Deck 60: Fetal Neural Axis

Question 1

Which one of the following neural tube defects is characterized by a lack of development of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres and cranial vault and is an abnormality that is incompatible with life?

A) Acrania
B) Cephalocele
C) Dandy-Walker malformation
D) Anencephaly

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which one of the following defects is associated with Meckel-Gruber syndrome?

A) Anencephaly
B) Arachnoid cyst
C) Encephalocele
D) Hydranencephaly

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A form of holoprosencephaly characterized by a common ventricle, hypotelorism, and a nose with a single nostril is which one of the following?

A) Lissencephaly
B) Cebocephaly
C) Ethmocephaly
D) Porencephaly

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Anomalies associated with anencephaly include all of the following except:

A) cleft lip.
B) holoprosencephaly.
C) polyhydramnios.
D) spina bifida.

Question 5

The absence of the cavum septi pellucidi is a distinguishing characteristic of which one of the following fetal anomalies?

A) Craniostenosis
B) Schizencephaly
C) Dandy-Walker malformation
D) Agenesis of the corpus callosum

Question 6

Conditions commonly associated with fetal hydrocephalus include all of the following except:

A) choroid plexus cyst.
B) Dandy-Walker malformation.
C) meningomyelocele.
D) agenesis of the corpus callosum.

Question 7

Which one of the following is the most severe form of holoprosencephaly and is characterized by a single common ventricle and malformed brain?

A) Alobar
B) Cephalocele
C) Anencephaly
D) Acrania

Question 8

Which one of the following abnormalities is described as the congenital absence of the cerebral hemispheres resulting from an occlusion of the internal carotid arteries?

A) Hydranencephaly
B) Hydrocephalus
C) Agenesis of the corpus callosum
D) Holoprosencephaly

Question 9

A vein of Galen malformation is which one of the following abnormalities?

A) An aneurysm of the Galen vein
B) A rare arteriovenous malformation
C) A sporadic event
D) All of the above

Question 10

Which one of the following central nervous anomalies demonstrates splaying of the cerebellar hemispheres on ultrasound?

A) Hydranencephaly
B) Cephalocele
C) Vein of Galen malformation
D) Dandy-Walker malformation

Question 11

An open spinal defect characterized by a protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through the defect, usually within a meningeal sac, is called which one of the following?

A) Meningocele
B) Spina bifida occulta
C) Meningomyelocele
D) Arnold-Chiari syndrome

Question 12

Which one of the following abnormalities is the most common open neural tube defect?

A) Anencephaly
B) Acrania
C) Encephalocele
D) Cephalocele

Question 13

Which one of the following anomalies is characterized by the presence of a posterior fossa cyst and a splaying of the cerebellar hemispheres?

A) Agenesis of the corpus callosum
B) Arachnoid cyst
C) Dandy-Walker malformation
D) Encephalocele

Question 14

Ventriculomegaly is defined as lateral ventricular enlargement measuring greater than ____ millimeters (mm).

A) 5
B) 7
C) 10
D) 13

Question 15

Which of the following signs are characteristic of the Arnold-Chiari malformation?

A) Banana- and lemon-shaped
B) Strawberry- and banana-shaped
C) Lemon- and strawberry-shaped
D) Cloverleaf- and banana-shaped

Question 16

Facial anomalies in holoprosencephaly may represent all of the following except:

A) hypotelorism.
B) cyclopia.
C) hypertelorism.
D) flattened nose with a single nostril.

Question 17

Which one of the following anomalies may be characterized by the presence of colpocephaly?

A) Agenesis of the corpus callosum
B) Arnold-Chiari malformation
C) Dandy-Walker malformation
D) Holoprosencephaly

Question 18

A condition in which a complete or partial absence of the cranial bones is demonstrated is which one of the following?

A) Cebocephaly
B) Acrania
C) Holoprosencephaly
D) Hydranencephaly

Question 19

Which one of the following fetal head anomalies is characterized by the presence of a single primitive ventricle?

A) Arachnoid cyst
B) Dandy-Walker malformation
C) Holoprosencephaly
D) Schizencephaly

Question 20

Ventriculomegaly coupled with an enlargement of the fetal head is called which one of the following?

A) Hydrocephalus
B) Hydranencephaly
C) Hydronephrosis
D) Dandy-Walker malformation

Question 21

The differential considerations of anencephaly include all of the following except:

A) arachnoid cyst.
B) microcephaly.
C) acrania.
D) cephalocele.

Question 22

Differential considerations of Dandy-Walker malformation should include which one of the following?

A) Ventriculomegaly
B) Arachnoid cyst
C) Cystic hygroma
D) Nuchal edema

Question 23

Which one of the following terms is used to describe the herniation of the meninges and brain through a calvarium defect?

A) Dandy-Walker malformation
B) Encephalocele
C) Cranial meningocele
D) Cebocephaly

Question 24

Which one of the following statements about anencephaly is incorrect?

A) The incidence of anencephaly varies with geographic location.
B) Anencephaly is a lethal disorder.
C) Anencephaly has a male prevalence.
D) Anencephaly is caused by the failure of closure of the neural tube at the cranial end.

Question 25

Which one of the following statements about microcephaly is incorrect?

A) Microcephaly is an abnormally large head.
B) The prognosis for fetuses with microcephaly is always poor.
C) Microcephaly does not affect the head circumference.
D) Microcephaly may manifest later in pregnancy.