Deck 16: Phenomenology, Ethnography, and Grounded Theory

Question 1

The purpose of a grounded theory study is to:

A) Describe cultural characteristics
B) Inductively generate a theory
C) Describe one or more individuals' experiences of a phenomenon
D) Describe one or more cases in-depth

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The primary focus of the narrative report in an ethnography is to focus on:

A) A rich description of context and culture
B) A rich description of the essential structures of experience
C) Presentation of a grounded theory
D) A rich description of the context and operation of the case or cases studied

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Define and explain ethnography.

Answer 3

not answered

Question 4

Define and explain phenomenology.

Question 5

The primary data collection method in phenomenological studies is:

A) In-depth interviews
B) Participant observation
C) Analysis of standardized tests
D) Multiple methods

Question 6

Grounded theory:

A) Focuses on the meaning and structure of an experience to groups of individuals
B) Seeks to find a theory that explains the data that have been collected
C) Examines the characteristics of different cultures
D) Suspends perceptions or feelings about research participants

Question 7

The purpose of a phenomenological study is to:

A) Describe cultural characteristics
B) Inductively generate a theory
C) Describe one or more individuals' experiences of a phenomenon
D) Describe one or more cases in-depth

Question 8

The primary data collection methods used in ethnography are:

A) In-depth interviews with a very small group of people
B) Participant observation and interviews over an extended period of time
C) Interviews with professional anthropologists
D) Individuals' reports of their experiences

Question 9

The disciplinary origin of ethnography is:

A) Psychology
B) Education
C) Anthropology
D) Philosophy

Question 10

What is the goal of data analysis in phenomenological studies?

A) Identifying the essences of phenomena
B) Holistic description of search for cultural themes
C) Open, axial, and selective coding
D) Themes and cross-case analysis

Question 11

Narrative reports in phenomenological studies:

A) Focus on a rich description of the context and culture
B) Focus on a rich description of the essential or invariant structures of experience
C) Focus on presentation of a grounded theory
D) Focus on a rich description of the context and operation of the case or cases studied

Question 12

The data analysis approach taken in grounded theory involves:

A) Open, axial, and selective coding
B) Holistic description and search for cultural themes
C) Cross-case analysis
D) Identifying essences of a phenomenon

Question 13

Grounded theory studies generally use what method of data collection?

A) Standardized tests
B) Interviews
C) Questionnaires
D) Rating scales

Question 14

The primary focus of the report in a grounded theory study is on:

A) A rich description of context and culture
B) A rich description of the essential structures of experience
C) The presentation of the inductively generated theory
D) A rich description of the context and operation of the case or cases studied

Question 15

The purpose of an ethnography is to:

A) Describe cultural characteristics
B) Inductively generate a theory
C) Describe one or more individuals' experiences of a phenomenon
D) Describe one or more cases in-depth

Question 16

Define and explain grounded theory.

Question 17

Phenomenology focuses on participants':

A) Experiencing of events
B) Cultural experiences
C) Life stories
D) Outward behaviors

Question 18

Compare and contrast the three major approaches to qualitative research discussed in this chapter: phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory.

Question 19

The term used to describe suspending preconceptions and learned feelings about a phenomenon is called:

A) Axial coding
B) Design flexibility
C) Bracketing
D) Ethnography

Question 20

The primary data analysis approach in ethnography is:

A) Open, axial, and selective coding
B) Holistic description and search for cultural themes
C) Cross-case analysis
D) Identifying essences of a phenomenon

Question 21

Regina is studying middle school students. When describing their perceptions she uses the words they use everyday at school. We would say she is taking the _________ perspective.

A) Etic
B) Emic
C) Naive
D) Ethnocentric

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of a shared value?

A) A cultural group's belief that boy and girl babies are equally valued
B) A cultural group's rules about how men and women should behave
C) A cultural group's laws regulating the interactions of men and women
D) A cultural group's artifacts depicting men and women

Question 23

Harry is conducting an ethnography. He views the culture through the eyes of members of the culture. He asks questions that are important to his participants. This is known as taking an _______ perspective.

A) Etic
B) Emic
C) Naive
D) Ethnocentric

Question 24

Shared beliefs refer to:

A) Specific cultural conventions or statements that people who share a culture hold true or false
B) Culturally defined standards about what is good or bad or desirable or undesirable
C) The written and unwritten rules that specify appropriate group behavior
D) Artifacts of different cultural groups

Question 25

A researcher studying parenting in another culture uses terminology from scientific parenting theories developed in the U.S. to describe the parenting styles of parents in the culture. The researcher is using ______ terms.

