) emotional intimacy
C) sexual desire
D) sexual attractiveness

Question 60

Which of the following is the most popular sexual activity among Americans according to the National Health and Social Life Survey?

A) Voyeurism
B) Anal sex
C) Vaginal intercourse
D) Oral sex

Question 61

What is defined as the degree to which individuals are sexually attracted to persons of the other sex and/or to persons of their own sex?

A) Sexuality
B) Sexual preference
C) Sexual orientation
D) Sexual identity

Question 62

During a given sexual response cycle,a woman may experience ____.

A) no orgasms
B) one orgasm
C) multiple orgasms
D) All of the above

Question 63

Alfred Kinsey,and most contemporary behavioral scientists,conceptualize sexual orientation as a(n)____.

A) all or none distinction
B) continuum
C) particular point on a scale
D) discovery

Question 64

Which of the following hormones has a positive influence on sexual desire?

A) Estrogen
B) Adrenaline
C) Testosterone
D) Serotonin

Question 65

A person who is exclusively attracted to persons of the opposite sex and engages in sexual behavior only with such persons would belong to ____ according to Alfred Kinsey's seven-point scale.

A) category 6
B) category 3
C) category 1
D) category 0

Question 66

When Kinsey wanted to characterize individuals' sexual orientation from a continuum perspective,he devised a ____ sexual orientation scale.

A) 5-point
B) 7-point
C) 10-point
D) 12-point

Question 67

What type of relationship exists between refractory period and age?

A) The refractory period increases with age.
B) The refractory period decreases with age.
C) The refractory period remains the same with age.
D) The refractory period has no relation to age.

Question 68

According to research,vaginal lubrication or penile erection may be a response to which of the following?

A) Anger
B) Fear
C) Sexual arousal
D) All of the above

Question 69

How many stages does the body pass through during the sexual response cycle?

A) 6
B) 3
C) 5
D) 4

Question 70

Which of the following is true regarding sexual orientation?

A) It is a continuum.
B) People usually become aware of their sexual orientation by adolescence.
C) Sexual orientation is determined by sexual feelings rather than by behavior.
D) All of the above

Question 71

Which stage of the sexual response cycle involves muscle contractions throughout the body?

A) Orgasm
B) Plateau
C) Excitement
D) Resolution

Question 72

Men with arousal problems attribute their nonarousal to ____.

A) external factors
B) internal factors
C) social factors
D) All of the above

Question 73

A man can achieve only one orgasm,but after a period of rest,the male can again achieve orgasm.What is this period of rest called?

A) Refractory period
B) Resolution period
C) Plateau period
D) Reflectory period

Question 74

What primarily determines an individual's identification as heterosexual,homosexual,or bisexual?

A) Sexual behavior
B) Sexual feelings
C) Sexual intentions
D) Sexual drive

Question 75

Which of the following describes the stage of full arousal according to the sexual response cycle?

A) Excitement
B) Plateau
C) Orgasm
D) Resolution

Question 76

What term describes a system of cultural beliefs,values,and customs that exalts heterosexuality and denies,denigrates,and stigmatizes any nonheterosexual form of behavior or identity?

A) Homophobic
B) Heterosexism
C) Homosexism
D) Heterophenom

Question 77

Sexual identity refers to the identity a person organizes around his or her ____.

A) sexual behavior
B) sexual feelings
C) sexual orientation
D) sexual preference

Question 78

What is the first stage of the sexual response cycle?

A) Resolution
B) Pre-orgasm
C) Excitement
D) Plateau

Question 79

The sexual identity of an individual scored at 4 on Kinsey's scale could be ____.

A) homosexual
B) heterosexual
C) bisexual
D) All of the above

Question 80

Awareness of a person's sexual orientation is usually occurs by adolescence,typically about ____ year(s)before the person becomes sexually active.

A) 5
B) 7
C) 3
D) 1