Deck 7: Depressants and Inhalants

Question 1

Which of the following describes Chloral Hydrate's status in Canada?

A) It is available as a 500 mg capsule or as 100 mg/mL syrup, is NOT a controlled substance, and is available as an over-the-counter drug.
B) It is available as a 500 mg capsule or as 100 mg/mL syrup; it is NOT a controlled substance, but a prescription is required to purchase the drug in pharmaceutical forms.
C) Is a controlled substance, is available as a 500 mg capsule or as a 100 mg/mL syrup, but a prescription is required to purchase the drug in pharmaceutical forms.
D) It is a controlled substance and is no longer available in Canada.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

As a school assignment, you interviewed Dr. Jones who is known for addressing the consequences and problems facing his patients. He stated that most issues involve some type of CNS depressants, therefore which of the following would not have been an issue he mentioned?

A) Date rape
B) Insomnia
C) Anxiety
D) Hallucinations

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which drug was introduced to Great Britain in 1869 by Dr. Benjamin Richardson?

A) Chloral hydrate
B) Paraldehyde
C) Bromide
D) Catecholamines

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which statement describes how barbiturates are usually grouped?

A) Duration of action
B) Price
C) Chemical structure
D) Strength of hypnotic effect

Question 5

CNS depressants are considered to be a class because of their common effects. When they are used as sleeping pills what are they called?

A) Barbiturates
B) Hypnotics
C) Inhalants
D) Paraldehyde

Question 6

What are names Librium and Valium describing?

A) Benzodiazepines
B) Barbiturates
C) Methaqualone
D) Sedatives

Question 7

Who was Mickey Finn, and why did he become famous in the early 1900s?

A) He was a physician who first used chloral hydrate during dental surgery.
B) He was a bartender who was prosecuted for adding chloral hydrate to customers' drinks to incapacitate and then rob them.
C) The first pharmacist from Germany who introduced methaqualone as an over-the-counter (nonprescription) drug in the 1960s.
D) First Canadian charge under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA), for illegally making synthetic methaqualone.

Question 8

What has kept paraldehyde from being widely used?

A) Danger to the CNS
B) Bad taste and odour
C) Danger to the respiratory system
D) Irritation to the gastric system

Question 9

When prescribing a barbiturate (sleeping pill), what would physicians usually choose?

A) Higher dose of a short-acting drug
B) Lower dose of a long-acting drug
C) Higher dose of a long-acting drug
D) Lower dose of a short-acting drug

Question 10

Which statement describes the "date-rape" drug Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)?

A) It is no longer manufactured legally.
B) The United States passed in 1996, the Drug-Induced Rape Prevention and Punishment Act in response to its existence.
C) It was never marketed by any company because of its unusual impairment of memory.
D) It is only available by prescription in Canada.

Question 11

What is the major advantage of benzodiazepines over barbiturates?

A) Lower cost
B) Greater effectiveness
C) Shorter duration of activity
D) Greater safety margin

Question 12

Most prescription sedatives are classified as what type of drug under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act?

A) Schedule 1
B) Schedule 2
C) Schedule 3
D) Schedule 4

Question 13

What occurs when benzodiazepines bind to their "receptors" in the brain?

A) They release barbiturates.
B) They block acetylcholine receptors.
C) They reduce the membrane electrical potential.
D) They enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA.

Question 14

Which of these is NOT one of the early sedative-hypnotics used in medicine?

A) Chloral hydrate
B) Paraldehyde
C) Butyrate
D) Bromide salts

Question 15

Which of the following would be used as a reference to a story that was tiresome and boring?

A) Chloral hydrate
B) Paraldehyde
C) Butyrate
D) Bromide

Question 16

According to the National Population Health Survey (NPHS), for those reporting use between 1994 and 2000, which drug reported the highest frequency of use?

A) Bromazepam
B) Lorazepam
C) Diazepam
D) Clonazepam

Question 17

The GABAA receptor is comprised of how many subunits?

A) Three
B) Four
C) Five
D) Six

Question 18

The CNS depressants include various prescription drugs referred to as which of the following?

