Deck 10: Diverse Approaches to Pain

Question 1

Racine et al.(2012) found that ischemic pain, ______, is comparable in both sexes.

A)pain in a missing limb
B)pain that has psychological causes
C)pain related to temperature
D)pain related to blood stoppages

Answer 1

pain related to blood stoppages

Question 2

When it comes to treatment of pain, research has shown that ______ experienced both a higher number and higher magnitude of disparities than any other group.

A)African Americans
B)Hispanic Americans
C)Chinese Americans
D)Japanese Americans

Answer 2

African Americans

Question 3

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)Different studies have used different measures of pain, making it difficult to compare across studies.
B)There has not been any research on the experience of pain among ethnic groups other than African Americans or European Americans.
C)Some of the ethnic differences in pain among different ethnic groups may be due to ethnic identity.
D)A number of studies have failed to find significant cultural differences in pain perceptions.

Answer 3

There has not been any research on the experience of pain among ethnic groups other than African Americans or European Americans.

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE?

A)There is no evidence for ethnic disparities in the treatment of pain; there are only ethnic disparities in the experience of pain.
B)Meta-analytic evidence shows that European-Americans have the lowest pain tolerance of all ethnic groups.
C)Threshold for pain increases with age and pain increases in frequency as we age.
D)The clinical literature on ethnicity and pain has been focused primarily on Native Americans and Latinos.

Question 5

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)Many hospitals in North America now consider pain to be a vital sign.
B)Pain is a multifaceted construct.
C)Although ethnic differences in the experience of pain have been found, there is no evidence of age differences in the experience of pain.
D)Some ethnic differences in pain may be explained by differences in ethnic identity and acculturation.

Question 6

Pain or nociception, can best be defined as ______.

A)activation of nerve fibers signaling tissue damage
B)being hurt in body or spirit
C)activation of specific sensory areas of the brain
D)experiencing severe physical or psychological discomfort

Question 7

There is evidence for sex differences at ______ level(s) of the experience of pain.

A)only the biological
B)only the social and psychological
C)only the psychological
D)every

Question 8

Pain that is purely physiological without significant psychological component is referred to as ______.

A)neurogenic
B)somatosensory
C)psychogenic
D)neuropathic

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the main parts of the nervous system involved in the modulation of pain?

A)the periaqueductal gray area
B)the frontal cortex
C)the hypothalamus
D)the pituitary gland

Question 10

Pain ______.

A)can be purely psychological in nature
B)is not influenced by ethnicity, but is correlated with degree of acculturation
C)that is most severe and leads people to go to the doctor is objective (e.g., involves tissue damage) rather than subjective
D)does not seem to be influenced by sex

Question 11

Purely psychological pain without a physiological basis is referred to as ______.

A)nociception
B)psychogenic pain
C)somatosensory
D)acute malignant

Question 12

There are many distinct processes critical to the process of experiencing pain.______ takes place at the level of the receptors where chemical, mechanical or thermal energy is converted into electrochemical nerve impulses.

A)Transmission
B)Modulation
C)Transduction
D)Perception

Question 13

One explicit example of the cultural influences in pain experience is that ______.

A)across all cultures studied, boys are taught to yell when hurt or in pain
B)men report more social support when experiencing the same level of pain as women
C)Middle Eastern women are more likely to scream during labor than Japanese women
D)older adults are more likely to not ask for help when in pain than younger adults

Question 14

The bulk of clinical research done on ethnic differences in pain has compared ______.

A)Asian Americans with African Americans
B)Latinos with European Americans
C)Asian Americans with European Americans
D)African Americans with European Americans

Question 15

Pain experienced for months or even years is ______.

A)chronic pain
B)psychogenic pain
C)acute pain
D)somatic pain

Question 16

The fastest growing ethnic group in North America is ______.

A)Latinos
B)Asian Americans
C)Alaskan Natives
D)Jamaican Americans

Question 17

The ethnic group, when compared to European Americans, that has been shown to have the highest sensitivity to pain is ______.

A)Chinese Americans
B)African Americans
C)Hmong Americans
D)Native Americans

Question 18

All of the following are important cultural factors influencing the perception of pain EXCEPT ______.

A)genes
B)language
C)socioeconomic status
D)acculturation

Question 19

Adriana has been experiencing a great deal of pain for the last three years as she copies with breast cancer.This type of pain is classified as ______.

