Deck 5: The Actions of Drugs

Question 1

Which of the following terms is NOT used to describe commercially available drug compounds?

A) Brand
B) Chemical
C) Generic
D) Dose

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In addition to ADHD, which individual may also be prescribed Ritalin?

A) Josh who has difficulty sleeping.
B) Martin who has a mild case of congestive heart failure.
C) Sarah who has a spider phobia preventing her from attending school.
D) Diane who frequently falls asleep at work, and has been known to fall asleep while driving.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

St. John's wort is an herb that is believed to help what condition?

A) Anxiety
B) Depression
C) Arthritis
D) Congestive heart failure

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Among the psychoactive drugs, how is alcohol classified?

A) Stimulant
B) Opioid
C) Hallucinogen
D) Depressant

Question 5

Which of the following provides an important distinction regarding the herb St. John's wort?

A) It was first discovered to be a potent cardiotonic; it improved the heat's pumping action.
B) Unlike other herbal supplements approved by the NHPR, it should only be taken under a doctor's supervision.
C) If taken with other herbal supplements, an induced psychosis can occur.
D) When smoked is classified as a schedule 5 drug under the CSDA.

Question 6

According to your text how many hospitalizations occur each day due to opioid poising in Canada?

A) 7
B) 13
C) 25
D) 40

Question 7

How many children did Health Canada estimate are taking Ritalin in Canada?

A) 45,000
B) 100,000
C) 145,000
D) 255,000

Question 8

Canada ranks _____ in the world in terms of population despite the Canadian pharmaceutical market being the 8th largest in the world, accounting for about 2% of the world market by sales.

A) 28^th
B) 30^th
C) 36^th
D) 40^th

Question 9

Prozac and thorazine are examples of which drug grouping?

A) Hallucinogens
B) Analgesics
C) Psychotherapeutics
D) CNS Depressants

Question 10

Alcohol and inhalants are all examples of which drug grouping?

A) Hallucinogens
B) Analgesics
C) Psychotherapeutics
D) CNS Depressants

Question 11

Jack needs to stay up all night. Which of the following drugs will NOT help him achieve his goal?

A) Alcohol
B) Amphetamine
C) Cocaine
D) Nicotine

Question 12

Most of our drugs originally came either directly or indirectly from which of the following?

A) The sea
B) Plants
C) Animals
D) Chemists

Question 13

Which drug is Fentanyl 50 to 100 times more potent than?

A) Cannabis
B) Cocaine
C) Nicotine
D) Morphine

Question 14

Based on the significant increase of prescription amphetamines use by Canadian university students, what did Maclean's magazine call Ritalin?

A) "The Get Smart Pill"
B) "The Go All Night Pill"
C) "Concentration for $5 a pill"
D) "The Student pill for success"

Question 15

Digitalis purpurea is the plant associated with treating heart failure. If you look in a flower bed you might locate it. What is it?

A) Cone flower
B) Morning Glory
C) Foxglove
D) Red Poppy

Question 16

What does the group of psychoactive drugs called stimulants include?

A) Cocaine
B) Prozac
C) LSD
D) Heroin

Question 17

Mescaline, ecstasy, and cannabis are examples of which drug grouping?

A) Hallucinogens
B) Analgesics
C) Psychotherapeutics
D) CNS Depressants

Question 18

Which pharmaceutical drugs are the most popular in Canada?

A) Apotex
B) Generic
C) Novartis
D) Pfizer

Question 19

Most drugs have three different kinds of names. Which one would identify the manufacturer?

A) Chemical name
B) Generic name
C) Brand name
D) Research name

Question 20

LSD and PCP are examples of which drug grouping?

A) Hallucinogens
B) Analgesics
C) Psychotherapeutics
D) CNS Depressants

Question 21

The idea of a safety margin for a particular drug is based on what idea?

A) Toxic doses will typically be larger than therapeutic doses.
B) Most drugs cause toxicity problems only when combined with other drugs.
C) We need to determine an LD₅₀ using human volunteers.
D) We should only prescribe drugs that are not toxic even at high doses.

Question 22

In what terms is the potency of a drug is defined?

A) The magnitude of the effect it produces.
B) Its dependence potential.
C) Whether it has a detectible odour.
D) The amount required to produce an effect.

Question 23

Which of the following describes the blood-brain barrier?

A) It is fully developed in humans at birth.
B) It is malleable in order to permit drug compounds into the brain
C) It cannot be penetrated, even with trauma to the brain
D) It prevents many drugs from entering the brain

Question 24

The text uses an example of overlapping dose-response curves for slowed reaction time, ataxia (staggering), and coma to illustrate which of the following?

