Deck 5: Sex Hormones, Sexual Diff Erentiation, and the Menstrual Cycle

Question 1

Which of the following regulates the output of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus in males?

A)Follicle-stimulating hormone
B)Luteinizing hormone
C)Pituitary gland
D)Testosterone

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A hormone that plays a specific and important role in the stimulation of milk production is _____.

A)oxytocin
B)estrogen
C)progesterone
D)prolactin

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Inhibin:

A)is a hormone found only in men.
B)plays a major role in increasing sperm production.
C)primarily regulates LH production.
D)regulates FSH levels in a negative feedback loop.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

One of the main functions of estrogen includes:

A)stimulating breast growth.
B)decreasing the mucous membrane of the vagina.
C)enhancing muscle growth.
D)promoting bone growth past the pubertal years.

Question 5

Which of the following produces the hormone called inhibin?

A)Adrenal glands
B)Cells of Bartholin's gland
C)Sertoli cells of the testes
D)Pituitary gland

Question 6

Which of the following hormones regulates the production of FSH and LH by the pituitary gland?

A)Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
B)Testosterone
C)Progesterone
D)Estrogen

Question 7

Identify the hormone that controls sperm production.

A)Luteinizing hormone
B)Follicle-stimulating hormone
C)Oxytocin
D)Estrogen

Question 8

Which of the following would most likely occur due to increases in the level of estrogen?

A)Increased production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
B)Decreased production of luteinizing hormone
C)Increased production of prolactin and oxytocin
D)Decreased production of testosterone

Question 9

Which of the following would most likely result from having low levels of testosterone in the blood?

A)Increased production of inhibin by the testes
B)Decreased production of LH by the pituitary gland
C)Increased production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus
D)Decreased production of oxytocin hormones by the testes

Question 10

Hormones are:

A)manufactured solely by the sex glands-the testes and the ovaries.
B)secreted directly into the bloodstream.
C)slow to affect those areas that are distant from where they are manufactured.
D)of only two types-androgens and estrogens.

Question 11

The region of the brain that secretes GnRH, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone, is the:

A)hypothalamus.
B)pituitary.
C)medulla.
D)hippocampus.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true of the pituitary and the hypothalamus?

A)The pituitary and the hypothalamus are located in the frontal lobe.
B)The hypothalamus directly secretes the gonadotropic hormones.
C)The pituitary is the master gland of the endocrine system.
D)The hypothalamus solely focuses on regulating the eating behavior in humans.

Question 13

Which of the following would most likely result from increased levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in females?

A)Decreased levels of estrogen
B)Increased levels of follicle stimulating hormone
C)Increased levels of luteinizing hormone
D)Decreased levels of estradiol

Question 14

Which of the following glands produces prolactin?

A)The adrenal gland
B)The pineal gland
C)The pituitary gland
D)The thyroid gland

Question 15

Which of the following regulates the pituitary gland?

A)Cerebellum
B)Hypothalamus
C)Gonads
D)Adrenal glands

Question 16

_____ regulates estrogen production in females and testosterone production in males.

A)Adrenaline
B)The luteinizing hormone
C)The gonadotropin-releasing hormone
D)Oxytocin

Question 17

The production of FSH and LH takes place in the:

A)hypothalamus.
B)ovaries and testes, respectively.
C)pituitary gland.
D)pancreas.

Question 18

Which of the following hormones is most likely to be found at a fairly constant level in males?

A)Testosterone
B)Progesterone
C)Estrogen
D)Prolactin

Question 19

The _____ plays a major role in regulating the four functions of eating, drinking, fighting, and sexual behavior.

A)cerebellum
B)adrenal glands
C)gonads
D)hypothalamus

Question 20

Identify the hormone that is responsible for maintaining the mucous membranes of the vagina and stopping the growth of bone and muscle.

A)Prolactin
B)Oxytocin
C)Progesterone
D)Estrogen

Question 21

In the female, the _____ turn into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper part of the vagina.

A)gonads
B)tubercle
C)Müllerian ducts
D)Wolffian ducts

Question 22

Oxytocin:

A)results from secretions by the ovaries.
B)curbs the contractions of the uterus during childbirth.
C)suppresses milk ejection from the nipples.
D)fosters bonding between parent and the newborn.