A)acute
B)chronic sensory
C)acute malignant
D)chronic malignant

Question 20

There are many cultural variations in the experience in pain.These differences are primarily due to ______.

A)genetics
B)socialization
C)age
D)tolerance

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a critical component of the gate control theory of pain?

A)A fibers
B)C fibers
C)P fibers
D)interneurons

Question 22

The researchers credited with gate control theory are ______.

A)Turk and Pagos
B)Melzack and Wall
C)Von Frey and Schneider
D)Meichenbaum and Genest

Question 23

When Shilo scratches around the pain from a mosquito bite and it reduces the pain, this is an example of ______.

A)stimulation-produced analgesia
B)the cognitive-behavioral model
C)counter-irritation
D)the diathesis-stress model

Question 24

______ is the most effective and most studied biopsychosocial theory of pain.

A)MMPI
B)The McGill Pain Questionnaire
C)The Beecher Pain Questionnaire
D)Pattern theory

Question 25

Stimulation-produced analgesia is accomplished by ______.

A)taking pain medication
B)specific exercise
C)electrically stimulating the brain
D)laser surgery

Question 26

One of the novel features of gate control theory is the presence of a(n) ______ that modulates the experience of pain at the level of the spinal cord.

A)neurochemical
B)hormone
C)interneuron
D)muscle

Question 27

Acupuncture and qi gong are ______.

A)treatments from traditional Indian Medicine
B)treatments from American Indian Medicine
C)two different forms of Ayurveda
D)treatments from Chinese traditional medicine

Question 28

If patients play videogames, how does this affect their pain?

A)It lowers experiences of pain and discomfort.
B)It lowers experiences of pain and discomfort in teens only.
C)It increased experiences of pain and discomfort.
D)It does not affect the brain regarding the experiences of pain and discomfort.

Question 29

One of the earliest models of pain suggested that there were unique receptors responding to unique stimuli.This theory was called the ______.

A)gate control theory of pain
B)pattern theory
C)specificity theory
D)rational hypothesis

Question 30

The neural activity leading to the control of pain transmissions between the various parts of the brain is referred to as ______.

A)transmission
B)modulation
C)transduction
D)perception

Question 31

Sensory fibers that transmit signals from the receptors to the spinal cord are called ______.

A)efferent fibers
B)analgesic fibers
C)afferent fibers
D)P fibers

Question 32

According to the theory of the pain-prone personality, the pain-prone person tends to ______.

A)ruminate over interpersonal problems
B)deny emotional problems
C)seek and receive high levels of social support
D)have a family history of anxiety disorders

Question 33

Which of the following is a widely used measure of pain?

A)Rosenberg Pain Scale
B)Turk Pain Report
C)The TENS scale
D)McGill Pain Questionnaire

Question 34

To get around language problems due to age of ethnic background, most hospitals use ______ to accurately assess pain.

A)interpreters
B)sign language
C)the patient's family
D)pictorial measures

Question 35

Predisposing factors, such as a reduced threshold of nociception, precipitating stimuli, such as an injury, and maintaining processes, such as the expectation that the pain will persist, are all important in explaining pain.This describes ______.

A)gate control theory of pain
B)specificity of pain concept
C)the pattern theory
D)the diathesis-stress model

Question 36

Different patterns of stimulations causing different types of pain is the definition of ______.

A)specificity concept
B)psychogenic pain
C)pattern theory
D)somatic pain

Question 37

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)Research has shown that physicians underestimate their patients' pain intensity.
B)Continuous measures of pain intensity are free of cultural bias; no matter their background, people tend to perceive pain as a number.
C)The visual analog scale is a continuous measure of pain intensity.
D)Hospitals have a variety of simple ways to assess pain that can be used across cultures.

Question 38

The ______ and the Beck Depression Inventory are psychological tests used to get a sense of a person's pain.

A)COPE
B)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
C)Acute Pain Taxonomy
D)visual analog scale

Question 39

All of the following are theories of pain combining the psychological and physiological mechanisms EXCEPT ______.

A)pattern theory
B)diathesis-stress model
C)cognitive-behavioral models
D)gate control theory

Question 40

If you feel a sharp pain in a certain spot and try to scratch or itch around it to reduce the pain, the resulting relief is due to you activating the ______.

