Deck 27: The Cold War World: Global Politics,Economic Recovery,and Cultural Change

Question 1

In a speech given in 1947 warning against communist expansion,United States Deputy Secretary of State Dean Acheson likened the communist attempt to take over Greece to:

A) a steamroller careening down a hill; nothing could stop it.
B) the slow debilitating experience of cancer in an individual.
C) the Nazi expansion in the 1930s before World War II.
D) a futile attempt by a dying regime to expand its influence.
E) an apple barrel with one rotten apple corrupting the others.

Answer 1

an apple barrel with one rotten apple corrupting the others.

Question 2

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)was formed in 1949 by the United States and representatives of Western European states for the purpose of:

A) ensuring the proper disbursement of Marshall Plan funds.
B) guarding the shipping lanes in the North Atlantic.
C) providing a "free trade zone" for the countries of Europe and the United States.
D) providing mutual defense: an attack against one was an attack against all.
E) planning coordinated economic policies.

Answer 2

providing mutual defense: an attack against one was an attack against all.

Question 3

What was the "Berlin Airlift"?

A) a process of evacuating ethnic German refugees following the Soviet capture of the city in 1945
B) the bombing of the city in the final days of World War II by the Allies
C) the means by which Western intelligence services secretly evacuated top Nazi officials with important information who would otherwise have been executed by the Soviet forces
D) a massive reinforcement of Western military power in the city during the crisis over the Berlin Wall in 1962
E) a process of providing desperately needed food and supplies during the Soviet blockade of 1948

Answer 3

a process of providing desperately needed food and supplies during the Soviet blockade of 1948

Question 4

The economic boom that Europe enjoyed following World War II was fueled by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) high consumer demand for goods.
B) high levels of employment.
C) a wide range of technological innovations.
D) continued capital investment.
E) trade protectionism.

Question 5

Following Josef Stalin's death in 1953,many of the countries in Eastern Europe attempted to wrest some measure of independence from Moscow.Although Poland managed to establish a looser arrangement with Moscow,_________ pushed too far and was occupied by Soviet troops for a time.

A) Romania
B) Hungary
C) Czechoslovakia
D) Bulgaria
E) Yugoslavia

Question 6

Which of the following was NOT an important element of the Marshall Plan?

A) the restriction of Catholic political movements that tended toward an inherent suspicion of American culture and political motives
B) the tacit suppression of left-leaning political movements in Western Europe in return for aid
C) the shipment of vast amounts of American money and goods to the states of Western Europe
D) restraints on wages and other fiscal measures that might further socialist political agendas in Western Europe
E) armaments and other forms of military assistance to aid the battle against communists

Question 7

The arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union began in 1949 when the Soviet Union tested its own _________,a weapon on which the United States had a monopoly until that time.

A) atomic bomb
B) hydrogen bomb
C) neutron bomb
D) "star wars" defense system
E) cobalt bomb

Question 8

Which of the following helped foster the establishment of communist states in Eastern Europe after 1945?

A) public revulsion against the failure of the Western democracies to stop Hitler, resulting in the defeat of their allies at the polls
B) Soviet diplomatic pressure, political infiltration, and military power
C) a massive infusion of Soviet economic and technical aid, hastening the rebuilding process
D) persistent ethnic conflict, exacerbated by the earlier Nazi occupation
E) Soviet propaganda that showed the superiority of the socialist vision of the future over that of the capitalist West

Question 9

When Europe began to take sides between West and East following World War II,Yugoslavia was declared to have "taken the road to nationalism" by:

A) Josef Stalin.
B) Harry S Truman.
C) Clement Atlee.
D) Josip Broz.
E) Janos Kadar.

Question 10

To what does the term Iron Curtain refer?

