Deck 20: The Age of Ideologies: Europe in the Aftermath of Revolution,1815–1848

Question 1

The "Concert of Europe":

A) excluded Russia, but included France with Prussia and Austria.
B) was a movement supporting Greek independence.
C) was created in the wake of the revolutions of 1848.
D) was another name for the alliance signed by Austria, Prussia, Britain, and Russia.
E) was an alliance between Austria, France, and Prussia.

Answer 1

was another name for the alliance signed by Austria, Prussia, Britain, and Russia.

Question 2

One of the most influential British liberals and author of The Principles of Morals and Legislation was:

A) John Stuart Mill.
B) David Ricardo.
C) Jeremy Bentham.
D) Adam Smith.
E) James Mill.

Answer 2

Jeremy Bentham.

Question 3

The revolutions in South America were aided in 1823 when the United States issued the:

A) Doctrine of Manifest Destiny.
B) Jefferson/Jackson Doctrine.
C) Monroe Doctrine.
D) Treaty of La Plata.
E) Madison Memorandum.

Answer 3

Monroe Doctrine.

Question 4

The founder of modern socialism was:

A) Karl Marx.
B) Friedrich Engels.
C) Theodore Herzl.
D) Friedrich List.
E) G. W. F. Hegel

Question 5

The writings of the seventeenth-century political philosopher,John Locke,formed the basis for English:

A) royalists.
B) conservatives.
C) liberals.
D) democrats.
E) republicans.

Question 6

The Troppau Memorandum,which was signed by Russia,Prussia,and Austria,called upon the signatories to aid one another:

A) in times of economic depression.
B) in repelling a foreign invasion.
C) in waging an offensive war.
D) in suppressing revolution.
E) in defending the religious basis of monarchical power.

Question 7

A distinction may be drawn between liberals and republicans on the issue of:

A) rates of taxation.
B) public welfare.
C) national healthcare.
D) expanding the franchise.
E) universal education.

Question 8

The modern ideologies that were first articulated in the nineteenth century following the defeat of Napoleon included all of the following EXCEPT:

A) nationalism.
B) socialism.
C) conservatism.
D) liberalism.
E) conciliarism.

Question 9

After 1815,Poland:

A) became an independent state.
B) became an independent kingdom under tsarist control.
C) was absorbed into the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
D) was once again partitioned.
E) became a province of Prussia.

Question 10

In the years following the Napoleonic Wars,who fashioned himself as the "liberator" of Europe?

A) Prince Klemens von Metternich
B) Benjamin Disraeli
C) Tsar Alexander I
D) Louis Napoleon
E) Emperor Frederick William III

Question 11

Although many nations participated in the Congress of Vienna,the guiding hand was attached to:

A) Charles Maurice de Talleyrand.
B) Tsar Alexander I.
C) Emperor Frederick William III.
D) Alexander Ypsilantis.
E) Prince Klemens von Metternich.

Question 12

The Greek war of independence:

A) pitted various Greek groups against the Ottoman Turks.
B) was both peaceful and bloodless.
C) led to the repeal of the London Protocols.
D) resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman Empire.
E) resulted in the capture of Constantinople.

Question 13

The basis of nineteenth-century conservatism was a belief in political stability which the conservatives thought would be guaranteed by the:

A) monarchy.
B) army.
C) workers.
D) peasantry.
E) middle class.

Question 14

The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 was:

A) a direct response to the formation of the Third Section.
B) initiated by an elite corps of Russian army officers.
C) caused by the assassination of Nicholas I.
D) caused by a fuel shortage in Saint Petersburg after the death of Alexander I.
E) led by army officers obsessed with Jacobin republicanism.

Question 15

Some members of the Concert of Europe which allied themselves in the Holy Alliance were:

A) France, Prussia, and Austria.
B) Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain.
C) Russia, Austria, and France.
D) France, Great Britain, and Austria.
E) Austria, Russia, and Prussia.

Question 16

In 1830,the ruler of Poland was Tsar Nicholas' younger brother,_________.

A) Alexei
B) Boris
C) Peter
D) Dmitri
E) Constantine

Question 17

Nineteenth-century liberals were least concerned with the:

A) relationship between the individual and the state.
B) economic well-being of the middle classes.
C) reform of the legal codes.
D) plight of the agricultural laborers.
E) well-being of the merchant class.

Question 18

In The Condition of the Working Class in England,Friedrich Engels:

A) argued that the standard of living had increased for skilled workers.
B) gave an empirical report describing the misery of British factory workers.
C) described his observations of a textile factory in Essen, Germany.
D) offered a philosophical justification for dialectical materialism.
E) stated that the workers' revolution he had predicted earlier would never occur in England.

Question 19

The principal ideology that guided the Congress of Vienna was:

A) the principle of legitimacy.
B) the restoration of the French monarchy.
C) the creed of economic and political liberalism.
D) the utilitarianism of the Benthamites.
E) a balance of power.

