Deck 2: Drug Use As a Social Problem

Question 1

The text lists three concerns that led to the adoption of the first laws regulating what we now call controlled substances. Which of these was NOT one of the three?

A) High profits for drug sellers
B) Toxicity
C) Dependence
D) Association of drug users with crime

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In comparing the relative toxicity of marijuana and cocaine, what important fact should be taken into account?

A) The user's gender and weight.
B) Availability and price.
C) Urban vs. rural environment.
D) That many more people use marijuana than use cocaine.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to your textbook, concerns about DAWN's accuracy and misinterpretation of the data by drug policy officials led to what action?

A) It prompted researches to stop relying on its outcomes.
B) It prompted police departments to stop relying on its outcomes.
C) It prompted discontinuation of DAWN in 2011.
D) It prompted a revamping of DAWN's sampling procedures in 2011.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

John finished his last college class of the day and went over to his friend's house, just two blocks from where he lives. Once he arrived and for the next 3 hours, John drinks 10 shots of tequila and 5 beers. He is about to get in his car and drive home. Based on this information,, which term would best describe his condition?

A) Chronic
B) Behavioural toxicity
C) Physiological toxicity
D) Acute

Question 5

Which is an example of chronic physiological toxicity?

A) Lung cancer from smoking
B) Motivational syndrome
C) Paranoia from methamphetamine use
D) Respiratory arrest from an alcohol overdose

Question 6

Based on Canadian data published in a 2017 report, how many apparent opioid-related deaths occurred in 2016?

A) 1816
B) 2816
C) 3816
D) 4816

Question 7

In the early 1900s, the Canadian government had essentially NO laws regulating the sale and use of drugs. In general the government took a "hands-off" approach that has been referred to as which of the following?

A) Criminal
B) Laissez-faire
C) Variable
D) Irresponsible

Question 8

What is the Drug Abuse Warning Network?

A) A system of free public-service announcements.
B) A voluntary organization for teachers and police officers.
C) It monitors drug-related medical emergencies.
D) It monitors arrest rates for various drug-law violations.

Question 9

Who specially regulates the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems system?

A) The Canadian Classification of Health Interventions
B) The American Psychological Association
C) The American Psychiatric Association i
D) World Health Organization

Question 10

Which of the following was NOT identified as a drug commonly used by IDUs?

A) GHB
B) Heroin
C) Pharmaceutical opioids
D) cocaine

Question 11

According to the National Center for Health Statistics, the sharpest increase occurred among deaths related to what circumstance?

A) Driving under the influence of both alcohol and cannabis
B) Driving under the influence cannabis
C) Fentanyl and fentanyl analogues
D) Combined use of alcohol and ecstasy use among adolescent males

Question 12

In what year did Canada enact its first drug law?

A) 1892
B) 1902
C) 1908
D) 1918

Question 13

Data collected by the CIHI does not include:

A) Age
B) Gender
C) Hospital Substance Abuse Emergency Admissions
D) Residence

Question 14

Intravenous drug users have higher than average rates of HIV infection, but even higher rates of which of the following?

A) Hepatitis
B) Herpes simplex.
C)
C) Staphylococcus infection.
D) ADHD.

Question 15

In Canada, it is estimated that there are approximately how many intravenous drug users (IDUs)?

A) 50 000 intravenous drug users
B) 90 000 intravenous drug users
C) 120 000 intravenous drug users
D) 150 000 intravenous drug users

Question 16

Which statement describes acute drug effects?

A) Are dangerous.
B) Are caused by the immediate presence of the drug in the body.
C) Are unrelated to dose.
D) Last more than a day.

Question 17

In what year did the first official needle exchange program begin in Canada?

A) 1969
B) 1979
C) 1989
D) 1999

Question 18

All of the following have universally determined the development of drug laws EXCEPT which one?

A) Crime
B) International trade
C) Dependence
D) Toxicity

Question 19

Between 1871 and 1908, how did the government of Canada view opium?

A) As international trade opportunity
B) A threat to the cultural values of a newly developing country
C) A threat to its citizens, especially women
D) As a Canadian economic opportunity

Question 20

Which term describes when the use of a substance makes normal activities such as driving result in harmful accidents?

A) Behavioural tolerance
B) Drug misuse
C) Behavioural toxicity
D) Laissez-faire

Question 21

Substance-related disorders, defined by the DSM-5, encompass how many separate classes of drugs?

A) 7
B) 5
C) 10
D) 15

Question 22

According to the statistics provided in your textbook, alcohol causes serious dependence in ______

A) one in five drinkers.
B) one in ten drinkers.
C) one in fifteen drinkers.
D) one in twenty drinkers.

Question 23

John has been using his drug of choice for many months. He informs his friend that he now required a larger dose to achieve the "buzz" he likes. What term describes what John is experiencing?