A) the nickname given by Soviet officials to the new extended frontier against Western aggression in central Europe
B) the nickname given by Soviet military officers to their blockade established around Berlin in 1948
C) an early nickname given by NATO troops to the Berlin Wall
D) the nickname given by Winston Churchill to the line separating Soviet-dominated Europe from capitalist Europe
E) the code name for the naval blockade of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962

Question 11

One result of the thaw in Soviet internal politics that followed Nikita Khrushchev's rise to power in 1956 was that some major Russian writers could finally be published.One of the more famous was Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn,whose account of his time in the Soviet government's Siberian prison camps was entitled:

A) The House of the Dead.
B) One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.
C) The Inspector General.
D) Bleak House.
E) Doctor Zhivago.

Question 12

The wartime consultations between the Allies at _________ and _________ led Josef Stalin to believe that he would have a free hand in Eastern Europe following Germany's defeat.

A) Casablanca; Tehran
B) Madrid; Yalta
C) Casablanca; Madrid
D) Casablanca; Yalta
E) Tehran; Yalta

Question 13

J.Robert Oppenheimer warned that a new weapon developed in the 1950s was a "weapon of genocide." That weapon was the:

A) atomic bomb.
B) nuclear submarine.
C) hydrogen bomb.
D) intercontinental missile.
E) cobalt bomb.

Question 14

Only one communist country,Yugoslavia,managed to steer clear of alliances during the Cold War and remain within neither the Soviet sphere of influence nor that of the West,primarily due to the strength of its leader:

A) Stefan Wyazynski (Marshall Broz).
B) Josip Broz (Marshal Tito).
C) Yahya Khan (General Shek).
D) Slobodan Milosevic (General Matyas).
E) (Marshall Lech).

Question 15

In 1955 the Soviet Union and its allies in Eastern Europe responded to the formation of NATO with the:

A) Moscow Accords.
B) Budapest Agreement.
C) Warsaw Pact.
D) Prague Treaty.
E) Leningrad Alliance.

Question 16

In a 1947 speech to Congress,President Harry S.Truman set out his policy of support for the resistance of "free peoples" to communism by tying politics to economics; it would be a choice between "two ways of life." This policy was known as the:

A) Fair Play for America Doctrine.
B) Share the Wealth Doctrine.
C) Truman Doctrine.
D) Marshall Doctrine.
E) Eisenhower Doctrine.

Question 17

The stated U.S.policy of containment regarding the Soviet Union in the post-World War II world was set forth in 1946 by:

A) George Kennan.
B) George Marshall.
C) Harry S Truman.
D) Douglas MacArthur.
E) Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Question 18

With Nikita Khrushchev's "thaw" following his consolidation of power in 1956,some Eastern European countries were able to secure a measure of independence from the Soviet Union,such as Poland did under its leader:

A) Imre Nagy.
B)
C)
D) Wenceslas Lübeck.
E)

Question 19

Many books were written about the Stalinist repression of dissent.One story,_________,was about scientists who had been imprisoned to do research for the NKVD (the Soviet secret police).

A) First Circle
B) Gulag Archipelago
C) One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
D) Dead Souls
E) House of the Dead

Question 20

During the mid-1950s,Eastern Europe experienced a great many disruptions that were triggered by:

A) the worldwide economic recession.
B) starvation caused by three crop failures in a row.
C) propaganda broadcasts of the Voice of America.
D) population pressures as a result of the baby boom.
E) the death of Josef Stalin.

Question 21

One of the most promising of the newly independent African nations,Ghana,soon fell victim to corruption with its first president:

A) Kenneth Kaunda.
B) Joseph Kenyatta.
C) Kwame Nkrumah.
D) Steven Biko.
E) Nelson Mandela.

Question 22

During the first decades of economic recovery following World War II,one country,_________,had a seemingly insatiable need for workers.Transient workers from all over Europe were drawn by the high demand for labor.

A) Italy
B) France
C) Great Britain
D) West Germany
E) the Netherlands

Question 23

Having been successful in their attempts to seize power in many places in the years following World War II,the communists continued open warfare in many countries such as:

A) Korea.
B) Thailand.
C) Cambodia.
D) Burma.
E) Manchuria.