Question 23

The Skene's gland in females and the prostate in males have the same embryonic source-the urethral primordia.The Skene's gland also secretes a fluid that is biologically similar to the milky alkaline fluid secreted by the male prostate.Based on this, we may say that:

A)these organs are homologous but not analogous.
B)these organs are analogous but not homologous.
C)these organs are both analogous and homologous.
D)these organs are neither analogous nor homologous.

Question 24

The inguinal canal is the passageway for the descent of the:

A)ovaries.
B)testes.
C)scrotum.
D)fallopian tubes.

Question 25

Gonad differentiation occurs:

A)at the same time for males and females.
B)earlier for females.
C)earlier for males.
D)during puberty.

Question 26

Which of the following may be a consequence of "undescended testes" in a male?

A)Decreased likelihood of testicular cancer
B)Increased motility of sperm
C)Inhibition of sperm production
D)Increased testosterone production

Question 27

Which of the following statements regarding brain differentiation in males and females is true?

A)The primary sex-differentiated structure is the cerebellum.
B)The differences in the brain structures of males and females are "hard-wired" differences present from birth.
C)The hypothalamus is the only region of the brain that does not show gender differentiation.
D)Studies using MRI have shown that the hypothalamus and amygdala are larger in males.

Question 28

Which of the following is true of Klinefelter's syndrome?

A)It occurs in genetic females that have a single X chromosome.
B)It can be reversed by surgery.
C)It involves overproduction of sperm and low testosterone levels.
D)It occurs when a genetic male has an extra X chromosome (XXY).

Question 29

Both the clitoris in females and the glans penis in males develop from the same embryonic tissue-the genital tubercle.Thus, we may say that the clitoris and the glans penis are:

A)autologous organs.
B)heterologous organs.
C)analogous organs.
D)homologous organs.

Question 30

Both the clitoris in females and the glans penis in males play important roles in producing sexual arousal.Based on this information, we may say that the clitoris and the glans penis are:

A)autologous organs.
B)heterologous organs.
C)analogous organs.
D)homologous organs.

Question 31

In Klinefelter's syndrome, a genetic male has:

A)an extra X chromosome.
B)an extra Y chromosome.
C)an extra chromosome 21.
D)no Y chromosome.

Question 32

Estrogen and progesterone are manufactured by the:

A)ovaries.
B)testes.
C)pituitary gland.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true of the SRY?

A)It is a gene related to the prenatal differentiation of the gonads.
B)It is found on a specific location on the X chromosome.
C)It is secreted by the testis-determining factor.
D)It is involved in gonad differentiation in both males and females.

Question 34

Wolffian ducts develop into the:

A)epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct.
B)testes and scrotum.
C)shaft of the penis.
D)prostate gland.

Question 35

Identify the hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth.

A)Progesterone
B)Estrogen
C)Oxytocin
D)Prolactin

Question 36

If testosterone is present during fetal development:

A)the cells in the hypothalamus become insensitive to estrogen present in the blood stream.
B)the androgen receptors become highly insensitive to the levels of testosterone in the blood stream.
C)the androgen receptors become highly sensitive to both estrogen and testosterone.
D)the estrogen receptors become highly sensitive to the levels of testosterone in the blood stream.

Question 37

The testis-determining factor (TDF) is responsible for:

A)differentiation of gonads into testes.
B)differentiation of the Wolffian ducts into testes.
C)descent of the testes after differentiation.
D)differentiation of the Müllerian ducts into testes.

Question 38

The embryonic source of the glans penis is the:

A)genital tubercle.
B)genital swelling.
C)Müllerian duct.
D)Wolffian duct.

Question 39

At about seven weeks post-conception, the sex chromosomes direct the gonads to develop into the _____ in the male.

A)scrotum
B)testis
C)urethra
D)glans

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true of cryptorchidism?

A)It is a condition resulting from the descent of one or both testes into the scrotum.
B)It occurs when the penis fails to descend from the body.
C)The optimum time for correcting the condition is soon after the first birthday.
D)Treatment is limited to hormonal therapy.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true of menarche?

A)It signifies that a girl is capable of becoming pregnant.
B)Most girls tend to react positively than negatively to their first menstruations.
C)There is a wide range in the age at which menarche occurs.
D)Girls lack a visible sign of having attained menarche.

Question 42

In comparing body growth and sexual development of girls with that of boys, it is found that:

A)girls and boys follow the same pattern of development at the same time.
B)girls and boys follow the same pattern of development, but boys are about 2 years late in development than girls.
C)girls and boys follow significantly different patterns of development, although they occur at the same time.
D)we really cannot say anything definite given our present state of knowledge about sexual development.

