Deck 36: Alterations of Digestive Function

Question 1

What is the cause of peptic ulcer disease?

A) Hereditary hormonal imbalances with high gastrin levels
B) Breaks in the mucosa and presence of corrosive secretions
C) Decreased vagal activity and vascular engorgement
D) Gastric erosions related to high ammonia levels and bile reflux

Answer 1

Breaks in the mucosa and presence of corrosive secretions

Question 2

Which of the following types of diarrhea would most likely occur with a bacterial GI infection?

A) Osmotic
B) Secretory
C) Hypotonic
D) Motility

Answer 2

Secretory

Question 3

Tests reveal narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum. This condition is referred to as:

A) ileocecal obstruction.
B) hiatal hernia.
C) pyloric obstruction.
D) hiatal obstruction.

Answer 3

pyloric obstruction.

Question 4

Assuming that midline epigastric pain is caused by a stimulus acting on an abdominal organ, the pain felt is classified as:

A) visceral.
B) somatic.
C) parietal.
D) referred.

Question 5

A 45-year-old male complains of heartburn after eating and difficulty swallowing. These symptoms support which diagnosis?

A) Pyloric stenosis
B) Gastric cancer
C) Achalasia
D) Hiatal hernia

Question 6

What is the primary clinical manifestation of a stress ulcer?

A) Bowel obstruction
B) Bleeding
C) Pulmonary embolism
D) Hepatomegaly

Question 7

Gastroscopy reveals degeneration of the gastric mucosa in the body and fundus of the stomach. This condition increases the risk for the development of:

A) pernicious anemia.
B) osmotic diarrhea.
C) increased acid secretion.
D) decreased gastrin secretion.

Question 8

What is the most common disorder associated with upper GI bleeding?

A) Diverticulosis
B) Hemorrhoids
C) Esophageal varices
D) Cancer

Question 9

What is a serious complication of paraesophageal hiatal hernia?

A) Hemorrhage
B) Strangulation
C) Peritonitis
D) Ascites

Question 10

Chronic gastritis is classified according to the:

A) severity.
B) location of lesions.
C) patient's age.
D) signs and symptoms.

Question 11

A 22-year-old underwent brain surgery to remove a tumour. Following surgery, the patient experienced a peptic ulcer. This ulcer is referred to as a(n) _____ ulcer.

A) infectious
B) Cushing
C) H. pylori
D) Curling

Question 12

Clinical manifestations of bile salt deficiencies are related to poor absorption of:

A) fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
B) water-soluble vitamins.
C) proteins.
D) minerals.

Question 13

A 50-year-old is diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux. What is the cause of this condition?

A) Fibrosis of the lower third of the esophagus
B) Sympathetic nerve stimulation
C) Loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter
D) Reverse peristalsis of the stomach

Question 14

The presence of bright red stools is referred to as:

A) melena.
B) occult bleeding.
C) hematochezia.
D) hematemesis.

Question 15

Pancreatic insufficiency is manifested by deficient production of:

A) insulin.
B) amylase.
C) lipase.
D) bile.

Question 16

A 39-year-old is diagnosed with a duodenal ulcer. Which of the following behaviours may have contributed to the development of the ulcer?

A) Regular NSAID use
B) Drinking caffeinated beverages
C) Consuming limited fibre
D) Antacid consumption

Question 17

A 50-year-old male reports episodes of frequently recurring crampy abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools. What might a possible diagnosis be?

A) Ulcerative colitis
B) Hiatal hernia
C) Pyloric obstruction
D) Achalasia

Question 18

Which complication is associated with gastric resection surgery?

A) Constipation
B) Acid reflux gastritis
C) Anemia
D) Hiccups

Question 19

What are the signs and symptoms of large bowel obstruction?

A) Abdominal distension and hypogastric pain
B) Diarrhea and excessive thirst
C) Dehydration and epigastric pain
D) Abdominal pain and rectal bleeding

Question 20

A 20-year-old recently diagnosed with lactose intolerance eats an ice cream cone and develops diarrhea. This diarrhea can be classified as _____ diarrhea.

A) osmotic
B) secretory
C) hypotonic
D) motility

Question 21

A 19-year-old presents with abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant. Physical examination reveals rebound tenderness and a low-grade fever. What might a possible diagnosis be?

A) Colon cancer
B) Pancreatitis
C) Appendicitis
D) Hepatitis

Question 22

The autopsy of a 55-year-old revealed an inflamed and fatty liver, with necrotic hepatocytes. What is the most likely cause of this condition?

A) Bacterial infection
B) Viral infection
C) Alcoholic steatohepatitis
D) Drug overdose

Question 23

Acute pancreatitis often manifests with pain to which of the following regions?

