Deck 12: Cancer

Question 1

The majority of cancers caused by an environmental factor are because of:

A) radiation.
B) pollution.
C) smoking.
D) alcohol.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

How are cancers classified?

A) By the location and type of tissue
B) By the genetic or environmental causal factor
C) By the name of the organ in which they are found
D) By the symptoms

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Genes that promote cell growth are called:

A) tumor-suppressor genes.
B) proto-oncogenes.
C) telomerase.
D) p53.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

How does the immune system defend against cancer?

A) Cells undergo angiogenesis.
B) T and NK cells metastasize.
C) T and NK cells target cancer cells.
D) T and NK cells turn on oncogenes in cancer cells.

Question 5

The majority of skin cancers are caused by:

A) ionizing radiation.
B) radon.
C) power lines.
D) non-ionizing radiation.

Question 6

Cancer can be defined as:

A) cells that never divide.
B) cells that divide uncontrollably.
C) tumors only.
D) an extremely rare cause of death.

Question 7

The presence of telomerase in a cell leads to:

A) improved DNA repair.
B) apoptosis.
C) cell immortality.
D) All of these choices.

Question 8

The most likely way to be exposed to radiation is:

A) by fallout from nuclear bombs.
B) via power plant accidents.
C) exposure to diagnostic X-rays.
D) daily cell phone usage.

Question 9

The cell in this illustration labeled C has undergone:

A) differentiation.
B) carcinogenesis.
C) apoptosis.
D) specialization.

Question 10

This process is called:

A) angiogenesis.
B) metastasis.
C) apoptosis.
D) oncogenesis.

Question 11

The tumor in the illustration is:

A) malignant.
B) metastatic.
C) benign.
D) exhibiting contact inhibition.

Question 12

When the normal regulation of cell growth fails the result is:

A) abnormal nuclei and damaged DNA.
B) contact inhibition.
C) shortened chromosome ends.
D) programmed cell death.

Question 13

The characteristic that differentiates the cell in image B from that in image A is:

A) Image B cell has undergone apoptosis.
B) Image B cell is specialized.
C) Image B cell has proto-oncogenes.
D) Image B cell has active oncogenes.

Question 14

When cancer migrates from an original tumor, it is called:

A) metastasis.
B) angiogenesis.
C) carcinoma in situ.
D) carcinogenesis.

Question 15

A tumor is considered malignant:

A) when it is in situ.
B) if it is invasive and spreads.
C) if cells pile on top of each other.
D) if cells avoid apoptosis.

Question 16

Oncogenes are found in:

A) healthy cells.
B) cells that have undergone apoptosis.
C) cancer cells.
D) specialized cells.

Question 17

This process is called:

A) hyperplasia.
B) malignant.
C) apoptosis.
D) in situ.

Question 18

Which gene(s) is/are a tumor-suppressor(s)?

A) BRCA1/BRCA2
B) Type A blood
C) RET
D) Telomerase

Question 19

The difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene is:

A) they are identical.
B) proto-oncogenes promote growth, and oncogenes are tumor-suppressors.
C) proto-oncogenes promote cancer, oncogenes do not.
D) a mutation.

Question 20

In a cell with damaged DNA, which protein halts cell division?

A) p53
B) Telomerase
C) Oncogene product
D) All of these choices

Question 21

Which kind of skin cancer is most dangerous?

A) Squamous cell
B) Basal cell
C) Melanoma
D) Malignant basal cell

Question 22

Which cancer treatment is not considered to be a "sledgehammer" approach?

A) Surgery
B) Cutting off the blood supply to the tumor
C) Radiation therapy
D) Chemotherapy

Question 23

All malignant tumors start out as a single mutated cancer cell.

Question 24

Healthy cells contain many proto-oncogenes.

Question 25

Free radicals:

A) damage DNA.
B) protect against cancer.
C) are found in citrus fruits.
D) are antioxidants.

Question 26

Lymphoma is indicated by which letter in the picture?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 27

The best imaging technique for detecting tumors in connective tissue, the brain or spinal cord is a/an:

A) CAT scan.
B) X-Rays.
C) Ultrasound.
D) MRI.

Question 28

Which kind of pathogen can initiate cancer?

A) Bacteria
B) Prion
C) Virus
D) Fungus

Question 29

Which behavior best helps an individual to remain cancer free?

A) Overeating
B) Avoid doctors
C) High alcohol consumption
D) Cessation of smoking

Question 30

Leukemia is indicated by which letter in the picture?

A) A
B) B
C) D
D) E

Question 31

The first and most important step in cancer control is:

A) tumor-enzyme tests.
B) yearly doctors' appointments.
C) self tests.
D) an MRI.

Question 32

Which region of the electromagnetic spectrum is an environmental cause of cancer?

A) B
B) C
C) E
D) F

Question 33

The most common cause of cervical cancer is:

A) because of radiation.
B) from chemicals in the environment.
C) BRCA1.
D) viral infection.

Question 34

What class of cancer is indicated by the letter A?

A) Lymphoma
B) Leukemia
C) Skin cancer
D) Breast cancer

Question 35

Why is radiation effective in treating cancer cells?

A) Radiation promotes cell growth so that healthy cells can overtake the cancer cells.
B) Radiation boosts the function of the immune system so that the body can remove cancer cells.
C) Radiation is deadly to rapidly dividing cells and cancer cells divide much more frequently than non-cancerous cells.
D) Radiation kills cancer cells but not healthy cells.

Question 36

A distinguishing feature of cancer cells is their perfect symmetry.

Question 37

The prostate-specific antigen can be diagnosed by:

A) imaging.
B) screening tests.
C) tumor-enzyme test.
D) genetic tests.

Question 38

The easiest way to avoid cancers caused by an environmental factor is to avoid smoking any organic compound.

Question 39

Which diet choice is most often linked to high cancer rates?

A) High fat consumption
B) Low consumption of grains
C) Low consumption of fruit and vegetables
D) High protein consumption

Question 40

Telomerase is an enzyme present in healthy cells that maintains the tips of chromosomes.

Question 41

Cell growth-stoppers are called__________________.

Question 42

Genetic tests can detect the presence of cancer.

Question 43

New cancer treatments target cancer cells and are less damaging to healthy cells.

Question 44

What are the four major causes of cancer? Give a specific example of each.

Question 45

Environmental carcinogens act by causing cellular _________________.

Question 46

Abnormal ___________ on cancer cells tag cancer cells for destruction by the immune system.

Question 47

_______________ is a treatment aimed at boosting the patient's immune system.

Question 48

Cancerous cells produced each day by the body are usually killed by the immune system.

Question 49

Tumors are immortal until they _______ the host.

Question 50

List five steps that can be taken to increase one's chance of staying cancer free.

Question 51

Eating fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while avoiding trans and saturated fats will lower your cancer risk.

Question 52

In 2011, a vaccine was developed against _________ cancer in mice.

Question 53

The environmental carcinogens known as initiators cause cancerous changes in cellular functioning.

Question 54

If you carry either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene, you will develop breast cancer.

Question 55

Growth promoting genes are called ____________________.

Question 56

The environment has not been conclusively linked to cancer risk.

Question 57

Describe how cancerous cells differ from healthy cells.

Question 58

The RB gene is an oncogene.

Question 59

Drugs that halt ______________ are being studied as a treatment method for tumors that are larger than 2 million cells in size.