Deck 4: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Question 1

During childhood, the thymus decreases in size. What type of atrophy is taking place?

A) Physiological
B) Pathological
C) Disuse
D) Neurogenic

Answer 1

Physiological

Question 2

A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles. What term would the nurse use to define this process?

A) Adaptation
B) Calcification
C) Apoptosis
D) Necrosis

Answer 2

Necrosis

Question 3

What condition causes sodium and water accumulation in a cell that has been injured?

A) Decreased ATP production
B) Karyorrhexis
C) Ribosome detachment
D) Dehydration

Answer 3

Decreased ATP production

Question 4

A 30-year-old female presents with a gunshot wound to the head. The wound has seared edges and a deep penetration of smoke and gunpowder fragments. This would be documented as which type of wound?

A) An exit wound
B) An intermediate range entrance wound
C) A contact range entrance wound
D) An indeterminate range entrance wound

Question 5

When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will experience hypertrophy. What does hypertrophy mean?

A) There is an increase in cell size.
B) There is a decrease in cell length.
C) An increase in excitability occurs.
D) Cell numbers increase.

Question 6

A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding. The physician identified endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances. What are these cellular changes called?

A) Dysplasia
B) Pathological dysplasia
C) Hyperplasia
D) Pathological hyperplasia

Question 7

A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. As blood flow is returned to the damaged heart, what might cause reperfusion injury?

A) Oxidative stress
B) Vacuolation
C) Decreased intracellular calcium
D) Lipid acceptor proteins

Question 8

A 55-year-old male is diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer secondary to hepatitis C. If the cancerous region of the liver is removed, what will occur in the remaining liver cells?

A) Pathological hyperplasia
B) Pathological metaplasia
C) Compensatory hyperplasia
D) Compensatory aplasia

Question 9

A 20-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a jagged sharp-force injury that is longer than it is deep. Which type of wound will the nurse be caring for?

A) Stab wound
B) Incised wound
C) Puncture wound
D) Chopping wound

Question 10

A 55-year-old male has swelling of the feet. Which of the following aided in the development of swelling?

A) Increased ATP
B) Chloride movement out of the cell
C) Na⁺ movement into the cell
D) Decreased oncotic pressure

Question 11

A 15-year-old female presents to the ER following a physical assault. She has internal damage to the neck with deep bruising. X-ray reveals fractures of the hyoid bone and tracheal and cricoid cartilage. Which of the following most likely caused her injuries?

A) Chemical asphyxiation
B) Choking asphyxiation
C) Ligature strangulation
D) Manual strangulation

Question 12

When planning care for the pregnant patient, the nurse will recall that the mammary glands enlarge as a consequence of:

A) compensatory hyperplasia.
B) hormonal hyperplasia.
C) hormonal anaplasia.
D) compensatory anaplasia.

Question 13

A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway (bronchial) reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells. What is this type of cellular adaptation called?

A) Anaplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia

Question 14

A 40-year-old female's Pap smear indicates abnormal changes in the shape and organization of cervical cells. Which term would be used to identify this type of change?

A) Metaplasia
B) Atrophy
C) Hypertrophy
D) Dysplasia

Question 15

A 50-year-old male sustained a closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident. CT scan revealed a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain. Which type of injury will the nurse be caring for?

A) Subdural hematoma
B) Epidural hematoma
C) Contusion
D) Abrasion

Question 16

What intracellular electrolyte imbalance is associated with the activation of capases, causing apoptosis and cellular death?

A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Magnesium
D) Calcium

Question 17

A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell:

A) number.
B) size.
C) vacuoles.
D) lipofuscin.

Question 18

A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury following which condition?

A) Malnutrition
B) Free radicals
C) Ischemia
D) Chemical toxicity

Question 19

How is endoplasmic reticulum affected by cellular swelling?

A) It atrophies due to oncotic pressure.
B) It undergoes dysplasia.
C) It distends and forms large vacuoles.
D) It increases protein synthesis.

Question 20

A family presents to their primary care provider all family members reporting headache, nausea, weakness, tinnitus, and vomiting. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for these symptoms?

A) Lead exposure
B) Carbon monoxide poisoning
C) Ethanol exposure
D) Mercury poisoning

Question 21

An 86-year-old female patient has the wasting syndrome of aging, making her vulnerable to falls, functional decline, disease, and death. What condition does the nurse know this to be?

A) Frailty
B) Sarcopenia
C) Somatic death
D) Cellular aging

Question 22

Why does liquefactive necrosis occur in the brain?

A) Debris is not digested by hydrolases.
B) There is protein denaturation in brain cells.
C) Brain cells are rich in hydrolytic enzymes.
D) Ischemia results in chemical injury.

Question 23

A 50-year-old female became infected with Clostridium bacteria and died a week later. Examination of her red blood cells revealed lysis of membranes. Which of the following was the most likely cause of her death?

A) Fat necrosis
B) Wet gangrene
C) Gangrenous necrosis
D) Gas gangrene

Question 24

A newborn male is diagnosed with albinism based on skin, eye, and hair appearance. What pathology is associated with this condition?

A) Increased melanin
B) Increased hemoproteins
C) Inability to convert tyrosine to DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)
D) Inability to convert bile to bilirubin

Question 25

A 50-year-old male intravenous drug user is diagnosed with hepatitis C. What type of cellular damage in the liver might be expected?

A) Fat necrosis
B) Physiological apoptosis
C) Infection-induced apoptosis
D) Pyknosis

Question 26

An adolescent is thought to have consumed mercuric chloride. Following ingestion, kidney function was impaired, and the heart began to fail. Which of the following was the most likely cause?

A) Karyorrhexis
B) Coagulative necrosis
C) Ammonia accumulation
D) Caseous necrosis

Question 27

Which of the following is a confirmation of somatic death?

A) Algor mortis
B) Livor mortis
C) The complete cessation of respiration and circulation
D) A change in skin colour to pale yellow

Question 28

What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from diseases?

A) It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury.
B) It is easy to tell normal processes from abnormal processes.
C) Disease, unlike aging, has a genetic component.
D) Aging is defined as exceeding life expectancy, but not maximal life span.

Question 29

When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within 6 to 14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as the presence of:

A) livor mortis.
B) gangrene.
C) algor mortis.
D) rigor mortis.

Question 30

When a nurse is checking a urinalysis, the finding that would alert the nurse to cellular injury is the presence of:

A) slight glucose.
B) excessive protein.
C) blood.
D) urea.

Question 31

A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis following exposure to an infected inmate. What type of necrosis is the result of this type of infection?

A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Autonecrosis

Question 32

A 23-year-old male develops a black eye following a fight. When the aide asks the nurse why this occurred, the nurse's best response is that the bruising is due to an accumulation of:

A) transferrin.
B) bilirubin.
C) albumin.
D) hemosiderin.

Question 33

What does the nurse know is true about cellular apoptosis?

A) It is a condition of cellular atrophy.
B) It is the programmed death of cells.
C) It is a process of programmed cellular regeneration.
D) It describes the natural aging process of cells.

Question 34

A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with multiple myeloma. Biopsy of the tumour reveals Russell bodies, and laboratory testing reveals kidney dysfunction. What substance does the nurse know is accumulating in the patient's body?

A) Glycogen
B) Protein
C) Pigment
D) Melanin