Deck 14: Strategies for Decreasing Stressful Behaviors

Question 1

Syed, who is on a strict diet program, relies on his friend for helpful tips to continue with the diet program. Which of the following methods of decreasing stressful behaviors is best exemplified in this case?

A) Self-monitoring
B) Material reinforcement
C) Social support
D) Professional help

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Variables associated with Goal-Setting theory include:

A) self-efficacy and the perceived importance of goal achievement.
B) the establishment of proximal (short-range) and distal (long-term) goals.
C) the amount of effort required to achieve a goal.
D) all of these.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In the context of the Health Belief model, one's opinion of how effective the recommended health behavior is in reducing the risk or seriousness of a condition, disease, or illness is called:

A) perceived susceptibility.
B) perceived severity.
C) perceived benefits.
D) perceived barriers.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In the context of Stages of Change theory, someone who continues the changed behavior over time is in the _____.

A) decision/determination stage
B) maintenance stage
C) action stage
D) contemplation stage

Question 5

Which of the following aspects of health and lifestyle behavior change is best exemplified by the statement "I can take charge of my own health"?

A) Perceived severity
B) Locus of control
C) Perceived susceptibility
D) Barrier to action

Question 6

Which of the following statements best describes lifestyle behaviors?

A) They encompass all the activities undertaken by people for the purpose of detecting disease in an asymptomatic stage.
B) They encompass the whole host of activities in which people engage.
C) They are defined as the activities undertaken by people who believe themselves to be healthy.
D) They are defined as the activities undertaken by people for the purpose of preventing diseases.

Question 7

Reasons given or situations that interfere with someone engaging in behaviors that he or she wishes to engage in are called:

A) motivators.
B) objectives.
C) barriers.
D) goals.

Question 8

In the context of methods of decreasing stressful behaviors, rewarding yourself with concert tickets for following your exercise routine for two weeks is known as:

A) social reinforcement.
B) peer contracting.
C) material reinforcement.
D) social support.

Question 9

The Health Belief model takes into account all of the following factors EXCEPT:

A) susceptibility to and severity of illness.
B) benefits and barriers.
C) desires and needs.
D) cues to action and self-efficacy.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a barrier to action?

A) A series of rainy days for a new jogger
B) A heavy work schedule for a new volunteer
C) A shelf full of baked goods for a new dieter
D) All of these

Question 11

In the context of the methods for decreasing stressful behavior, the term cold turkey refers to the process of:

A) seeking professional help.
B) joining a group with similar interest in performing a behavior.
C) changing a behavior a little bit at a time.
D) stopping a behavior all at once.

Question 12

In the context of behavior change theories and stress, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and confidence are constructs of _____.

A) the Health Belief model
B) Stages of Change theory
C) Goal-Setting theory
D) none of these

Question 13

In the context of the Health Belief model, which of following statements best describes cues to action?

A) They refer to the strategies used to assess the severity of a condition.
B) They refer to one's opinion of the costs associated with taking the recommended action.
C) They refer to the strategies used to activate and encourage healthy behaviors.
D) They refer to one's opinion of the effectiveness of recommended health behaviors.

Question 14

_____, a method for decreasing stressful behaviors, offers you a way to maximize your success in a behavior change program by allowing you to fit the change into your particular circumstances.

A) Mirroring
B) Tailoring
C) Imaging
D) Modeling

Question 15

In the context of the Health Belief model, one's opinion of the likelihood of getting a condition, illness, or disease if the recommended health behavior is not adopted is known as:

A) perceived susceptibility.
B) perceived severity.
C) perceived benefits.
D) perceived barriers.

Question 16

Jane begins a new exercise program, which involves exercising for 20 minutes, three days a week. She gradually increases the number of days she exercises each week and the duration of each session. In this scenario, which of the following methods for decreasing stressful behavior is Jane adopting?

A) Material reinforcement
B) Infiltration
C) Mirroring
D) Shaping

Question 17

In the context of Stages of Change theory, someone who is unaware of a problem or the need to change is in the _____.

A) precontemplation stage
B) contemplation stage
C) decision/determination stage
D) action stage

Question 18

According to Goal-Setting theory, core properties of effective goal setting include:

A) how specific and difficult the goal is.
B) the anticipated effects of achieving the goal.
C) feedback along the way to achieving the goal.
D) all of these.

Question 19

Jake decides that he will not watch his favorite television series, Seinfeld, for a month because he did not meet his goal of not smoking cigarettes for a week. Which of the following methods of decreasing stressful behaviors does this scenario exemplify?