Question 24

The British encouraged the creation of a federated state for its African colony of _________,but it rapidly disintegrated along racial lines into separate states.

A) Malawi
B) Rhodesia
C) Natal
D) Uganda
E) Tanzania

Question 25

The German who succeeded Adolf Hitler as chancellor of West Germany was:

A) Helmut Kohl.
B) Janos Kadar.
C) Günter Grass.
D) Konrad Adenauer.
E) Jirí Menzel.

Question 26

To further aid in the economic growth of Europe,in 1957,Western European nations formed the European Economic Community (EEC),or Common Market,with the signing of the:

A) Treaty of Lacarno.
B) Antwerp Accords.
C) Treaty of Rome.
D) London Concordant.
E) Protocol of Paris.

Question 27

The tenets of Marxism called for a revolution by the proletariat,the industrial workers,but China in the 1940s was a nation of peasants,so an adaptation of Marxism was provided by:

A) Lin Biao.
B) Mao Zedong.
C) Chiang Kai-shek.
D) Ho Chi Minh.
E) Jiang Jeishi.

Question 28

The British had been in political control of Palestine since World War I,but promised a portion of the land as a Jewish homeland with its 1917:

A) Declaration of Balmorals.
B) Danforth Declaration.
C) Statement of Jewish Principles.
D) Balfour Declaration.
E) Zion Protocols.

Question 29

After coming to power in 1956 and nationalizing the Suez Canal,Gamal Abdul Nasser used the money raised from operating the canal to fund a project,the _________,to further bolster Egyptian national pride and economy.

A) restoration of the pyramids
B) Aswan Dam on the Nile
C) rebuilding of the Library of Alexandria
D) building of hospitals throughout Africa
E) building of schools throughout the Arab world

Question 30

Communism spread throughout Eastern Europe in the aftermath of World War II and Soviet occupation,but communism also took control of _________ in the 1940s through revolution.

A) Vietnam
B) Turkey
C) Greece
D) Hungary
E) China

Question 31

For the most part,when the European colonial powers left Africa,their legacy was:

A) such that virtually none of the former colonies possessed the means to make independence work.
B) a continent of independent countries, which possessed the resources to take their place in the world.
C) one of peace and harmony between themselves and their former colonies.
D) such that African countries became the model of democracy for Asian Third World countries.
E) very mixed: some countries rivaled those of Europe within a decade, while others remained dependent on foreign aid.

Question 32

The French appeared to have won a colonial war in Vietnam in 1951,but rather than begin peace talks and arrive at depolarization on favorable terms,they fought on and eventually lost everything at the battle of:

A) Ngo Dinh Diem.
B) Hanoi.
C) Dien Bien Phu.
D) Saigon.
E) Ho Chi Minh.

Question 33

Although all of Western Europe experienced economic recovery in the post-World War II years,one country in particular,_________,had a spectacular recovery.

A) France
B) West Germany
C) the Netherlands
D) Italy
E) Great Britain

Question 34

In the late 1940s and with the concurrence of Britain,the Afrikaner government of South Africa instituted its racial policy of:

A) equality for all.
B) indentured servitude.
C) slavery.
D) Negritude.
E) apartheid.

Question 35

The British system of social welfare was grounded in the economic theories of:

A) Alan Greenspan.
B) John Maynard Keynes.
C) Paul Volcker.
D) Robert Reich.
E) Andrew Volstead.

Question 36

The modern welfare state was a creation of the post-World War II economic boom and was first instituted in Great Britain under the Labour party prime minister:

A) Winston Churchill.
B) David Lloyd George.
C) Neville Chamberlain.
D) Anthony Eden.
E) Clement Atlee.

