Deck 4: Ethics in Research

Question 1

Prior to the end of WWII,guidelines for research ethics were established

A)by the Nuremberg Code.
B)by the APA Ethics Code.
C)by the National Research Act and the Belmont Report.
D)There were no guidelines.Individual researchers were presumed to establish their own ethical guidelines.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What kind of research was the focus for most of the early attempts to establish ethical research guidelines?

A)psychological research with animal subjects
B)psychological research with humans
C)medical research with humans
D)medical research with animals

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Although the intent of informed consent is to provide participants with complete information about a research study before they agree to participate,often this is impossible because
A)deception is an important part of the research.

A)if participants knew the true purpose of the study they might produce artificial behavior.
B)sometimes researchers do not know exactly what will happen in the study.
D)the other three choices are all reasons that informed consent is impossible.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is not an ethical principle identified in the Belmont Report?

A)respect for persons
B)kindness
C)beneficence
D)justice

Question 5

Which element of ethical responsibility requires special attention for populations such as young children or people diagnosed with mental retardation?

A)protection from any risk of harm
B)informed consent
C)confidentiality
D)anonymity

Question 6

The Belmont Report provides basic ethical guidelines for

A)the treatment of human participants in research.
B)the treatment of nonhuman subjects in research.
C)the reporting of research results.
D)the other three choices are all covered by the Belmont Report.

Question 7

Under which of the following circumstances is informed consent not necessary?
A)a drug study where participants receive experimental medication

A)a public opinion research where participants complete anonymous questionnaires
B)a perceptual research where participants are asked to judge different colors
D)none of the other options; informed consent is always required

Question 8

Milgram's obedience study is ethically questionable because

A)the participants were deceived.
B)the shocks posed a threat of physical harm.
C)the participants were psychologically harmed.
D)the participants' confidentiality was not protected.

Question 9

The Tuskegee study involved

A)injecting unsuspecting patients with live cancer cells.
B)failing to provide treatment for men with syphilis.
C)appearing to administer severe shocks to participants.
D)exposing participants to extremes of freezing temperature.

Question 10

According to the principle of clinical equipoise,it is unacceptable to conduct a study comparing two treatments

A)when the treatments are known to be equally effective.
B)when there is no information about the effectiveness of either treatment.
C)when one treatment is known to be more effective than the other.
D)when experts disagree about the effectiveness of the treatments.

Question 11

The Nuremberg Code outlines basic ethical guidelines for

A)the treatment of human participants.
B)the treatment of nonhuman subjects.
C)the treatment of both human and nonhumans.
D)the reporting of research results.

Question 12

The Nuremberg Code was developed
A)following war crime trials after World War II in the 1940s.

A)by the U.S.Surgeon General,following medical experiments in the 1970s.
B)by the APA,following Milgram's obedience study in the 1960s.
B)by the Department of Health,Education,and Welfare to regulate prescription medications in the 1980s.

Question 13

The Milgram study involved

A)injecting unsuspecting patients with live cancer cells.
B)failing to provide treatment for men with syphilis.
C)asking participants to administer what appeared to be severe shocks to other people.
D)exposing participants to extremes of freezing temperature.

Question 14

Which of the following is a concern for research ethics?

A)honesty and respect of all who participate in the study
B)honesty and respect of all affected by reports of the study's results
C)honesty and respect of all who participate in the study and all affected by reports of the study's results
D)morality

Question 15

If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that potential participants probably cannot understand,then the researcher has violated the intent of

A)confidentiality.
B)preventing harm.
C)informed consent.
D)anonymity.

Question 16

Which of the following is the focus of ethical concern?
A)right versus wrong

A)proper versus improper
B)moral versus immoral
C)truth versus falsehood

Question 17

Which of the following examples violates the ethical guidelines concerning deception?

A)administering shocks without giving participants advanced warning and obtaining consent
B)administering shocks even with advanced warning and informed consent
C)informed consent that tells participant that they will receive shocks even though no shocks are administered
D)all of the other options violate the ethical guidelines concerning deception

Question 18

Clinical equipoise refers to

A)a researcher's ethical responsibility to do no harm.
B)a researcher's ethical responsibility to provide informed consent.
C)a clinician's ethical responsibility to provide the best possible treatment for participants.
D)the other three choices are all involved in clinical equipoise.

Question 19

Studies involving deception

A)should never be done.
B)should not inform participants of the deception,even after the study is completed.
C)should not be done with participants with diminished mental capacity.
D)should not be done if the deception involves concealing possible harm.

Question 20

If individuals are pressured into participating in research because the researcher is in a position of power or authority,then which ethical principle is being compromised?

A)no harm
B)informed consent
C)confidentiality
D)anonymity

Question 21

Confidentiality

A)ensures that information obtained from each participant will be kept secret and private.
B)reduces the negative effects of deception.
C)conceals the nature of the study.
D)involves deceiving participants.

Question 22

Passive deception refers to

A)deception that is not justified by the study's potential value.
B)deception that is justified by the study's potential value.
C)withholding information from participants.
D)presenting misinformation to participants.

Question 23

The APA ethical guidelines

A)permit research using active deception but do not allow research with passive deception.
B)permit research using passive deception but do not allow research with active deception.
C)permit research using either active or passive deception.
D)do not allow research using either active or passive deception.

Question 24

Which of the following is not included as part of the APA ethical guidelines?

A)no harm
B)informed consent
C)confidentiality
D)anonymity

Question 25

The ethical guidelines for nonhuman subjects include items about animal care because,unlike most human participants,

A)animals cannot understand the risks involved in a research study.
B)animals cannot give informed consent.
C)animals cannot express a desire to withdraw from the research.
D)animals are usually housed in a laboratory setting before and after the research.