A) Acute toxicity
B) Dependence
C) Rebound effect
D) Tolerance

Question 24

Which of the following describes the potential to become dependent upon a psychoactive drugs spectrum, beginning with the highest risk substance to the least likely?

A) Mescaline, Morphine, Caffeine
B) Morphine, Caffeine, Alcohol
C) Morphine, Diazepam, Marijuana
D) Alcohol, Mescaline, Marijuana

Question 25

According to your text how many injecting drug users have a HCV infection?

A) 100 000
B) 150 000
C) 200 000
D) 250 000

Question 26

Mary told her drug therapist that she has become psychological dependent. What fact will her therapist pursue to determine the accuracy of her statement?

A) Does she have cravings?
B) Does she have a heightened sense of well-being?
C) Does she experience a heightened sensitivity to pain?
D) Does she have physical withdrawal symptoms?

Question 27

As views of substance dependence have changed based on scientific research, what is now believed to be the real driving force behind repeated excessive drug use?

A) Psychological dependence, based on reinforcement.
B) Physical dependence, caused by tolerance.
C) An allergic reaction to the substance.
D) Unmet psychological needs in early childhood.

Question 28

After Rita returns from her first narcotics support group she learns that physical dependence requires the existence of which of the following?

A) A physical change in skin colour
B) A craving for the drug
C) A set of physical withdrawal symptoms
D) A physical response to the drug

Question 29

The DSM-5 does not define addiction as such, but has diagnostic criteria for

A) Habituation.
B) Substance-related disorders.
C) Chronic intoxication.
D) Drug-associated bipolar disorder.

Question 30

Which term describes why the capacity of a drug dose has a diminished effect on the user as it is repeatedly taken?

A) Dependence
B) Rebound effect
C) Tolerance
D) Withdrawal

Question 31

A series of experiments conducted in the 1960s used laboratory animals that were given intravenous catheters connected to motorized syringes and controlling equipment so that by pressing a lever would produce a single brief drug injection. Which describes the animal(s) that were used?

A) Rats
B) Monkeys and rats
C) Monkeys
D) Pigeons and mice

Question 32

Those who have received a "personality disorder" diagnosis, such as antisocial personality disorder:

A) have an increased likelihood of also having a substance use disorder.
B) are neither more nor less likely to have a substance use disorder.
C) are actually less likely to be dependent on a substance.
D) are often given stimulant drugs as a treatment for the personality disorder.

Question 33

A series of experiments conducted in the 1960s used laboratory animals that were given intravenous catheters connected to motorized syringes and controlling equipment, so that when they pressed a lever they would produce a single brief injection of which drug?

A) Liquid cocaine
B) Morphine
C) Heroin
D) LSD

Question 34

How do Alcoholics Anonymous members (AA) often describe alcohol?

A) Blissful
B) Cunning
C) Disempowering
D) Mysterious

Question 35

What does the presence of withdrawal syndromes indicate?

A) Physical dependence
B) Chronic behavioural disorder
C) Tolerance
D) Craving

Question 36

The drugs to which people are most likely to develop psychological (behavioural) dependence are also generally found to have which of the following?

A) Stimulant effects
B) Pain-relieving effects
C) Sedative effects
D) Reinforcing effects in laboratory animals

Question 37

Which of these substances is listed as having a "very high" dependence potential?

A) LSD
B) Marijuana
C) Alcohol
D) Crack cocaine

Question 38

What can brain scan studies with drug users reveal?

A) They can show which people have developed dependence and which have not.
B) They can predict which people will later develop dependence.
C) So far, they can only show changes in response to drug administration.
D) They are very strong predictors of alcohol use, but not for other substances.

Question 39

In what city did the first official needle exchange program begin in Canada?

A) Toronto
B) Montreal
C) Winnipeg
D) Vancouver

Question 40

Because some believe it plays a large role in positive reinforcement, theorists have recently focused on which of the brain's neurotransmitters?

A) Epinephrine
B) Dopamine
C) Norepinephrine
D) Serotonin

Question 41

In an annual study done by the U.S. Justice Department, people arrested for various crimes are given urine tests to detect the presence of drugs. In 2003, what percentage of the adult male arrestees tested positive for at least one illicit drug?

A) 90
B) 67
C) 40
D) 25

Question 42

Which drug is MOST recognized as contributing to crimes and violence?

A) Alcohol
B) Heroin
C) Marijuana
D) Cocaine

Question 43

Data from Canadian population-specific surveillance systems suggest that approximately 15% of IDUs borrow needles that have been used by someone else.

Question 44

The term "laissez-faire" refers to the tendency of news media to sensationalize drug problems.

Question 45

The drugs that are most likely to lead to dependence are the ones that have reduced effects after repeated use.

Question 46

It is NOT possible to gain a true measure of the relative toxicities of drugs of abuse and misuse in Canada.