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true of the adrenal glands?

A)They are located just below the kidneys.
B)In females, they are the major producers of androgens.
C)Adrenarche generally begins after 14 years of age.
D)They limit the growth of pubic and axillary hair in females.

Question 44

The type of abnormality where the male fetus (sex chromosome configuration is XY) is insensitive to androgen results in:

A)a womanlike external appearance with no uterus and undescended testes.
B)a male with small testes, enlarged breasts, and reduced sex drive.
C)a tall male with unusual sex preferences.
D)a male of exceptional height and weight with borderline mental retardation.

Question 45

_____ is defined as a psychological transition from the behavior and attitudes of a child to the behavior, attitudes, and responsibilities of an adult.

A)Adolescence
B)Adrenarche
C)Puberty
D)Menarche

Question 46

_____ is the time during which there is sudden enlargement and maturation of the gonads, other genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics, leading to reproductive capacity.

A)Adolescence
B)Prenatal sexual differentiation
C)Puberty
D)Gender differentiation

Question 47

One of the most common intersex syndromes, which often results in identifying genetic females as males, is:

A)congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
B)Triple Y syndrome (YYY).
C)Triple X syndrome (XXX).
D)androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS).

Question 48

Which of the following organs are both homologous and analogous in the adult female and the adult male, respectively?

A)The scrotum and the labia majora (outer lips)
B)The Wolffian duct and the Müllerian duct
C)The hypothalamus and the pituitary
D)The glans penis and the clitoris

Question 49

One of your friends is in medical school.She tells you about a syndrome in which a genetic female develops ovaries normally as a fetus.However, due to the abnormal functioning of the adrenal gland, an excess amount of androgen is produced resulting in external genitals that are partly or completely male in appearance.Your friend is unable to recall the name of the syndrome.You know it and are able to tell her that it is:

A)congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
B)androgen insensitivity syndrome.
C)cryptorchidism.
D)Klinefelter's syndrome.

Question 50

One of your friends is in medical school.She tells you about a syndrome, where a genetic male produces normal levels of testosterone.However, his body tissues are not responsive to the levels and result in prenatal development being feminized.After describing the syndrome, your friend forgets its name.You know it and are able to tell her that it is:

A)congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
B)androgen insensitivity syndrome.
C)cryptorchidism.
D)Klinefelter's syndrome.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true of adolescence?

A)Modern American culture has an unusually short period of adolescence.
B)It merely represents a biological transition from child to adult.
C)A century ago, adolescence was much longer.
D)In some cultures, adolescence does not exist.

Question 52

At age twelve, Anna is 5 feet and 2 inches tall, which makes her taller than most of the boys in her sixth grade class.This can be attributed to the fact that:

A)the growth spurt occurs in girls but not in boys.
B)the growth spurt for girls tends to be longer than the growth spurt for boys.
C)the growth spurt for girls occurs about two years before the growth spurt for boys.
D)the growth spurt for males is reducing with each passing generation.

Question 53

According to John Money, the gender variable that defined one's gender at birth, as measured by the appearance of the external genitals, is:

A)chromosomal gender.
B)gonadal gender.
C)pubertal hormonal gender.
D)assigned gender.

Question 54

John Money referred to individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and androgen-insensitivity syndrome as _____.

A)transgenders
B)hermaphrodites
C)pseudohermaphrodites
D)homosexuals

Question 55

The syndrome known as 5-alpha reductase deficiency is caused by:

A)a genetic-endocrine problem.
B)excessive androgen production.
C)insufficient estrogen production.
D)congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Question 56

Penis growth, experienced by the average boy during puberty, is most likely to occur at about the same time as:

A)acne.
B)growth of scrotal sac.
C)growth of testes.
D)the change in his voice.

Question 57

Adolescence is a developmental period of life:

A)defined by the psychological transition toward adulthood.
B)characterized completely by the physiological changes in the body.
C)marked by the normative and universal time frame of 13 to 18 years.
D)recognized positively and celebrated by all societies of the world.

Question 58

The first sign of a female entering the period of pubescence is _____.

A)the production of a mature ovum
B)the beginning of menstruation
C)the growth of pubic hair
D)the beginning of breast development

Question 59

The testes in the male are homologous to the _____ in the female.

