Question 1

The RA pressure (RAP) is estimated by ultrasound from the size and collapsibility of the _______________________.&#10;A) superior vena cava (SVC)&#10;B) inferior vena cava (IVC)&#10;C) coronary sinus (CS)&#10;D) right ventricular outflow (RVO)

Accepted Answer

The RA pressure (RAP) is estimated by ultrasound from the size and collapsibility of the inferior vena cava (IVC). The IVC's diameter and its response to respiration are used as indicators of right atrial pressure, reflecting the fluid status and cardiac function of the patient.

Question 2

How are flow velocities changed to pressure gradients?&#10;A) Using the Bernoulli equation.&#10;B) Calculating the Nyquist limit.&#10;C) Applying Poselli's law.&#10;D) Multiplying the velocity by four.

Accepted Answer

The Bernoulli equation is used to relate flow velocities to pressure gradients, demonstrating the principle that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.

Question 3

Select the normal right atrial pressure (RAP) with the size of the collapsed inferior vena cava at 2 centimeters (cm).&#10;A) 15 mm Hg&#10;B) 120 mm Hg&#10;C) 3 mm Hg&#10;D) 45 mm Hg

Accepted Answer

Normal right atrial pressure (RAP) is typically in the range of 3 to 5 mm Hg. A collapsed inferior vena cava, which can occur with low venous pressure, is consistent with a normal or low RAP, making 3 mm Hg a reasonable estimate.

Question 4

What is the equation to calculate the stroke volume? A) VTI_LVOT $\times$ CSA_LVOT B) $\pi$r² C) SV$\times$ HR D) 4 (4V²)

Accepted Answer

The stroke volume (SV) is calculated by multiplying the velocity time integral (VTI) of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) by the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the LVOT.

Question 5

Choose the term that describes the left atrial pressure.&#10;A) Pulmonary capillary wedge&#10;B) Left atrial systolic pressure

Accepted Answer

The term "pulmonary capillary wedge pressure" (PCWP) is used to estimate left atrial pressure. It is measured by wedging a pulmonary catheter into a small pulmonary arterial branch, reflecting the pressure in the left atrium indirectly, especially when the mitral valve is normal. This measurement is crucial in diagnosing and managing various cardiac conditions, as it provides insight into left ventricular function and the presence of congestive heart failure.

Question 6

Identify the definition for cardiac output.&#10;A) The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute.&#10;B) The volume of blood ejected by the ventricles with each contraction.&#10;C) The degree of muscle fiber stretching before contraction.&#10;D) Aortic arterial pressure and vascular resistance to overcome.

Accepted Answer

Cardiac output is defined as the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute. This is a fundamental concept in cardiovascular physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency in circulating blood throughout the body.

Question 7

Color Doppler imaging is a nonqualitative imaging method that assigns a color to blood ____________.&#10;A) shifts&#10;B) baseline&#10;C) velocities&#10;D) intensity

Accepted Answer

Color Doppler imaging is a technique that assigns different colors to blood velocities to visualize the speed and direction of blood flow in real-time.

Question 8

What type of Doppler imaging has no specific pulse duration or sample volume area?&#10;A) Strain imaging&#10;B) Color Doppler&#10;C) Pulsed wave&#10;D) Continuous wave

Accepted Answer

Continuous wave Doppler does not have a specific pulse duration or sample volume area, allowing it to measure high blood flow velocities but without the ability to localize the exact site of measurement within the vessel.

Question 9

How would you identify flow that exceeds the Nyquist limit?&#10;A) Inability to obtain flow.&#10;B) The presence of aliasing.&#10;C) Flow away from the transducer.&#10;D) Vertical lines on the spectral tracing.

Accepted Answer

The presence of aliasing is a key indicator of flow that exceeds the Nyquist limit in Doppler ultrasound imaging. When the velocity of blood flow is higher than the Nyquist limit (half the pulse repetition frequency), the Doppler shift frequencies are incorrectly mapped, leading to the appearance of aliasing on the image. This is characterized by the abrupt change of color or waveform direction, indicating that the maximum measurable velocity has been exceeded.

Question 10

Choose the number of images needed to calculate the cardiac output and stroke volume by ultrasound.&#10;A) Four&#10;B) Six&#10;C) Three&#10;D) Two

Accepted Answer

To calculate cardiac output and stroke volume by ultrasound, typically only two images are needed: one from the apical view to measure the ventricular volumes and another to measure the outflow tract diameter and velocity, from which stroke volume and hence cardiac output can be calculated.

Question 11

How is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricles with each contraction described?&#10;A) Cardiac output&#10;B) Afterload&#10;C) Stroke volume&#10;D) Resting load

Accepted Answer

The answer of How is the volume of blood ejected...

Question 12

How would you explain the difference between laminar and parabolic flow?&#10;A) Laminar flow all has multiple speeds, while parabolic flow is considered turbulent.&#10;B) Laminar flow overlays normal flow, while parabolic flow is fast in the central portion.&#10;C) Laminar flow is similar to venous waveforms, while parabolic flow has a pulsatile pattern.&#10;D) Laminar flow all has the same velocity, while parabolic flow has slow flow at the outer areas.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How would you explain the difference between...

Question 13

How would you create a positive shift spectral tracing when imaging the carotid artery?&#10;A) Ensure flow is toward the transducer.&#10;B) Angle the region of interest to the right.&#10;C) Invert the image and spectral tracing.&#10;D) Keep the region of interest at 90 degrees.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How would you create a positive shift...

Deck 31: Understanding Hemodynamics