A) Etic
B) Emic
C) Naïve
D) Nontechnical

Question 26

Shared beliefs, values, and norms are characteristics of:

A) A phenomenon
B) The essence of an experience
C) An ethnography
D) A culture

Question 27

When the researcher in a grounded theory study reviews data line-by-line and provides initial codes and labels for the data, this is called:

A) Axial coding
B) Open Coding
C) Selective Coding
D) Analysis of variance

Question 28

Jean is conducting an ethnography. The first thing she will probably complete is:

A) An ethnohistory
B) A cross-case analysis
C) An ethnology
D) A collective case study

Question 29

A researcher studying schooling in an Asian culture. He collects descriptions of teachers from students and uses their words and terms to describe the values students have about teaching and learning in the culture. He is attempting to use _____ terms to describe teaching and learning in the Asian culture he is studying.

A) Etic
B) Emic
C) Naïve
D) Nontechnical

Question 30

Norms refer to:

A) Specific cultural conventions or statements that people who shared a culture hold true or false
B) Culturally defined standards about what is good or bad or desirable or undesirable
C) The written and unwritten rules that specify appropriate group behavior
D) Artifacts of different cultural groups

Question 31

When we evaluate and judge people in another culture based on the standards of our own culture, this is known as:

A) Ethnology
B) Ethnocentrism
C) Emic perspective
D) Ethnohistory

Question 32

A good grounded theory:

A) Is understood by researchers only
B) Makes sense to researchers and others working in the area
C) Fits only a very small sample of people
D) Describes only a specific situation

Question 33

When a researcher reflects back on previous coding stages to put the finishing touches and final focus on his or her theory, this is called:

A) Axial coding
B) Open coding
C) Selective coding
D) Analysis of variance

Question 34

When a researcher in a grounded theory study develops and organizes previously developed concepts into categories and subcategories, this is called:

A) Axial coding
B) Open Coding
C) Selective Coding
D) Analysis of variance

Question 35

A researcher studies how students who drop out of high school experienced high school. She found that it was common for such students to report that they felt like they had little control of their destiny. Her report that this lack of control was an invariant part of the students' experiences suggests that lack of control is _______ of the "flunking out" experience.

A) A narrative
B) A grounded theory
C) An essence
D) A probabilistic cause

Question 36

John was studying the cultural pasts of African American students in different regions of the country. This is an example of:

A) An ethnohistory
B) A cross-case analysis
C) An ethnology
D) A collective case study

Question 37

When a researcher becomes so enmeshed in a culture that he or she loses the ability to see from other perspectives, this is called:

A) Taking an ethic perspective
B) Taking a scientific point of view
C) Going native
D) Becoming objective

Question 38

Phenomenologists refer to the invariant structures of an experience as:

A) Brackets
B) Grounded theories
C) Essences
D) Narratives

Question 39

Two researchers were completing a qualitative study in which they compared two different cultures. This is known as:

A) An ethnohistory
B) A cross-case analysis
C) An ethnology
D) A collective case study

Question 40

Wes is conducting a grounded theory study. He continually thinks about the data he has collected, data he needs to collect, and the fit of the data to the theory he is attempting develop. Wes is engaging in:

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Going native
C) Theoretical sensitivity
D) Confounding the study

Question 41

In phenomenology, significant statements are:

A) Statements that are meaningful to the researcher but not participants
B) The themes that emerge from analysis of the data
C) Those that are especially related to the phenomenon under study
D) Statements that do not need to be validated by member checking

Question 42

Marie is describing how she feels in a particular situation. She is describing her:

A) Interpretive phenomenological analysis
B) Life-world
C) Essence
D) Subculture

Question 43

Which approach to qualitative research focuses on describing a culture or culture scenes?

A) Phenomenology
B) Ethnography
C) Case study
D) Grounded theory

Question 44

A researcher interviews 20-30 women who are in abusive relationships and from this research she develops a theory about the dynamics of abusive relationships. This would likely be an example of which type of qualitative research?

A) Phenomenology
B) Ethnography
C) Case Study
D) Grounded Theory

Question 45

The following terms were used by high school students in a specific city: dorks, geeks, retard, surfers, airheads, rockers, band, and brains. These are examples of _____.