Question 26

Deception is in direct contradiction with which element of the ethical guidelines?

A)no harm
B)informed consent
C)confidentiality
D)anonymity

Question 27

A researcher who deliberately omits informing participants about the true intent of a questionnaire is committing

A)active deception.
B)passive deception.
C)fraud.
D)plagiarism.

Question 28

Debriefing is

A)always effective at removing lingering effects.
B)more effective the sooner it is delivered.
C)more effective with active deception.
D)a continuation of the deception.

Question 29

Which of the following was not mentioned as a safeguard against fraud?

A)careful review by the IRB
B)potential replication of the research
C)peer review of the research report
D)the consequences of being found guilty of fraud

Question 30

If a researcher tells stories at a party describing the behavior of individual participants in his or her research study,then which ethical principle is being compromised?

A)no harm
B)informed consent
C)confidentiality
D)anonymity

Question 31

A researcher who tells participants that a questionnaire is measuring political attitudes when in fact it is measuring racial prejudices,is committing

A)active deception.
B)passive deception.
C)fraud.
D)plagiarism.

Question 32

Researchers often use a coding system to identify data during the course of a research study.The reason for using codes is

A)to ensure that participants have complete informed consent.
B)to help protect confidentiality.
C)to help with data analysis.
D)it is a required part of all research with human participants.

Question 33

Active deception refers to

A)deception that is not justified by the study's potential value.
B)deception that is justified by the study's potential value.
C)withholding information from participants.
D)presenting misinformation to participants.

Question 34

The Institutional Review Board (IRB)is responsible for reviewing

A)research involving human participants.
B)research involving nonhuman subjects.
C)all research whether it involves humans or nonhumans.
D)the presentation and reporting of research results.

Question 35

Assuming that a full citation is included,which of the following would not be an example of plagiarism?

A)repeating large sections of text verbatim
B)changing a few words but keeping most of the original text
C)changing most of the words but keeping the same structure and order of ideas
D)all the other options are examples of plagiarism

Question 36

One way to detect fraud in research is to

A)look for a ceiling effect.
B)look for a floor effect.
C)replicate the study.
D)verify all the citations and references in the study.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT part of the guidelines for using deception in a research study?

A) Individuals must be informed that deception is involved before they consent to participate.
B)Individuals must be debriefed about the deception as soon as possible after the study.
C)The deception must be justified.
D)The deception cannot conceal a real risk or danger to participants.

Question 38

Which of the following forms of deception is not permitted?

A)lying to the participants about the purpose of the study
B)not telling participants about a possible risk in the study
C)observing participants who don't know they are being observed
D)causing participants to misunderstand the study

Question 39

Fraud involves

A)errors made while measuring individual participants.
B)errors made while entering data into a computer program.
C)changing scores to make them fit the hypothesis.
D)the other three choices are all examples of fraud.

Question 40

Which of the following accurately defines confederates in a research study?

A)participants
B)experimenters
C)people who pretend to be participants
D)people who pretend to be experimenters

Question 41

According to the APA guidelines,it is unethical to offer pay to participants to entice them to participate in research that they might otherwise avoid.

Question 42

Using someone else's ideas in your research report without a citation is plagiarism even if you have paraphrased the ideas in your own words.

Question 43

Milgram's obedience study is ethically questionable because the shocks posed a threat of physical harm.

Question 44

If individuals are coerced into participating in a research study,then the principle of informed consent is being violated.

Question 45

A researcher decided not to report the data from three participants whose results contradicted the researcher's hypothesis.This is an example of fraud.

Question 46

A researcher who deliberately misinforms participants about the research study is committing passive deception.

Question 47

The initial version of the APA ethics code was known as the Belmont Report.

Question 48

Deceiving participants about the purpose of a research study is strictly forbidden in all circumstances by APA guidelines as well as by government regulations.

Question 49

Although some forms of deception are allowed,a researcher cannot deceive participants about potential risk in the study.

Question 50

APA ethical guidelines allow researchers to deliberately mislead participants about the purpose of a research study.

Question 51

The IRB is responsible for ensuring the wellbeing of nonhuman research subjects as well as human research participants.

Question 52

APA ethical guidelines cover the treatment research subjects and participants,as well as issues of fraud and plagiarism.

Question 53

Questions of ethics concern moral versus immoral behavior.

Question 54

A written consent form that is signed by the researcher and the participant is required for all research with human participants.

Question 55

One safeguard against fraud is review by the IRB.

Question 56

The Tuskegee study involved injecting patients with live cancer cells without their knowledge or consent.

Question 57

If deception is used,participants must be debriefed as soon as possible after the study.

Question 58

Deliberately putting inaccurate information in a research report is an example of fraud.

Question 59

A researcher who deliberately withholds information from participants is committing active deception.

Question 60

Research studies consistently demonstrate that debriefing participants effectively eliminates the problems caused by deception.

Question 61

Informed consent involves three elements: information,understanding,and volunteering.Describe how the intent of informed consent can be compromised by limitations in any one of these three elements.

Question 62

Describe the factors that influence a debriefing's effectiveness.

Question 63

Briefly explain why a researcher might find it necessary to use deception in a research study.

Question 64

Describe the two basic categories of ethical responsibility that a researcher has.

Question 65

Explain the role of the IRB.

Question 66

Describe the common components of consent forms.

Question 67

Describe a situation where it may be permissible to dispense with informed consent.