A) How different drugs have different effects.
B) That new responses appear as the dose of alcohol is increased.
C) The placebo effect.
D) The grapefruit-juice effect.

Question 25

If you want to rapidly get very high concentrations of a drug to the brain, which route of administration would you probably use?

A) Oral
B) Subcutaneous
C) Topical
D) Intravenous

Question 26

With increasing doses of any useful drug what is there usually an increase in the number and severity of?

A) Side effects
B) Beneficial effects
C) Placebo effects
D) Effects on the stomach

Question 27

Which term describes a drug's ability to produce a desired behavioural effect?

A) Drug Metabolism
B) Efficacy
C) Potency
D) Time-course

Question 28

Which of these is difficult to classify, due to its complex effects at different doses?

A) Cocaine
B) Marijuana
C) Prozac
D) Caffeine

Question 29

According to the statistics recorded in your text book from street-based settings in Victoria,

A) Alcohol
B) Ecstasy
B)C, what is the most frequently used substance by youth?
C) Marijuana
D) Nicotine

Question 30

The time course of a drug's action depends on all of the following EXCEPT which one?

A) How the drug is administered.
B) How rapidly the drug is absorbed.
C) How the drug is eliminated from the body.
D) How the drug is manufactured.

Question 31

Your friend asked you to describe The Grapefruit-Juice Effect, which statement would you state?

A) Research states that 75% of people taking Grapefruit-Juice only experience a boost in a drug's potency.
B) Taking Grapefruit-Juice can be dangerous because the juice can raise blood concentrations of the drug beyond what the dosage calls for.
C) Taking Grapefruit-Juice can be dangerous because the juice can lower blood concentrations of the drug beyond what the dosage calls for.
D) Research has demonstrated that the Grapefruit-Juice concern has not been proven in clinical studies, despite the concern original published.

Question 32

Alcohol has a low tendency, but THC has a high tendency to do what?

A) Bind to the serotonin receptor
B) Dissolve in water
C) Bind to blood proteins
D) Produce dependence

Question 33

Nonspecific effects of taking a drug are those that do not depend on its chemical activity. What are they referred as?

A) Placebo effects
B) Ataxia
C) Side effects
D) Dose-response effects

Question 34

Pharmacokinetics describes the process of how a drug moves through the body, and it would include all the following processes EXCEPT which one?

A) Absorption
B) Distribution
C) Excretion
D) Potency

Question 35

What is the threshold on a dose-response curve?

A) The point at which the dose of the drug causes maximal response.
B) The lowest dose at which there is an observable effect of the drug.
C) A safe effective dose of the drug.
D) The therapeutic index of the drug.

Question 36

How do psychoactive drugs reach the brain tissue?

A) The Meninges
B) The Spinal cord
C) The bloodstream
D) The liver

Question 37

After oral administration, where does most absorption of drug molecules take place?

A) Small intestine
B) Kidneys
C) Heart
D) Liver

Question 38

For some psychoactive drugs, what is the fastest route to the brain?

A) Inhalation
B) Intramuscular injection
C) Using a rectal suppository
D) Rubbing it on the head

Question 39

What do we call the procedure when neither the person taking the drug nor the person evaluating the effects of the drug knows who is getting the experimental drug and who is getting the placebo?

A) Dose-response design
B) Effect size
C) Preclinical study
D) Double-blind procedure

Question 40

What can concussions and cerebral infections decrease the effectiveness of?

A) Drug metabolism
B) The blood-brain barrier
C) Protein binding
D) Multiple drug doses

Question 41

Jarrod's doctor recommend which of the following route of administration to him quite smoking?

A) A daily nicotine pill
B) A topical application
C) An intramuscular injection
D) Subcutaneous injections

Question 42

Which of the following would NOT be considered a perception-altering agent?

A) GHB
B) LSD
C) MDMA
D) PCP

Question 43

Caffeine and cocaine are both considered to be stimulant drugs.

Question 44

What is a possible side effect of an opioid?

A) Decrease in motor skills
B) Hallucinations
C) Pinpoint pupils
D) Sexual Confidence

Question 45

Which drug classification could produce muscles twitching?

A) CNS depressants
B) CNS stimulants
C) Hallucinogens
D) Opioids

Question 46

Ritalin was the most commonly used Injection drug used among street youth, according to the Canadian Street Youth study in 2003.