A) Self-contracting
B) Social support
C) Social enforcement
D) Mirroring

Question 20

In the context of methods of decreasing stressful behaviors, something as simple as a smile from another individual is a form of:

A) self-monitoring.
B) modeling.
C) self-contracting.
D) social reinforcement.

Question 21

In the context of Stages of Change theory, who among the following is in the contemplation stage?

A) Kurt, who is unaware of the need to exercise more
B) Kristen, who is thinking about exercising more but has not taken any action to do so
C) Karl, who is planning a new exercising schedule
D) Kyler, who is exercising every other day

Question 22

In the context of methods of decreasing stressful behaviors, _____ is best defined as the process of making a program specific to the life of an individual.

A) self-monitoring
B) tailoring
C) material reinforcement
D) social reinforcement

Question 23

According to Stages of Change theory, recognizing the stage that you are in will help you strategize to take charge of your stress-related behavior.

Question 24

According to Goal-Setting theory, when does the highest level of effort occur?

A) When a goal is very easy
B) When a goal is moderately difficult
C) When a goal is very difficult
D) None of these

Question 25

If an individual uses contracting with a significant other as a method for decreasing stressful behaviors, it is necessary that the significant other lives under the same roof with the individual.

Question 26

Self-contracting, a method of decreasing stressful behaviors, involves making a contract a public commitment.

Question 27

Stages of Change theory recognizes that people are at different points in motivation, or readiness, to change a behavior.

Question 28

In the context of Stages of Change theory, who among the following is in the action stage?

A) Kurt, who is unaware of the need to exercise more
B) Kristen, who is thinking about exercising more, but has not taken any action to do so
C) Karl, who is planning a new exercising schedule
D) Kyler, who is exercising every other day

Question 29

Self-efficacy is an important construct in Goal-Setting theory.

Question 30

In the context of self-efficacy theory, verbal persuasion is the most effective method of producing long-lasting changes.

Question 31

Goal-Setting theory states that health behavior is a function of one's perception.

Question 32

In the context of methods of decreasing stressful behaviors, _____ is best defined as the process of rewarding a behavior with social approval by someone else.

A) self-monitoring
B) tailoring
C) material reinforcement
D) social reinforcement

Question 33

An important first step in changing behavior is identifying which behaviors need changing.

Question 34

The Health Belief model explains how goals can be attained by recognizing variables affecting goal achievement.

Question 35

In the context of methods of decreasing stressful behaviors, _____ is best defined as the process of observing and recording behavior.

A) self-monitoring
B) tailoring
C) material reinforcement
D) social reinforcement

Question 36

In the context of Stages of Change theory, who among the following is in the decision stage?

A) Kurt, who is unaware of the need to exercise more
B) Kristen, who is thinking about exercising more but has not taken any action to do so
C) Karl, who is researching different types of exercise programs
D) Kyler, who is exercising every other day

Question 37

In the context of Stages of Change theory, who among the following is in the precontemplation stage?

A) Kurt, who is unaware of the need to exercise more
B) Kristen, who is thinking about exercising more but has not taken any action yet
C) Karl, who is planning a new exercising schedule
D) Kyler, who is exercising every other day

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a construct of the Health Belief model?

A) Perceived susceptibility
B) Perceived severity
C) Perceived benefits
D) Perceived change

Question 39

In the context of methods of decreasing stressful behaviors, _____ is best defined as the process of rewarding a behavior with a tangible object.

A) self-monitoring
B) mirroring
C) material reinforcement
D) social reinforcement

Question 40

Using some type of reward increases the likelihood that healthy behaviors will be repeated.

Question 41

According to Stages of Change theory, someone who is beginning to think about changing a behavior is in the decision phase.

Question 42

Self-efficacy influences how much effort a person will put into performing a task.

Question 43

Health behaviors are defined as all of the activities in which people engage.

Question 44

Locus of control is defined as the amount of control that one has over events that affect one's life.

Question 45

Stages of Change theory is not effective in helping people quit cigarette smoking or helping diabetics lower their blood glucose and blood pressure.

Question 46

In the context of methods of decreasing stressful behaviors, it is counterproductive to set up a reminder system for yourself because you will feel nagged and you will lose your sense of empowerment.

Question 47

According to Goal-Setting theory, people with high self-efficacy set higher goals than people with lower self-efficacy.

Question 48

According to Goal-Setting theory, distal goals are steps to be achieved along the way to a proximal goal.

Question 49

Vicarious experience cannot directly impact someone's self-efficacy.

Question 50

In the context of methods of decreasing stressful behaviors, shaping involves stopping the undesired behavior all at once.