Question 1

The 50% expansion of the aorta that involves the three vessel wall layers defines a(n):&#10;A) fistula.&#10;B) dissection.&#10;C) tear.&#10;D) aneurysm.

Accepted Answer

An aneurysm is defined as a 50% expansion of the aorta that involves all three vessel wall layers (intima, media, and adventitia), leading to a localized dilation or ballooning of the blood vessel.

Question 2

Identify the mitral valve area that results in an increase in left atrial pressure and dyspnea. A) 1.5 cm² B) 4 to 6 cm² C) 3.0 cm² D) 8010 cm²

Accepted Answer

Mitral valve area less than 1.5 cm^2 typically indicates severe mitral stenosis, which can lead to increased left atrial pressure and symptoms such as dyspnea.

Question 3

A tear in the aortic intima is a(n):&#10;A) dissection.&#10;B) pseudoaneurysm.&#10;C) partial aneurysm.&#10;D) valvular dilatation.

Accepted Answer

A tear in the aortic intima is referred to as a dissection, which occurs when blood enters the wall of the aorta through a tear in the intima, creating a new false lumen alongside the true lumen.

Question 4

What type of Carpentier's mitral regurgitation demonstrates excessive leaflet motion due to mitral prolapse?&#10;A) Type I&#10;B) Type II&#10;C) Type III&#10;D) Type IV

Accepted Answer

Type II Carpentier's classification of mitral regurgitation is characterized by excessive leaflet motion, which is typically seen in cases of mitral valve prolapse.

Question 5

A patient with a history of infective endocarditis is at risk for:&#10;A) left ventricular myopathy.&#10;B) abdominal aortic dissection.&#10;C) aortic regurgitation.&#10;D) late closure of the MV.

Accepted Answer

Aortic regurgitation can occur as a complication of infective endocarditis due to damage to the aortic valve.

Question 6

Which of the following will you need to calculate the simplified continuity equation for the aortic valve area?&#10;A) RVOT length&#10;B) RA/RV ratio&#10;C) LVOT diameter&#10;D) RA contractibility

Accepted Answer

The simplified continuity equation for calculating the aortic valve area requires the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) diameter as part of the calculation to determine the flow through the aortic valve.

Question 7

Select the definition of a pseudoaneurysm. A) A break in the aortic wall with periaortic blood collection B) Reduction of AVA of 0.1 cm²/yr C) Flow from the ventricle to atrium D) Degeneration of the aortic wall

Accepted Answer

A pseudoaneurysm, or false aneurysm, occurs when a blood vessel wall is injured and the leaking blood is contained by the surrounding tissues, creating a space that is not lined by the vessel wall. This is different from a true aneurysm, where the bulge is within the vessel wall itself. Choice A describes a scenario consistent with a pseudoaneurysm, where there is a break in the vessel wall leading to a collection of blood outside the vessel but contained in the nearby area.

Question 8

Choose the most common cause of mitral stenosis.&#10;A) Age-related changes&#10;B) Flail anterior leaflet&#10;C) Congenital stenosis&#10;D) Rheumatic fever

Accepted Answer

Rheumatic fever is the most common cause of mitral stenosis worldwide, often resulting from an untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal infection of the throat.

Question 9

Rheumatic heart disease may cause which of the following affects on the aortic valve?&#10;A) Fibrosis&#10;B) Thinning&#10;C) Flail leaflet&#10;D) Increased mobility

Accepted Answer

Rheumatic heart disease can lead to fibrosis of the aortic valve, which is a thickening or scarring of the valve tissue. This condition is a consequence of the body's immune response to a streptococcal infection, which can mistakenly target the heart valve, leading to inflammation and subsequent fibrosis.

Question 10

Identify the genetic cause for aortic insufficiency.&#10;A) Edward syndrome&#10;B) Marfan's syndrome&#10;C) Down syndrome&#10;D) VACTERAL

Accepted Answer

Marfan's syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the body's connective tissue, leading to features such as aortic insufficiency. This condition is caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene, which plays a crucial role in the structure and function of connective tissue throughout the body.

Question 11

Choose the least common type of aortic stenosis.&#10;A) Subvalvular&#10;B) Supravalvular&#10;C) Valvular&#10;D) Paravalvular

Accepted Answer

The answer of Choose the least common type of aortic...

Question 12

Choose the pathology that demonstrates systolic retrograde flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.&#10;A) Mitral regurgitation&#10;B) Aortic stenosis&#10;C) Tricuspid regurgitation&#10;D) Pulmonary hypertension

Accepted Answer

The answer of Choose the pathology that demonstrates systolic retrograde...

Question 13

Which of the following do you need to calculate a PISA of the mitral valve?&#10;A) Qualitative color Doppler&#10;B) Hemispheric flow divergence area&#10;C) Peak velocity of the MR jet&#10;D) Baseline color measurement

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following do you need...

Question 14

An increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume raises suspicion for:&#10;A) acute mitral valve flail leaflet.&#10;B) dilated cardiomyopathy.&#10;C) viral induced valve calcification.&#10;D) chronic aortic regurgitation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume...

Deck 33: Introduction to Clinical Echocardiography: Left-Sided Valvular Heart Disease