Question 37

Although the war in Indochina was hard on the French,the war in Algeria was much harder since it involved fighting on three fronts: a guerrilla war in the countryside,a war of terror fought in Algeria's cities,and a war:

A) against foreign terrorists coming to the Algerians' aid.
B) with other Arab countries which supported Algeria.
C) of terrorism within France against Algerian supporters at home.
D) of political action at the United Nations in an attempt to secure aid.
E) of opinion at home, politically dividing the country and bringing down the government.

Question 38

The great nationalist and follower of a philosophy of nonviolence,Mohandas K.Gandhi,led his country,_________,into independence.

A) Nepal
B) Pakistan
C) India
D) Bangladesh
E) South Africa

Question 39

The postwar world faced the moral dilemmas of war,occupation,and resistance,and were expressed in that period through all of the following EXCEPT:

A) art
B) architecture
C) music
D) literature
E) drama

Question 40

Two of the most influential international agencies,the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank,were designed to establish a stable economic landscape and were established in 1944 at:

A) Bretton Woods.
B) the Hague.
C) Birnam Wood.
D) New York City.
E) Zürich.

Question 41

Even more popular than Catch-22,The Lord of the Rings,a set of novels by _________,gave young romantics who rebelled against postwar Western culture a fantasy world to which they could escape.

A) C. S. Lewis
B) J. R. R. Tolkien
C) T. S. Eliot
D) H. P. Lovecraft
E) J. P. Morgan

Question 42

The Volkswagen was an attempt by Hitler to make an affordable "people's car" for Europe.

Question 43

Some intellectuals in the decades following World War II attempted to determine how such phenomena as Nazism and Stalinism could take root in societies.Many,such as Hannah Arendt,refused to demonize the political systems themselves and instead explored what she termed:

A) "the banality of evil."
B) "human gullibility."
C) "evil with a human face."
D) "Berlin syndrome."
E) "Stockholm syndrome."

Question 44

Members of the "Frankfurt school" sought to understand the emergence of Nazism:

A) by emphasizing the uniquely evil character of Hitler.
B) by reference to the humiliating defeat of Germany in the First World War.
C) as an indirect expression of the economic trauma caused by the Weimar hyperinflation.
D) as an example of how citizens were depoliticized by the modern culture industry.
E) as a fundamentally uninteresting, even banal historical episode.

Question 45

After the war,anti-Semitism was still rampant across Europe,and many blamed the Jews for bringing about the war.

Question 46

The Berlin Wall was built as a direct response to the West's refusal to make Berlin a free city in a permanently divided Germany.

Question 47

One of the wildly popular books of Joseph Heller,Catch-22,represented a form of popular existentialism and was concerned with the absurdity of:

A) corporate life.
B) academic life.
C) war.
D) modern life.
E) religion.

Question 48

Superpower rivalry was brought to the far corners of the globe as newly emancipated nations,freed from the holds of imperialism,were fought over as allies.

Question 49

The COMECON ensured that the Soviet Union could sell its exports at prices well above the world level and compelled other members to trade with the Soviet Union,but to their disadvantage.

Question 50

Even with Nikita Khrushchev's desire to improve relations with the West and reduce tensions,military events occasionally escalated almost to the point of war,as in 1962,when:

A) the United States installed a new generation of intercontinental missiles in Turkey.
B) a Chinese military unit, with U.S. approval, crossed into Siberia and declared it free and independent of the Soviet Union.
C) a U.S. nuclear submarine secretly entered the Soviet port of Minsk and was captured as it attempted to leave.
D) the Soviet Union attempted to install intermediate-range ballistic missiles and other offensive military equipment in Cuba.
E) the United States attempted to destroy the Berlin Wall by planting explosives in secret tunnels under Checkpoint Charlie.

Question 51

Solzhenitsyn's autobiographical stories of The First Circle and The Gulag Archipelago told the stories of Stalin's regime,including the imprisonment of scientists doing research for the secret police and the memories of prisoners of the Stalinist camps.