Question 47

Most opioid-related deaths in Canada occurred in males

Question 48

Physical dependence is defined by the appearance of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is stopped.

Question 49

Among jail inmates in Canada who have been convicted of property crimes, which percentage of them reported that they had committed the crime to get money for drugs?

A) 95%
B) 75%
C) 50%
D) 25%

Question 50

In determining whether using a drug causes people to become criminals, what is important to acknowledge?

A) There is no statistical relationship between crime and illicit drug use.
B) Most illicit drugs cause damage to the areas of the brain responsible for understanding right from wrong.
C) Longitudinal studies find that indicators of criminal or antisocial behaviour usually occur before the first use of any illicit drug.
D) Consistent personality changes are likely with even a few exposures to heroin or cocaine.

Question 51

Chronic drug effects refer to those that are due to prolonged exposure to the drug.

Question 52

Very early in the 20^th century the Canadian government regulated, and made a profit from, the production of opium.

Question 53

Up until the twentieth century, the most common view was probably that substance dependent individuals were weak willed, lazy, or immoral.

Question 54

Which of the following describes the psychoactive drug dependence potential from the highest to lowest ranking?

A) Injected Morphine, Heroin, Crack Cocaine, snorted Cocaine powder
B) Crack Cocaine, Heroin injected Morphine, snorted Cocaine powder
C) Heroin, Crack Cocaine, injected Morphine, snorted Cocaine powder
D) Injected Morphine, snorted Cocaine powder, Heroin, Crack Cocaine,,

Question 55

In 2016, more than half (58%) of which drug was related to a crime?

A) Alcohol
B) Cannabis
C) Cocaine
D) Heroin

Question 56

What drug was being described with the famous quote "The Real Public Enemy Number One"?

A) Crack cocaine
B) Marijuana
C) Opium (smoked)
D) Cocaine powder (snorted)

Question 57

Which of the following is a personality trait that has frequently been associated with greater risk for abuse of stimulants, such as amphetamine or cocaine?

A) Introversion
B) Pessimism
C) Sensation seeking
D) Shyness

Question 58

In Canada, it is estimated that there are between 75,000 and 125,000 intravenous drug users (IDUs).

Question 59

Canada boasts having one of the most comprehensive and consistent health plans for providing descriptions of the incidence and causes of drug-related emergency room visits or deaths nationally.

Question 60

According to your text, which statement describes drug regulations in Canada today?

A) Our current laws represent a rationally devised plan to counteract the most realistic of these concerns in the most effective manner.
B) Our current laws do not represent a rationally devised plan to counteract the most realistic of these concerns in the most effective manner.
C) Our current laws merge fluidly with the medical protocols in place in MOST communities across Canada.
D) Our law enforcement agencies are unable to keep up with the growing increase of new designer drugs.

Question 61

Identify the top five psychoactive drugs

Question 62

Needle exchange programs began in Canada in 1989; however the programs were found to have little impact on the rate of HIV infection among intravenous drug users and were too expensive an initiative to continue.

Question 63

The fact that drug users engage in robberies or that car thieves are likely to also use illicit drugs does not say anything about causality.

Question 64

Describe the biopsychosocial perspective and give a short case example.

Question 65

Once a substance is regulated in any way, those regulations will be broken by some.

Question 66

Identify and describe the four types of drug-induced toxicity

Question 67

What does the word toxic mean?

Question 68

Longitudinal studies find that indicators of criminal or antisocial behaviour usually occur earlier in life than the first use of an illicit drug.

Question 69

The commission of crimes by drug users is due in large part to a pharmacological effect of the drug itself that causes the user to believe he/she is invincible.

Question 70

No genetic, physiological, or biochemical marker has been found that definitively predicts drug dependence.

Question 71

Explain the difference between physical dependence on a drug and psychological dependence on a drug.

Question 72

Substance-related disorders, defined by the DSM-5, encompass 5 separate classes of drugs: alcohol.

Question 73

Describe several ways in which people have thought that drug use might be a cause of criminal behaviour.

Question 74

About 50% of those convicted of drug crimes reported that they had sold drugs to get money for their own drug use.

Question 75

What three different principal concerns throughout the twentieth century have universally driven the development of drug laws throughout the twentieth century?

Question 76

Although there is some question as to whether the direct influence of illicit drugs produces a person more likely to engage in criminal or violent behaviour, there has been less doubt about alcohol. Provide some recent statistics that support that statement.

Question 77

What do the letters DAWN stand for, when was it established and what did it do?

Question 78

In a recent study investigating the cost of substance abuse in Canada, it was estimated that 10% of all criminal offences were attributable to alcohol.

Question 79

Explain what is meant by a drug's "dependence potential."

Question 80

Until the twentieth century, what was the most common model regarding drug dependency, and how would you describe it?