A) Emic terms
B) Etic terms
C) Grounded theories
D) Case studies

Question 46

Some Americans judge individuals from other countries to be immoral because their culture's acceptance of nudity is vastly different from that of the U.S. This is an example of ethnocentrism.

Question 47

Ron is conducting a research study. He is concerned with individual participant's individualized experiences rather than generalizing from their experiences to other's similar experiences. Ron is conducting:

A) An interpretive phenomenological analysis study
B) An ethnography
C) A grounded theory
D) A case study.

Question 48

In the first stage of coding in grounded theory data analysis, the researcher will complete the axial coding.

Question 49

Hazel has been conducting an ethnography. She is six months into collecting data for her study and has just recently changed her research questions. What do we know?

A) Hazel is conducting a grounded theory study not an ethnography
B) Hazel appears to be conducting the ethnography correctly
C) Hazel has studied too many subcultures which have led her astray d, Hazel needs to start over with the new questions

Question 50

A researcher studies what it is like to experience learning from a bad teacher. This would be an example of which type of qualitative research?

A) Phenomenology
B) Ethnography
C) Case Study
D) Grounded Theory

Question 51

A researcher should first complete his or her ethnographic research and then complete an ethnohistoric study in order to better understand the information gathered.

Question 52

Which approach to qualitative research focuses on what theory or explanation emerges from an analysis of the data collected?

A) Phenomenology
B) Ethnography
C) Case study
D) Grounded theory

Question 53

When a grounded theorist has culled all the information and data relevant to his or her grounded theory from a particular context, this is called:

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Axial coding
C) Constant comparative analysis
D) Theoretical saturation

Question 54

A researcher who lives among his or her subjects for a very long time runs the risk of losing his or her objectivity or going native.

Question 55

A study that intends to describe the shared beliefs and practices of individuals living in a community in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains would be an example of which type of qualitative research?

A) Phenomenology
B) Ethnography
C) Case study
D) Grounded theory

Question 56

If a researcher is interested in gaining access to an individual's life-world, what type of a study would she be conducting?

A) Phenomenology
B) Ethnography
C) Case study
D) Grounded theory

Question 57

Phoebe is conducting a study involving men and women from four different countries. She is asking them about dating. Her study is an example of:

A) A grounded theory
B) An autoethnography
C) An interpretive phenomenological analysis study d, An ethnology

Question 58

In analyzing the data in phenomenological and grounded theory studies common activities include:

A) Being ethnocentric
B) Taking an emic perspective
C) Taking an etic perspective
D) Identifying themes

Question 59

Fred is analyzing his data from his grounded theory study. He is spending a great deal of time going back and forth between the data he has collected and the theory that is developing. This is known as:

A) Searching for significant statements
B) Alternating analysis
C) The constant comparative method d, Concurrent analysis

Question 60

It would be appropriate to study the organizations and people who take part in American football as a distinct culture because studying the phenomenon as a separate culture provides a way for a researcher to understand the group.

Question 61

How would you conduct a grounded theory study to understand what variables influence academic achievement in students in low-income urban schools?

Question 62

Grounded theory involves collecting data to support existing theories.

Question 63

The final reports for grounded theory, phenomenological, and ethnography studies are all structured in the same way.

Question 64

Triangulation of data is important in grounded theory studies and ethnographies.

Question 65

How would someone conduct ethnographic research involving students who have become refugees?

Question 66

Selective coding involves looking at the data and parsing data into discrete categories.

Question 67

In grounded theory studies, the theories that are developed are mapped to the data.

Question 68

The researcher knows it is time to stop coding data when he or she has reached the theoretical saturation point.

Question 69

Describe how one would conduct phenomenological research on being a graduate student.

Question 70

Phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory all take a holistic approach to data analysis.

Question 71

Phenomenology research focuses on transcendental and situated life experiences.

Question 72

An autoethnography compares the researcher's culture to another culture.

Question 73

Interpretative phenomenological analysis focuses on how people interpret their individual experiences.

Question 74

In phenomenological research, only transcendental experiences are considered worthy of study.

Question 75

In grounded theory research, the researcher is testing the fit of a theory developed for one culture in a different cultural group.

Question 76

Compare and contrast what is learned from research studies using phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory approaches.

Question 77

Compare and contrast phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory in terms of what is studied and how it is studied.

Question 78

Phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory studies all investigate the impact of culture on participants.