Deck 12: Psychoneuroimmunology and Hiv

Question 1

Why was Ader and Cohen's (1975) study on classical conditioning of the immune system so important?

A)It marked the beginning of the field of psychoneuroimmunology.
B)It was the first time psychological research with chimpanzees had been conducted.
C)It showed that adherence could happen unintentionally.
D)It provided further evidence that HIV-positive patients can be either asymptomatic or symptomatic.

Answer 1

It marked the beginning of the field of psychoneuroimmunology.

Question 2

Some people newly infected with HIV report ______.

A)sudden thinning of hair
B)flu-like symptoms
C)Hyperactivity similar to a feeling of mania
D)muscle tremors similar to Parkinson's symptoms

Answer 2

flu-like symptoms

Question 3

A clear example of the connection between the mind and body, especially between psychology and immune functioning, is that ______.

A)only real emotional experiences lead to immune changes
B)autoimmune disorders are more common in men
C)even faked emotional experiences lead to immune changes
D)Only animals show a conditioned immune response

Answer 3

even faked emotional experiences lead to immune changes

Question 4

______ is more heavily affected by HIV and AIDS than any other region in the world.

A)Latin America
B)California
C)Africa
D)Asia

Question 5

Stress is accompanied by all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)T cell suicide killing
B)suppressed immune functioning
C)slower wound healing
D)increases in circulating lymphocytes

Question 6

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)HIV and AIDS refer to the same phenomenon.
B)Breast milk contains higher concentrations of the HIV virus than semen or blood.
C)There are currently no medical treatments that can slow down the rate at which HIV infection weakens the body.
D)A person can be HIV positive without having AIDS.

Question 7

Which of the following is most likely to be the topic of study of a researcher in the area of PNI?

A)the influences of income on happiness
B)whether cognitive functioning and cardiovascular health are correlated
C)whether the length of time it takes for wounds to heal is correlated with the level of stress the person experiences
D)the influence of various types of social support on adherence

Question 8

One of the best treatments available for HIV is highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).One of the most commonly used components of HAART is ______.

A)ACT
B)CD4 cells
C)AZT
D)Aricept

Question 9

Which of the following forms of cancer is more prevalent among people with HIV and AIDS?

A)Ewing's sarcoma
B)liposarcoma
C)Angiosarcoma
D)Kaposi's sarcoma

Question 10

PNI researchers study interactions among ______.

A)the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the digestive system
B)the reticular activating system, the immune system and the endocrine system
C)the nervous system, the reproductive system, and the immune system
D)the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system

Question 11

______ is/are a precancerous condition that is seen as small thickened white patches, usually inside the mouth or vulva.

A)Hairy leukoplakia
B)Kaposi's sarcoma
C)Gout
D)Hairy polyps

Question 12

The most common ways of passing HIV are by ______.

A)dirty toilet seats and direct blood contact
B)kissing and direct blood contact
C)unprotected sexual contact and direct blood contact
D)giving blood and receiving blood

Question 13

The CDC coined the term "AIDS" during which decade?

A)the 1940s
B)the 1960s
C)the 1980s
D)the early 2000s

Question 14

A woman with lupus was given a shot of a strong drug.At the same time, she was exposed to the scent of rose perfume and the taste of cod liver oil.After a few pairings of these three (drug, oil, scent) her body had a physiological response to the rose scent even without the full dose of the strong drug.This is an example of ______.

A)conditioned immunity
B)psychoneuroimmunological reactivity
C)positive reinforcement
D)compensatory responding

Question 15

One of the major physiological symptoms of AIDS is ______.

A)a T cell count of 200 or less
B)an enlarged spleen
C)pain that feels similar to appendicitis
D)The sudden development of hemophilia

Question 16

In 2008, the CDC rolled out a new way to measure the incidence of HIV.The Serological Testing Algorithm for Recent HIV Seroconversion is different in that it ______.

A)determines which HIV infections are new
B)can cure the disease for those who have a less aggressive form of the virus
C)is a national a data survey that collects HIV diagnosis data
D)tests and matches serums that can be used specifically for the treatment of HIV

Question 17

Research by Sapolsky (2017) showed that extended stress has been linked to shrinking of ______.

A)adrenal glands
B)the frontal lobe
C)the pituitary gland
D)the thymus gland

Question 18

HIV is a(n) ______.

A)RNA virus that secretes an enzyme that injects its own RNA into DNA inside the cells that it infects
B)virus that has two stages
C)condition with low numbers of CD8 cells and higher than average numbers of CD4 cells
D)condition where the patient always experiences "flu-like" symptoms

Question 19

The work of Sheldon Cohen and colleagues has provided strong evidence for the link between psychology and physiology.The key finding of one of his recent studies is that the volunteers injected with a cold virus are ______.