Question 20

The utopian socialist Robert Owen put his beliefs into practice in his cotton factory in:

A) Middleville, Massachusetts.
B) Fourier, Provence.
C) Cardiff, Wales.
D) Birmingham, England.
E) New Lanark, Scotland.

Question 21

The revolutions of 1830 and the subsequent reforms that were implemented were ultimately caused by the:

A) Six Acts passed by the British Parliament.
B) Chartist movement in England.
C) Congress of Vienna.
D) publication of The Communist Manifesto.
E) creation of the Second Republic.

Question 22

Johann von Herder argued in opposition to the philosophes that the character of a nation's civilization derived from:

A) its kings or princes.
B) the aristocracy.
C) the educated middle class.
D) its great artists.
E) the common people.

Question 23

The fiercest critic of British industrial society was the poet:

A) William Blake.
B) Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
C) John Constable.
D) John Keats.
E) Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Question 24

Two well-known female French writers of the Romantic Age were Germaine de Staël and:

A) George Eliot.
B) Germaine Necker.
C) Elizabeth Vigrée-Lebrun.
D) George Sand.
E) Jane Austen.

Question 25

According to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's What Is Property?,property:

A) should be held in common by all.
B) is owned by a state's monarch.
C) is a natural right.
D) should be controlled by the state.
E) is theft.

Question 26

The July Ordinances of 1830 issued by Charles X dissolved the newly elected Chamber of Deputies,imposed strict censorship on the press,and:

A) reduced the power of the nobility.
B) called for new elections.
C) restricted the Catholic Church.
D) repealed the Napoleonic legal code.
E) restricted suffrage.

Question 27

In general,the Romantics would be likely to argue that:

A) reason was capable of revealing the world as it existed.
B) all poetic imagination must be subject to the laws of knowledge.
C) nature reveals nothing, the mind everything.
D) truth could be found in the art of the ancient world.
E) the philosophes had elevated reason above emotion and spontaneity.

Question 28

An example of Italian nationalism can be found in the Rossini opera:

A) William Tell.
B) Tales of the Brothers Grimm.
C) Il Travatore.
D) Il Trittico.
E) Macbeth.

Question 29

Many European countries experienced an increase in nationalistic feelings following the Napoleonic Wars; this feeling in Poland was expressed in the national epic:

A) Lech Walechs.
B) Pan Tadeusz.
C) Karol Józef
D) Vlad Dracul.
E)

Question 30

One of the best-known images of the revolutions of 1830 is Liberty Leading the People by:

A) Francisco Guy.
B) Jacques-Louis David.
C) Eugene Delacroix.
D) Theodore Gericault.
E) J. M. W. Turner.

Question 31

A Romantic would probably argue that human nature is:

A) diverse, and therefore subject to no natural laws.
B) incapable of expression in art.
C) universal, and therefore subject to investigation.
D) necessarily evil.
E) basically good.

Question 32

During the nineteenth century,many European economists such as _________ sought to develop national economies and national infrastructures in keeping with the general rise of nationalism.

A) Franz Liszt
B) Friedrich Strassmann
C) Adam Smith
D) Thorstein Veblen
E) Friedrich List

Question 33

Which of the following philosophers is often considered to be a precursor to the Romantic Movement?

A) Denis Diderot
B) Immanuel Kant
C) Voltaire
D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
E) René Descartes

Question 34

Beethoven and Goethe:

A) admired Napoleon as a revolutionary hero.
B) wanted their art to revolutionize the lowest orders of European society.
C) used their art to emulate the "French style."
D) illustrate the difficulty of assigning a single definition to Romanticism.
E) were the greatest composer and writer, respectively, of the Neoclassical Age.

Question 35

It is said by some historians that Karl Marx turned G.W.F.Hegel "on his head" because where Marx began with material forces,Hegel started with:

A) religion.
B) individuals.
C) ideas.
D) mathematics.
E) physics.

Question 36

Victor Hugo wrote:

A) plays that extolled the virtues of middle-class respectability.
B) Faust and The Raft of the Medusa.
C) poems that dwelled on the "imaginative landscape of the mind."
D) novels sympathetic to the plight of the common person.
E) courtly romances.

Question 37

The Congress of Vienna joined the Netherlands and Belgium together as a buffer against France,but the Belgians never accepted this arrangement and they revolted following:

A) the Congress of Berlin.
B) Napoleon's escape from Elba.
C) passage of the July Ordinances.
D) the French Revolution of 1830.
E) the partition of Poland.

Question 38

Romanticism was exhibited in the paintings of the British artist:

A) William Wordsworth.
B) J. M. W. Turner.
C) Inigo Jones.
D) Thomas Gainsborough.
E) Eugene Delacroix.