A) GHBs
B) Sedative-hypnotics
C) Entheogens
D) Catecholamines

Question 19

Which of the following is administered through injection?

A) Butalbital
B) Pentobarbital
C) Phenobarbital
D) Thiopental

Question 20

Which of the following were the two drugs that were introduced as being safer than the barbiturates, but in the long run proved to be not much different?

A) Fluoxetine and Paroxetine
B) Toluene and Xylene
C) Meprobamate and Methaqualone
D) Perphenazine and Thiazine

Question 21

What have animal self-administration experiments and studies of drug choice among humans indicated?

A) Benzodiazepines have no dependence liability.
B) Rats and people are very different in the drugs they choose to self-administer.
C) Short-acting barbiturates are more likely to lead to dependence than any of the benzodiazepines.
D) All of the benzodiazepines have high dependence liability.

Question 22

A 2003 report from Pauingassi First Nation in Manitoba concluded what percent of children under 18 years living on the reserve reported solvent use?

A) 25%
B) 35%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 23

What is a major concern regarding the toxicity of prescription sedative-hypnotics?

A) Liver damage
B) Dopamine depletion
C) Respiratory depression, especially in combination with alcohol
D) Heart attacks

Question 24

What are the four most widely sold benzodiazepines primarily sold as?

A) Anxiolytics
B) Analgesics
C) Hypnotics
D) Antidepressants

Question 25

"Laughing gas"; one of the oldest gaseous anaesthetics is known as which of the following?

A) Butane
B) Diazepam
C) Pentobarbital
D) Nitrous oxide

Question 26

According to a United States study presented in your textbook, what might insomnia in women also be linked to?

A) Alcoholism
B) Anxiety
C) Depression
D) Pregnancy

Question 27

Adults aged 65 years and older have the highest rate of prescription sedative use among all Canadians. What percentage was revealed in a 2015 study?

A) 10.6%
B) 15.6%
C) 20.6%
D) 25.6%

Question 28

Describe the procedure of the modern era of abuse of volatile solvents by young people referred to as huffing.

A) A solvent is inhaled directly from a container
B) A solvent is inhaled from a piece of material soaked in the solvent
C) A solvent is inhaled from a plastic bag placed over the nose and mouth
D) A solvent is inhaled from a pipe placed in close proximity to the volatile material

Question 29

The first report in the modern era of solvent abuse involved young people in a city having been caught spreading plastic model glue on their palms, cupping their hands over their mouths, and inhaling the vapours to get high. In what year was this story reported?

A) 1949
B) 1959
C) 1969
D) 1979

Question 30

In northern First Nations communities, what percentage of people reported past-year use of sedatives or sleeping pills without a prescription?

A) 2.7%
B) 5.7%
C) 9.7%
D) 12.7%

Question 31

What household product contains nitrous oxide?

A) Fuel gas
B) Hair spray
C) Spray paint
D) Whipping cream dispensers

Question 32

When taken alone, approximately what is the usual recreational dose of GHB?

A) 10-20 milligrams
B) 100 micrograms
C) 1-5 grams
D) 100-200 grams

Question 33

According to a recent study published in the United States, if you are an adult woman between 20-39 years old, what is the likelihood you would suffer from insomnia?

A) 10%
B) 17%
C) 23%
D) 39%

Question 34

Which of the following describes GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid)?

A) It is derived from morning glory seeds.
B) It occurs naturally in the brain.
C) It is a gas used to make whipped cream.
D) It blocks the intoxicating effects of alcohol.

Question 35

In Canada, which drug is more frequently used to facilitate sexual assault?

A) Alcohol
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Cannabis
D) GHB

Question 36

The text describes a step by step method to help learn how to relax. Which time frame would be required each day to accomplish the procedure?

A) 10 minutes the first time
B) 15 minutes the first time
C) 20 minutes the first time
D) 25 minutes the first time

Question 37

Barbiturates and benzodiazepines influence which receptors in the brain?

A) Glutamate
B) GHB
C) Serotonin
D) GABA

Question 38

Inhalants were more commonly used among which group?