A)clitoris
B)ovaries
C)labia majora (outer lips)
D)labia minora (inner lips)

Question 60

John Money developed eight variables of gender.The particular gender type that refers to the presence of testosterone in the male but not in the female before birth is the:

A)assigned gender.
B)prenatal hormonal gender.
C)pubertal hormonal gender.
D)external genital appearance gender.

Question 61

If a woman has a regular 38-day menstrual cycle, the day of ovulation is assumed to be day:

A)4.
B)10.
C)14.
D)24.

Question 62

_____ is a problem faced more often by boys because of the clogging of sebaceous glands during puberty.

A)Acne
B)Obesity
C)Increased secretion of adrenal androgens
D)Growth of pubic hair

Question 63

The phase of the menstrual cycle that is characterized by a sharp decline of both estrogen and progesterone and a shedding of the inner lining of the uterus is the:

A)follicular phase.
B)ovulation phase.
C)luteal phase.
D)menstruation phase.

Question 64

Human females are nearly unique among species in:

A)having an estrous cycle.
B)having a menstrual cycle.
C)experiencing slight spotting during ovulation.
D)engaging in sexual intercourse during estrus.

Question 65

In the luteal phase:

A)the follicle turns into a glandular mass of cells called the corpus luteum.
B)the endometrium breaks down and is discharged through the cervix.
C)the degeneration of the corpus luteum is accompanied by a rise in progesterone.
D)the luteinizing hormone is no longer secreted.

Question 66

Which of the following is true regarding the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle?

A)It follows the luteal phase.
B)During this phase, the follicle ruptures and releases a mature egg.
C)The level of FSH rises significantly during this phase.
D)The levels of estrogen and progesterone drop significantly during this phase.

Question 67

Ovulation generally occurs _____ days before the onset of menstruation.

A)7
B)14
C)18
D)21

Question 68

The term "Mittelschmerz" refers to:

A)a phenomenon when menstruation occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle.
B)the cessation of menstruation in middle age.
C)a phenomenon where a woman can feel herself ovulate.
D)appendicitis.

Question 69

If a woman has a regular 28-day menstrual cycle, the day of ovulation is assumed to be day:

A)4.
B)10.
C)14.
D)20.

Question 70

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is relatively constant in terms of duration?

A)The ovulation phase
B)The follicular phase
C)The luteal phase
D)The menstruation phase

Question 71

A woman has a 30-day menstrual cycle.She has had a 30-day cycle since she began menstruating.On which of the following days of her period is she most likely to ovulate?

A)Day 24
B)Day 15
C)Day 16
D)Day 20

Question 72

An adolescent boy experiences temporary breast enlargement.This condition is known as _____.

A)spermarche
B)menarche
C)adrenarche
D)gynecomastia

Question 73

The layer of the uterus that is sloughed off during menstruation and creates most of the menstrual discharge is the:

A)endometrium.
B)myometrium.
C)exometrium.
D)perimetrium.

Question 74

At about the time of ovulation, cervical mucus is:

A)not produced.
B)alkaline.
C)acidic.
D)thick and viscous.

Question 75

When a woman menstruates without ovulating:

A)it is called Mittelschmerz.
B)it is called an anovulatory cycle.
C)it is a menstrual problem.
D)it is a sign of sterility.

Question 76

Human females engage in sexual behavior:

A)primarily in the middle of their estrous cycle.
B)throughout the menstrual cycle.
C)during menstruation because they are least likely to become pregnant during this phase.
D)like other mammals do, when they are in "heat."

Question 77

The first phase of the menstrual cycle is the:

A)luteal phase.
B)ovulatory phase.
C)follicular phase.
D)proliferative phase.

Question 78

Which of the following is a correct statement about the menstrual cycle?

A)Ovulation does not have to occur in every menstrual cycle, especially for girls in puberty and older women.
B)Almost all women come close to approximating the "perfect" 28-day menstrual cycle.
C)Irrespective of the duration of one's menstrual cycle, ovulation invariably occurs on the 14^th day from the start of menstruation.
D)The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is the most constant, extending for 10 days from ovulation to menstruation.

Question 79

The average length of a typical menstrual cycle is considered to be:

A)14 days.
B)28 days.
C)18 days.
D)36 days.

Question 80

Day 1 of the menstrual cycle is:

A)the day just prior to menstruation.
B)the first day of menstruation.
C)the last day of menstruation.
D)the day after the last day of menstruation.