A)large A fibers to shut the gate
B)C fibers to close the gate
C)C fibers to open the gate
D)A fibers to open the gate

Question 41

There is little empirical support for the pain-prone personality.

Question 42

Activities such as prolonged physical activity have been shown to release ______ into our system, which are accompanied by pain relief.

A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)opioids
D)cortisol

Question 43

There is research evidence for sex differences in the experience of pain.However, some studies do not show sex differences.Results vary with the type of pain measured and the particular sample (e.g., lab, pain clinics, hospital databases).

Question 44

Hypnosis is no longer used as a way to help people manage pain and there is no research to show that it works.

Question 45

The McGill Pain Questionnaire is one of a number of validated pain questionnaires used in assessing pain.It consists of three main dimensions: sensory, affective and evaluative.

Question 46

Physiological measures such as electroencephalography, electromyography and skin conductance are the most widely and most accepted methods to assess pain.

Question 47

The diathesis-stress model proposes that some individuals may have physiological predispositions to pain that interact with psychological factors to cause pain.

Question 48

Specificity is the most studied theory of pain.It proposes that specific gates open and close depending upon the particular type of pain.

Question 49

If it takes a lot of stimulation for a person to perceive that something is painful, s/he is said to have a high ______ level.

A)tolerance
B)sensory
C)threshold
D)habitation

Question 50

Beecher (1955) compared World War II soldiers' experiences of pain on the battlefield with the pain experienced by civilians.He found that for injuries of similar severity, more civilians requested painkillers.

Question 51

Stress-induced analgesia can be described by this example.

A)runner's high
B)stress experienced by air traffic controllers
C)stress fracture in the foot or ankle from running
D)fibromyalgia

Question 52

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)Even listening to sounds of nature can alleviate pain.
B)Looking at natures scenes can alleviate pain as long as it is not a winter scene showing blustery snow and ice.
C)Patients recovering from gallbladder surgery whose windows faced greenery and trees requested significantly fewer painkillers than patients who did not have this view.
D)Immersive virtual reality has been shown to lower experiences of pain.

Question 53

There are some clear cultural differences in who is given opioids.This ethnic group is the most likely to receive an opioid for pain.

A)European American
B)Asian American
C)African American
D)Latin American

Question 54

If Sophie is able to bear the pain while her tooth is being drilled without the use of Novocain, she may have a high ______ of pain.

A)tolerance
B)denial
C)experience
D)threshold

Question 55

Studies have indicated that acupuncture works because of due to

A)the increase in serotonin
B)needles decreasing the stimulation of large nerve fibers
C)placebo effect and the production of endorphins
D)the acute, long-lasting pain from the needle distracts the person from the original source of pain

Question 56

A number of studies have failed to find significant cultural differences in pain perceptions.

Question 57

Pain tends to decrease in frequency as we age.

Question 58

Cognitive biases can often amplify the experience of pain.Each of the following cognitive processes are related to more pain EXCEPT ______.

A)catastrophizing
B)stable attributions
C)learned helplessness
D)distraction

Question 59

Which of the following is FALSE regarding opioids?

A)Opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain is controversial due to concerns about the possibility of addiction.
B)Morphine is part of a class of chemicals referred to as opiates.
C)Opioids can be divided into three main classes: beta-endorphins, proenkephalin, and prodynorphin.
D)There is no evidence of cultural differences in who is given opioids when pain is severe.

Question 60

Eshika has flipped her canoe and lost the large fish she just caught.She has cut her hand, but does not notice because ______.

A)of the possibility that her optimistic state influenced the transmission of pain
B)of the fact she has not noticed the cut
C)she has not appraised her wound is severe
D)all of these

Question 61

How do members of different ethnic groups give very different meanings to the experience of pain?

Question 62

The Pain and Comfort Team reviews the latest research on pain management and holds training sessions for health-care professionals to disseminate this information.Describe at least one finding from research examining satisfaction with pain treatment.

Question 63

Describe and discuss differences in pain between males and females.What are some of the methodological challenges with interpreting the findings?

Question 64

Name and describe one theory of pain mentioned in your text.

Question 65

Hospitals have a variety of simple ways to assess pain that can be used across cultures.Describe one was to measure pain and explain why you would this measure over another type of pain measure?

Question 66

Beecher (1955) compared World War II soldiers' experiences of pain in the battlefield with the pain experienced by civilians.What were the results of this study?