A)more likely to get sick if their parents lived apart and never spoke during their childhood compared to those from intact families
B)more likely to get sick only if they have a history of hypochondriasis
C)more likely to get sick if they are male
D)less likely to get sick of they are in college compared to those not in college because of the high immunity resulting from high stress, highly contagious college environments

Question 20

In Ader and Cohen's classic study involving the classical conditioning of the immune system, the conditioned stimulus was the ______.

A)organism getting sick
B)sweet water solution
C)drug that suppressed the immune system
D)sterile lab setting

Question 21

To date, most research shows that patients with HIV infection who rely more on ______ and who seek support tend to have a higher quality of life and experience less negative affect.

A)avoidant coping
B)emotional coping
C)approach coping
D)denial

Question 22

Regarding sexual mixing, these two groups report the heaviest mixing ______.

A)African American females and European American males
B)African American males and European females
C)Latino males and European American females
D)Latino males and females

Question 23

Classification as HIV/symptomatic requires the presence of at least one of the following symptoms in the last 6 months.

A)diarrhea 1 to 6 times per week or more
B)stomach upset 5 to 6 times per week or more
C)chronic headache 1 to 4 times per week or more
D)hives or rashes on the torso

Question 24

Which of the following about hairy leukoplakia is FALSE?

A)It is a precancerous condition.
B)It is one of several symptoms experienced in the past 6 months used to classify a person as HIV/symptomatic.
C)It is characterized by purplish blemishes on the skin.
D)It is characterized by thick patches of dark hair on the back and upper neck.

Question 25

The extent in which people engage in sexual activities with sexual partners from other sexual networks is known as ______ and is a central influence on AIDS transmission.

A)polygamy
B)sexual mixing
C)the contact hypothesis
D)transgroup sexuality

Question 26

People in which ethnic group are most likely to be diagnosed with AIDS in America?

A)Chinese American
B)Native American
C)Hispanic American
D)African American

Question 27

As suggested by the social norms component of ______, attitudes toward condom use will be influenced by what people think the norms are and what they believe their friends and partners think about it.

A)HAART
B)the ADAPT-ITT model
C)the Theory of Planned Behavior
D)the Transtheoretical Model

Question 28

An example of a psychosocial resource that has been consistently associated with good psychological and physical outcomes for patients with HIV infection is ______.

A)being low on openness to experience because these individuals are less likely to engage in risky behavior
B)having a type C personality
C)optimism
D)being an introvert

Question 29

Highly active antiretroviral therapy ______.

A)is a cognitive-behavioral therapy for those with HIV/AIDS and those who are considered at risk
B)is a type of motivational interviewing designed to increase adherence among those with HIV/AIDS
C)entails a tailored approach of using the single anti-HIV drug that works the best for that patient with the lowest side effects
D)entails a combination of anti-HIV drugs that keep the virus from replicating

Question 30

Which of the following sexual intercourse behavior is more likely to infect someone with HIV?

A)female to female transmission
B)male to female transmission
C)female to male transmission
D)male to male transmission

Question 31

Which of the following is TRUE?

A)Depression is more prevalent in men with HIV than among women with HIV.
B)AIDS patients often experience better outcomes when they are pessimistic than when they are optimistic because they are more likely to face their illness directly.
C)Psychological factors can shorten the time one lives with AIDS.
D)No research on HIV/AIDS has examined the impact of social support on psychological and physical outcomes because most people who are infected with the virus lose their social support networks.

Question 32

Which of the following is TRUE?

A)There is evidence that HIV positive men who denied their diagnosis survived longer than those who accepted their fate.
B)There is no research linking denial and progression of the disease because denial is not possible to measure.
C)Most of the research examining denial shows that men use this as way to cope with HIV/AIDS more than women.
D)The evidence consistently shows that long-term use of denial among people with HIV/AIDS is correlated with positive outcomes.

Question 33

______ is a precancerous condition that is seen as small thickened white patches, usually inside the mouth or vulva.

A)Human papilloma virus
B)Kaposi's sarcoma
C)Hairy leukoplakia
D)HAART

Question 34

Which of the following is TRUE of depression?

A)It is rare among AIDS patients because these individuals have learned to develop resilience.
B)It is related to psychological outcomes, but not physiological outcomes.
C)There is limited research on the impact of depression on HIV/AIDS patients because depressed patients rarely volunteer to participate in studies.
D)Depression is considered a psychosocial risk for people with compromised immune systems.

Question 35

Ethnic variations in the genes encoding ______ can affect antigen presentation as well as how the host responds.Variations in aspects of these molecules have been found across racial groups.

A)stress response antigen SRA
B)UCLA antigen
C)human cortisol antigen
D)human leukocyte antigen

Question 36

Which of the following is TRUE regarding yoga?

A)Only a few studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of yoga as a treatment for chronic illness because most people who practice yoga wish to remain anonymous.
B)Yoga derived from Hinduism and Buddhism.
C)Jnana yoga is the most common form of yoga in North America.
D)Yoga originated in California in the 1970s.

Question 37

Most HIV interventions ______.