Question 47

If the repeated exposure to a drug increases the activity of the CYP450 enzyme that is responsible for metabolizing that drug, then future doses of the drug will be less effective than the first doses. What is this an example of?

A) Drug disposition tolerance
B) Behavioural tolerance
C) An active metabolite
D) A prodrug

Question 48

When drug use interferes with normal behaviour, experienced users may learn to compensate and show less impairment than new users. What does this demonstrate?

A) Drug disposition tolerance
B) Behavioural tolerance
C) An active metabolite
D) A prodrug

Question 49

Which statement describes what is known regarding inhalation?

A) The capillary walls are not accessible in the lungs, thus the drug enters the blood stream slowly.
B) For psychotic drugs, inhalation produces a less rapid effect than intravenous administration.
C) The drug is not stored in the body.
D) It is used medically with various anesthetics.

Question 50

Placebo effects are another name for nonspecific effects.

Question 51

A drug's generic name can only be used by one company.

Question 52

Marijuana and heroin are both considered to be opioid drugs.

Question 53

_____ are inactive in their original form and become active only after they are altered by the liver enzymes?

A) Drug Metabolites
B) Drug Activators
C) Prodrugs
D) Protein binders

Question 54

Some drugs may act on all types of neurons by doing which of the following?

A) Blocking all receptor types
B) Interfering with metabolism
C) Preventing absorption of nutrients
D) Altering the electrical potential across the cell membrane

Question 55

Which route of administration will Martha use if she want her drug to go directly into the bloodstream?

A) Intravenous
B) Subcutaneous injection
C) Intramuscular injection
D) Inhalation

Question 56

Which route of administration would describe vaginal suppositories, chewing tobacco, and sniffing cocaine?

A) Inhalation
B) Topical Applications
C) Pill taking
D) Subcutaneous injections

Question 57

If drug doses are taken too close together, the maximum blood level will increase with each dose and can result in cumulative effects.

Question 58

The most common way for drug molecules to be deactivated is by which of the following?

A) CYP450 enzymes in the liver
B) Protein binding
C) Elimination through the bowel
D) Reuptake

Question 59

Occasionally, the repeated use of a drug leads to pharmacodynamic tolerance, which is based on which of the following?

A) Altered liver function.
B) Learning.
C) Reduced sensitivity of neurons.
D) Slower metabolism.

Question 60

Cocaine, Heroin, and Ritalin are the top 3 preferred injectable drugs among Canadian street youth.

Question 61

Enteral routes of drug administration involve the digestive tract and involve orally taking the drug or using a suppository (rectal/vaginal).

Question 62

The time course refers to the timing of the onset, duration, and termination of a drug's effect.

Question 63

For many psychoactive drugs, such as nicotine and cocaine, the fastest way to get an effect is by inhaling the drug's vapors.

Question 64

Most basic biological functions are quite similar among all mammals, whereas the greatest differences between laboratory mice and humans would probably be found in the areas of thoughts, emotions, and "personality."

Question 65

Drug disposition tolerance and pharmacokinetic tolerance can both be used to describe a drug's rate of metabolism or excretion.

Question 66

Describe what Ritalin is used to treat, and the impact it has.

Question 67

How can psychoactive drugs alter the availability of a neurotransmitter?

Question 68

The blood-brain barrier keeps toxic drugs out of the brain, but allows all other drugs to cross readily.

Question 69

There have been increased reports of adolescents administering alcohol using alcohol suppositories, called "booty bumping" or "butt bongs."

Question 70

Chemicals that have an effect on all neurons must do it by influencing some characteristic common to all neurons.

Question 71

Describe lipid solubility.

Question 72

A drug's potency is defined in terms of how great an effect it can produce.

Question 73

The kidneys operate in a two-stage process. In the first step, water and most of the small and water-soluble molecules are filtered out. Second, most of the water is reabsorbed, along with some of the dissolved chemicals.

Question 74

Describe the double-blind procedure.
The double-blind procedure is an experiment in which neither the researcher nor the participant knows whether the drug or a placebo is being used?

Question 75

Describe drug distribution.

Question 76

Most psychoactive drugs go directly from the stomach to the brain.

Question 77

What is the brand name and provide an example.

Question 78

For most therapeutic effects, there is a maximum effect, and increasing the dose more just increases the number and type of side effects.

Question 79

Behavioural tolerance is the result of learning to compensate for the disruptive effects of a drug.

Question 80

Describe how and why Ritalin has been abused and give an example of an impact that was noted in the text.