Question 52

President Dwight D.Eisenhower delivered a farewell address to the United States in which he warned that:

A) the people of the United States were suffering from a great spiritual malaise which, if not corrected, would result in the country losing its influence in the world.
B) the United States had become complacent and was in serious danger of losing its economic and military lead in the world.
C) popular culture had robbed the United States of the spirit that had made it great; people needed to return to the traditional American values.
D) a military-industrial complex had taken shape and that its influence was felt at every level of government in the United States.
E) the Soviet Union had surpassed the United States in science, education, industrial development, and military technology that caused a loss of U.S. influence in the world.

Question 53

The leading feminist theorist of the mid-twentieth century,Simone de Beauvoir,wrote in The Second Sex that:

A) "Women and men are so fundamentally different that there can never be any true understanding between the sexes."
B) "Women are fundamentally too frail to be expected to meet the rigors of modern life in the manner of men."
C) "One has to be born a woman to understand women."
D) "One is not born a woman, one becomes one."
E) "Women and men possess unique biological destinies from which they cannot escape."

Question 54

Many Western intellectuals sought to revive humanism and democratic values after the horrors of World War II; a group of writers,one of them being _________,pointed out that colonialism made their task ever more difficult.

A) Franz Fanon
B) Moise Obote
C) Bilal Martinique
D) Kemal Atatürk
E) Aimé Senghor

Question 55

The Soviets were excluded from the Marshall Plan.

Question 56

Jean-Paul Sartre was the leading proponent of the twentieth-century philosophy of existentialism,which held that:

A) to be is to be perceived.
B) knowledge is unattainable.
C) essence precedes existence.
D) existence precedes essence.
E) existence is perceived reality; one's essence is unknowable.

Question 57

The COMECON was established as an Eastern European version of the Marshall Plan.

Question 58

After World War II,governments continued rationing,although there was an ample supply of food,in an effort to remain self-sufficient.

Question 59

De Gaulle created the First Republic in France in 1958 by insisting on a new constitution for the nation.

Question 60

Although many intellectuals wanted to investigate the mentality of Nazism,others simply wanted people to remember.Many survivors of the concentration camps,such as _________,wanted others to know what had happened and to not forget.

A) Klaus Barbie
B) Primo Levi
C) Günter Grass
D) Adolph Eichmann
E) Hermann Hess

Question 61

General Douglas MacArthur,a hero of World War II,burnished his reputation by boldly driving North Korean forces into China,thereby leading to a conclusion of the conflict largely on American terms.

Question 62

What was the impact of the war on existentialism?

Question 63

What were the characteristics of the British welfare state,and in what way was this a break from previous ways of thinking about poverty and citizenship?

Question 64

Both the Aswan Dam and the Suez Canal were physical representations of Egyptian national pride and economic independence from Britain.

Question 65

How can both Nazism and Stalinism be understood as forms of totalitarianism?

Question 66

What impact did the Chinese Revolution have on the Cold War?

Question 67

Why did the rebellions in Hungary against the Soviet Union not meet with the same success as those of Poland?

Question 68

What was the impact of apartheid in South Africa,and why was it not challenged by the West?

Question 69

How did the Marshall Plan enhance the ideals set out in the Truman Doctrine?

Question 70

After World War II,the anticolonial independence movements sweeping through Asia and Africa created a new group of nations that avoided aligning with one another or any other bloc and called itself the "Third World."

Question 71

In what ways were Khrushchev's policies a "thawing" of Stalinist ideals and practice?

Question 72

Why did Britain not enjoy the "economic miracle" that was sweeping through Europe?

Question 73

What process was referred to as the making of "an Iron Curtain"?

Question 74

When Belgium withdrew from its colonies in Africa in 1960,it,unlike France,left the countries with functioning railroads,a stable economy,and an educational system in place.

Question 75

Although Gandhi famously chose a nonviolent form of resistance in his personal hunger strike,he urged fellow Indians to move beyond the tactics of strike,refusal of taxes,and boycotting imported goods to acts of sabotage and,in some cases,violence.