A)are adapted from existing theories and models
B)have been proven ineffective with ethnically diverse populations
C)focus on increasing abstinence
D)do not include educational or psychological components because they have been shown to be ineffective

Question 38

Which cultural group is especially at risk and account for an increasing percentage of new cases of HIV infection?

A)European American gay males
B)African American gay males
C)bisexual males
D)low-income women of color

Question 39

Research tells us that specific personality characteristics significantly related to slower disease progression were ______.

A)assertiveness and positive emotions
B)conscientiousness and introversion
C)lower achievement striving and openness to new experiences
D)type C personality and introversion.

Question 40

Historically, most research on HIV and AIDS has been conducted with samples of ______.

A)African American men
B)European American men
C)African American women
D)Latinas

Question 41

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)Traditional yoga has eight parts, which consist of four practices and four experiences that one should strive for.
B)Yoga originated in China approximately 100 years ago.
C)Bhidram yoga is the form of yoga many know as hot yoga because postures are done in a 100 degree heated room.
D)Yoga has been implemented in a number of different health-care programs.

Question 42

One gland that plays a role in the immune system, and is stimulated by yoga, is ______.

A)the adrenal gland
B)the thymus gland
C)the pituitary gland
D)the renal gland

Question 43

Women account for 50% of all estimated HIV infections worldwide, and the proportion of women infected is rapidly increasing in every geographical area (UNAIDS, 2018).

Question 44

India is more heavily affected by HIV and AIDS than any other region in the world.

Question 45

When individuals are informed of a positive HIV test, there is typically a drop in immune functioning.This intervention is found to help lessen the drop in the immune functioning.

A)watching comedies on television
B)participating in structured religious activities
C)pleasure reading
D)aerobic exercise training

Question 46

Which of the following is TRUE?

A)Yoga, in its various forms, has been shown to cure HIV.
B)Only Hatha yoga has been shown to cure HIV.
C)Research on the use of yoga among HIV/AIDS patients has shown that it is more effective with women than men.
D)There is research evidence showing that yoga has both physiological and psychological benefits for those living with HIV/AIDS.

Question 47

Hatha yoga emphasizes ______.

A)purification
B)diet
C)relaxation
D)all of the these

Question 48

Semen contains the highest concentration of the HIV virus.

Question 49

Which of the following is TRUE?

A)Although yoga has been shown to be effective for people with a variety of chronic illnesses, there is no evidence of its effectiveness for those with HIV/AIDS.
B)Currently, no research has examined the effectiveness of those with HIV/AIDs.
C)Yoga has been shown to be effective, but only in certain groups: those who practice it daily and follow a complete yoga lifestyle.
D)Among patients with HIV and AIDS, yoga has been shown to ease pain and negative emotions.

Question 50

Which of the following individuals is LEAST LIKELY to be informed about AIDS?

A)Tom, a gay man
B)Lakisha, a single, inner-city woman
C)Marissa, a lesbian woman who lives in the suburbs with her partner
D)John, a doctoral student in his late 30s

Question 51

Stress is inversely related to circulating lymphocytes; the more stress people experience, the fewer lymphocytes are produced by the body.

Question 52

Longitudinal research has shown that personality factors are not significantly associated with progression of AIDS.In other words, certain personality traits were not significantly correlated with slower progression or faster progression.

Question 53

Which of the following is TRUE?

A)The majority of people infected with HIV are no longer sexually active.
B)Men who disclose their HIV status are less likely to practice safe sex.
C)The interventions that are most effective are those focusing on increasing abstinence.
D)Most interventions focus on sexual risk behavior.

Question 54

Women are more likely than men to be infected with HIV via heterosexual sex.

Question 55

The immune system is strongly influenced by the nervous system and correspondingly by our minds and thinking.

Question 56

Researchers have shown that they could condition the body's immune system to respond to a conditioned stimulus.

Question 57

______ yoga and variations of it are the most common forms of yoga in North America.

A)Bhikram
B)Spiritual
C)Karma
D)Hatha

Question 58

The most recent data from the CDC show that infection rates among Latino Americans are significantly higher than for European Americans and African Americans.

Question 59

The most common variation of Hatha yoga is Iyengar yoga, which is characterized by ______.

A)the pursuit of a higher purpose
B)precise poses, often with the aid of various props
C)the study of literature as a means of attaining wisdom
D)high impact aerobics and stretches to increase flexibility and balance

Question 60

Research has shown that the amount of social support one has can influence the transition from being HIV positive to actually developing AIDS.

Question 61

Discuss ethnic differences in patterns of HIV/AIDS.

Question 62

What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?

Question 63

Given the fatal course of HIV infection, what psychological factors could explain why people would still continue to engage in unsafe sexual practices/drug use?

Question 64

Discuss two personality variables that have been associated with HIV/AIDS development and/or progression.

Question 65

How do psychological factors such as coping style influence the progression of AIDS?

Question 66

Describe two research findings that examined women and HIV/AIDS.