A) First Nations and Inuit youth
B) Middle-class black children
C) Teenage girls
D) Construction workers

Question 39

Which of the following characterizes the withdrawal process from long-term use of sedative-hypnotic drugs?

A) Aching, high blood pressure, drowsiness
B) Anxiety, insomnia seizures
C) Rapid mood swings
D) Minor discomfort but no serious symptoms

Question 40

Why did GHB become listed as a Schedule I controlled substance in 2000?

A) High school students were overdosing due to its cheap and readily available street supply.
B) It became a desired criminal product converted for IVUs.
C) It was used to commit date rape.
D) It was being used as a form of euthanasia.

Question 41

Shakespeare's Macbeth was referring to inhalants when he stated that humans have often sought a "sweet oblivious antidote" to the cares and woes of living.

Question 42

Benzodiazepines do not independently activate the flow of chloride ions into the neuron.

Question 43

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) had appeared to play a role in general cellular metabolism, for a time, and it was sold as a dietary supplement and taken (mostly in fairly low doses) by athletes and bodybuilders hoping to stimulate muscle growth.

Question 44

In Canada Health Canada oversees drug benefit programs for First Nations and Inuit people, including the Non-Insured Health Benefits (NIHB) program.

Question 45

Volatile solvents that act as CNS depressants are found in a wide variety of household products.

Question 46

The term "Mickey Finn" refers to the process of mixing drugs and alcohol to create a more lasting good feeling buzz.

Question 47

When barbiturates were the most popular sedative-hypnotics, low doses of the long-acting types were used as sleeping pills.

Question 48

Paraldehyde is a CNS depressant that is currently available in Canada in several over-the-counter medications.

Question 49

The primary medical uses for sedative-hypnotics have been to treat anxiety and sleep disorders.

Question 50

Ambien (zolpidem) is a popular benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety.

Question 51

Describe how benzodiazepines activate the flow of chloride ions into the neuron.

Question 52

To act as an effective CNS depressant, GHB has to be taken in a large dose of 1-5 grams (1,000 to 5,000 mg).

Question 53

How was Paraldehyde first introduced, and what would it be used for today?

Question 54

In a recent analysis of a large national health survey in the United States, among adults aged 20-39, less than 5% of women reported one or more of these concerns associated with insomnia.

Question 55

Lab animals that are given the opportunity to press a lever that delivers intravenous barbiturates will do so.

Question 56

In 1869, Dr. Benjamin Richardson introduced chloral hydrate to Great Britain, and he would later state, what humankind can use, some will abuse.

Question 57

Among the sedative-hypnotic drugs, short-acting barbiturates seem to be most likely to lead to drug dependence.

Question 58

Benzodiazepines replaced barbiturates primarily because they were believed to be safer.

Question 59

Benzodiazepines produce their effects because they enhance the normal inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter GABA.

Question 60

Nitrous oxide ("laughing gas") is often used as a surgical anaesthetic due to its wide margin of safety.

Question 61

What are the symptoms of insomnia?

Question 62

Discuss the use of benzodiazepines to treat anxiety disorders. Discuss how widely they are prescribed, and what alternative treatments are available.

Question 63

Describe GHB and its current use?

Question 64

Describe what has been recently discovered regarding GABA.

Question 65

Explain how onset and duration of action affect dependence. Give examples from this chapter.

Question 66

Discuss the use of medications as hypnotics (sleeping pills). What types of drugs are used, and what are some of the concerns associated with the use of sleeping pills?

Question 67

Describe "slipping" someone a "mickey," and how it might be understood today.

Question 68

Describe the first Rape Victim Story that was reported in the public in the USA.

Question 69

Describe what is known regarding the early introduction of gaseous anaesthetics.

Question 70

What is the existing law regarding volatile solvent use in Canada?

Question 71

According to the text, some people will do almost anything to escape reality. Identify everyday products found in our homes that are used as an inhalant.

Question 72

Because Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) appears to play a role in general cellular metabolism, how was it originally used?