Deck 58: Amniotic Fluid and Fetal Membranes

Question 1

Oligohydramnios is associated with all of the following except:

A) renal agenesis.
B) gastrointestinal disorders.
C) premature rupture of the intrauterine membranes (PROM).
D) postdate pregnancy.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which one of the following methods is used for visual assessment of the AFV?

A) AFI
B) Single-pocket assessment
C) Subjective assessment of fluid
D) Three-dimensional (3-D) determination

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What is the suspected cause of amniotic sheets?

A) Synechiae
B) Amniotic bands
C) Subchorionic hemorrhage
D) Demise twin pregnancy

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which one of the following is not a function of the amniotic fluid?

A) Allowing the fetus to move freely
B) Maintaining intrauterine temperature
C) Developing fetal swallowing
D) Protecting the fetus from injury

Question 5

The amount of amniotic fluid is regulated by all of the following except the:

A) production of the fluid.
B) removal of the fluid by swallowing.
C) fluid exchange within the heart.
D) membranes and cord.

Question 6

Signs of polyhydramnios include all of the following sonographic demonstrations except:

A) appearance of a free-floating fetus within the amniotic cavity.
B) accentuated fetal anatomy as increased amniotic fluid improves image resolution.
C) amniotic fluid index (AFI) greater than 20 centimeters (cm).
D) AFI greater than 15 cm.

Question 7

Select the structure that is the major source of amniotic fluid production in early pregnancy.

A) Yolk sac
B) Amniotic membranes
C) Yolk stalk
D) Chorionic villi

Question 8

Scars within the uterus, secondary to previous gynecologic surgery, are called which one of the following?

A) Adenomyosis
B) Amniotic bands
C) Synechiae
D) Uterine polyps

Question 9

Congenital anomalies associated with polyhydramnios include all of the following except:

A) cystic hygroma.
B) coarctation of the aorta.
C) anencephaly.
D) infantile polycystic kidney disease.

Question 10

Which one of the following statements about the amniotic fluid volume (AFV) is false?

A) The amniotic fluid increases in the early second trimester by 25 milliliters (ml).
B) The amniotic fluid increases in the third trimester by 50 ml.
C) The amniotic fluid increases in the late second trimester by 50 ml.
D) The amniotic fluid in the third trimester does not change significantly.

Question 11

Which one of the following is produced by the umbilical cord and membranes and the fetal lungs, skin, and kidneys?

A) Amniotic fluid
B) Chorion frondosum
C) Decidua basalis
D) Vernix caseosa

Question 12

The multiple fibrous strands of amnion that develop in utero and may entangle fetal parts to cause amputations or malformation of the fetus are described as which of the following?

A) Uterine synechiae
B) Amniotic bands
C) Amniotic sheets
D) Entangled sheets

Question 13

Which one of the following structures forms early in gestation and surrounds the embryo?

A) Chorionic cavity
B) Chorion frondosum
C) Amniotic cavity
D) Fetal cavity

Question 14

Twin pregnancies have a ________________ median AFI than a singleton pregnancy.

A) slightly higher
B) similar
C) significantly lower
D) slightly lower

Question 15

Syndactylism is most likely the result of which one of the following?

A) Synechiae
B) Uterine sheets
C) Amniotic bands
D) Subchorionic hemorrhage

Question 16

Amniotic fluid may appear generous during ______ weeks of gestation.

A) 12 to 15
B) 15 to 20
C) 20 to 30
D) 36 to 40

Question 17

Which one of the following techniques is both valid and reproducible in assessing the AFV?

A) AFI
B) Single-pocket assessment
C) Maximum vertical pocket
D) 3-D determination

Question 18

Persistent oligohydramnios in the second trimester, regardless of the cause, carries a(n):

A) poor prognosis.
B) average prognosis.
C) good prognosis.
D) prognosis that depends on the underlying cause.

Question 19

The fetal production of urine and the ability to swallow begin during which of the following weeks of gestation?

A) 6 to 9
B) 8 to 11
C) 10 to 13
D) 9 to 15

Question 20

Maternal conditions associated with polyhydramnios include all of the following except:

A) diabetes mellitus.
B) fetal macrosomia.
C) tetralogy of Fallot.
D) Rh isoimmunization.

Question 21

The AFI may be approximated by multiplying the largest pocket of amniotic fluid by ____________.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 22

Using the maximum vertical depth method of assessing the AFV, a pocket ______________________________.

A) less than 3 cm indicates oligohydramnios
B) greater than 7 cm indicates polyhydramnios
C) between 1 and 7 cm is considered normal
D) between 2 and 8 cm is considered normal

Question 23

Polyhydramnios is defined as an AFV greater than _______ ml.

A) 1500
B) 1750
C) 2000
D) 2250

Question 24

The amniotic fluid generally appears anechoic on ultrasound. Occasionally, however, mobile particles are observed that are most likely which one of the following?

A) Sludge
B) Debris
C) Vernix caseosa
D) Hemorrhage

Question 25

Nonanomalous conditions causing oligohydramnios include all of the following except:

A) dysplastic kidney.
B) PROM.
C) IUGR.
D) postdate pregnancy.