A) Right lower quadrant
B) Right upper quadrant
C) Epigastric
D) Suprapubic

Question 24

A 54-year-old reports vomiting blood. Tests reveal portal hypertension. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?

A) Thrombosis in the spleen
B) Cirrhosis of the liver
C) Left ventricular failure
D) Renal stenosis

Question 25

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder wall usually caused by:

A) accumulation of bile in the hepatic duct.
B) obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone.
C) accumulation of fat in the wall of the gallbladder.
D) viral infection of the gallbladder.

Question 26

An increase in the rate of red blood cell breakdown causes which form of jaundice?

A) Obstructive
B) Hemolytic
C) Hepatocellular
D) Metabolic

Question 27

An analysis of most gallstones would reveal a high concentration of:

A) phosphate.
B) bilirubin.
C) urate.
D) cholesterol.

Question 28

The primary causes of duodenal ulcers include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

A) Consumption of spicy foods
B) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
C) H. pylori infection
D) Trauma
E) Side effects of antibiotics

Question 29

What is a likely cause of chronic mesenteric ischemia among older adults?

A) Anemia
B) Aneurysm
C) Lack of nutrition in gut lumen
D) Atherosclerosis

Question 30

The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is _____ bleeding.

A) rectal
B) duodenal
C) esophageal
D) intestinal

Question 31

A patient presents to the physician with reports infrequent bowel movements and is diagnosed with functional constipation. What can be a contributing factor to this condition? (Select all that apply.)

A) Neurogenic disorder
B) Sedentary lifestyle
C) Low-residue diet
D) Colon cancer
E) Low fluid intake

Question 32

Tissue damage in pancreatitis is initially triggered by:

A) insulin toxicity.
B) autoimmune destruction of the pancreas.
C) backup of pancreatic enzymes.
D) hydrochloric acid reflux into the pancreatic duct.

Question 33

Which of the following conditions is thought to contribute to the development of obesity?

A) Insulin excess
B) Leptin resistance
C) Adipocyte failure
D) Malabsorption

Question 34

Which of the following characteristics is associated with an acute occlusion of mesenteric blood flow to the small intestine?

A) Often precipitated by an embolism
B) Commonly associated with disease such as pancreatitis and gallstones
C) Caused by chronic malnutrition and mucosal atrophy
D) Often a complication of hypovolemic shock

Question 35

The icteric phase of hepatitis is characterized by which clinical manifestations?

A) Fatigue, malaise, vomiting
B) Jaundice, dark urine, enlarged liver
C) Resolution of jaundice, liver function returns to normal
D) Fulminant liver failure, hepatorenal syndrome

Question 36

A 60-year-old male is diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Which of the following factors most likely contributed to his disease?

A) Reflux esophagitis
B) Intestinal parasites
C) Ingestion of salty foods
D) Frequent use of antacids

Question 37

Manifestations associated with hepatic encephalopathy from chronic liver disease are the result of:

A) hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice.
B) fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
C) impaired ammonia metabolism.
D) decreased cerebral blood flow.

Question 38

Why is the risk of hypovolemic shock high with acute mesenteric arterial insufficiency?

A) The resulting liver failure causes a deficit of plasma proteins and a loss of oncotic pressure.
B) Ischemia alters mucosal membrane permeability, and fluid loss occurs.
C) Massive bleeding occurs in the GI tract.
D) Overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in ischemic injury to the intestinal wall.

Question 39

In alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatocellular damage is caused by:

A) acetaldehyde accumulation.
B) bile toxicity.
C) acidosis.
D) fatty infiltrations.

Question 40

A 55-year-old is diagnosed with extrahepatic obstructive jaundice, which is a result of the obstruction of the:

A) intrahepatic bile canaliculi.
B) gallbladder.
C) cystic duct.
D) common bile duct.

Question 41

A 56-year-old is diagnosed with gastric ulcers. Which of the following characterizes this disorder? (Select all that apply.)

A) Pain occurs immediately after eating.
B) Anorexia.
C) History of NSAID use.
D) Occurrence is typically a single event.
E) Occur more frequently in females.

Question 42

A 31-year-old female is diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. Which of the following will be part of the treatment plan? (Select all that apply.)

A) Narcotic analgesics
B) Restriction of food intake
C) Nasogastric suctioning
D) Steroid therapy
E) IV fluids

Question 43

A 52-year-old female presents with continuous abdominal pain that intensifies after eating. She is diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis. Contributing factors include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

A) Alcohol abuse
B) History of gallstones
C) Trauma
D) Smoking
E) Bulimia

Question 44

Which of the following type(s) of hepatitis has an incubation period of up to 180 days? (Select all that apply.)

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 45

Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than _____.