Question 39

One of the best-known examples of Romantic fiction,Frankenstein,was written by:

A) Mary Keats.
B) Mary Wollstonecraft.
C) Mary Shelley.
D) Mary Bysshe.
E) Mary Byron.

Question 40

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe influenced the Romantics greatly through his first popular novel:

A) The Sorrows of Young Werther.
B) Grimm Tales of Germany.
C) William Tell.
D) Faust.
E) Das Lied von der Erde.

Question 41

After the fall of Napoleon,France still remained the most powerful continental state due to his efforts to centralize power and his governmental reforms.

Question 42

Between 1839 and 1848,the leading British voice(s)calling for democracy:

A) was the International Workingmen's Association.
B) were the socialists in a great many organizations.
C) was the landed aristocracy; they believed they could control the peasants' votes.
D) were the Chartists, who gathered 6 million signatures in support in 1848.
E) was the British Communist Party.

Question 43

Slavery was abolished last in:

A) Cuba.
B) the United States.
C) Brazil.
D) Venezuela.
E) Jamaica.

Question 44

On the Italian peninsula,the Carbonari,the term given to the feared secret police,ruthlessly repressed political opposition to the conservative regime emplaced after the Congress of Vienna.

Question 45

Romanticism was a reaction against the Enlightenment and classicism.

Question 46

Karl Marx developed a theory of historical development that substituted a materialist dialectic for the dialectic of ideas earlier formulated by:

A) N. Lenin.
B) John Locke.
C) Friedrich Engels.
D) G. W. F. Hegel.
E) Johann von Herder.

Question 47

The national languages of European countries were not always the languages of the majority of citizens.

Question 48

The revolutions of 1848 were prompted by the publication of the Communist Manifesto.

Question 49

Talleyrand survived the French Revolution by fleeing to the United States.

Question 50

Europe reached a point of political crisis in:

A) 1789.
B) 1792.
C) 1830.
D) 1848.
E) 1865.

Question 51

The British Anti-Corn Law League sought the repeal of laws regulating what commodity?

A) potatoes
B) wheat
C) corn
D) soybeans
E) maize

Question 52

In early 1848,in response to unemployment and underemployment,the French government established public works projects in and around Paris under the name:

A) Works Progress Administration.
B) Paris Commune.
C) National Recovery Agency.
D) National Workshops.
E) Civilian Conservation Corps.

Question 53

As a result of "Peterloo," Parliament passed the Six Acts,which included:

A) restrictions on the rights of public meeting.
B) provisions for an eight-hour workday.
C) universal manhood suffrage.
D) the repeal of the Stamp Act.
E) a repeal of the Corn Laws.

Question 54

After the Congress of Vienna,a ruler was made legitimate not just by a claim to divine right,but also by international treaties and support.

Question 55

The aims of Tsar Alexander's "Holy Alliance" were to establish justice,Christian charity,and peace.

Question 56

The Reform Bill of 1832:

A) created equal electoral districts.
B) passed because the governing class feared a union of the working and middle classes.
C) gave the vote to all males except those employed as agricultural workers.
D) did not cleanse Parliament of "rotten" or "pocket" boroughs.
E) extended the franchise to all adult males and most women.

Question 57

Tsar Nicholas sentenced five young members of the elite to be hanged and buried in secret graves in order to stop them from becoming martyrs to the Decembrists' cause.

Question 58

Liberalism required democracy.

Question 59

The one slave revolt that succeeded in the years following the French Revolution occurred in:

A) Jamaica.
B) Demerara.
C) Barbados.
D) Saint-Domingue.
E) Guadaloupe.

Question 60

The spearhead of the abolitionist movement in Britain was:

A) Olaudah Equiano.
B) William Wilberforce.
C) John Newton.
D) Edmund Burke.
E) Jeremy Bentham.

Question 61

The second French Revolution prompted rebellion in Spain and Belgium.

Question 62

The Romantics were a conservative force who looked back to religion and history for inspiration.

Question 63

Isaac Newton's studies of light played an important part in the Romantic painters' new uses of light.

Question 64

What changes did the new regime in Britain enact in order to avoid revolution?

Question 65

What factors contributed to the second French Revolution in 1830?

Question 66

Volk refers to the German people to whom Herder attributed a creative genius.

Question 67

Why was the Greek war for independence so attractive to European powers?

Question 68

Ironically,an organized movement to abolish the international slave trade emerged first in Britain,the country that profited most from it.

Question 69

How was Marx's socialism different from socialism in general?

Question 70

What factors contributed to the abolition of the slave trade and then slavery in the nineteenth century?

Question 71

Why was restoration not possible in Latin America?

Question 72

How did Romanticism challenge the gender roles of men and women in the nineteenth century?

Question 73

What was Orientalism?

Question 74

How did republicanism and socialism differ from liberalism?

Question 75

How was nationalism transformed by the state?