Deck 8: Managing Motivation

Question 1

Physiological needs are the needs for social interaction and friendship.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

A need is a requirement or necessity for survival and well-being.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Motivation refers to the psychological forces that determine the direction of a person's behaviour in an organization,a person's commitment or effort,and a person's persistence in the face of obstacles.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Pay and benefits are examples of outcomes that are intrinsically motivating.

Question 5

According to Herzberg,hygiene factors determine the degree of employee satisfaction.

Question 6

In order for employees to perform at a high level,managers must get to know them.

Question 7

Esteem needs include the need to feel good about oneself and to be respected by others.

Question 8

Abraham Maslow proposed that all people seek to satisfy six basic needs that constitute a hierarchy with the most basic at the top.

Question 9

By providing job security,benefits,and safe working conditions,managers help to satisfy employee needs for safety.

Question 10

According to Herzberg,hygiene needs are related to the nature of the work itself and how challenging it is.

Question 11

Motivation can come from intrinsic or extrinsic sources.

Question 12

Anything a person contributes to his or her job is known as an input.

Question 13

Managers can satisfy self-actualization needs by recognizing the accomplishments of their employees.

Question 14

Need theories of motivation focus on how one actually motivates employees.

Question 15

The basic premise of need theories is that people are motivated to obtain outcomes at work that will satisfy their needs.

Question 16

Intrinsically motivated behaviour is behaviour that is performed to acquire material rewards.

Question 17

Pay and good relations with coworkers are examples of hygiene factors according to Herzberg.

Question 18

Feelings of accomplishment and satisfaction from work are examples of outcomes that are intrinsically motivating.

Question 19

Time,effort,and experience of employees are examples of inputs necessary for an organization to achieve its goals.

Question 20

Prosocially motivated behaviour is behaviour that is performed to benefit or help others.

Question 21

Providing training is a way managers can strengthen expectancy.

Question 22

Equity exists when a person perceives his or her outcome/input ratio is equal to that of a referent.

Question 23

Negative reinforcement is the same as punishment.

Question 24

Positive reinforcement can create a pleasant work environment.

Question 25

Instrumentality is a person's perception about the extent to which their supervisor's favouritism toward employees will result in receiving outcomes or rewards.

Question 26

Underpayment inequity exists when a person's own ratio of outcome to input is perceived to be less than that of a referent.

Question 27

McClelland's need theory has four elements.

Question 28

In equity theory,when a manager's own outcome/input ratio is perceived by him/herself to be less than that of a referent,overpayment inequity is felt.

Question 29

Operant conditioning or reinforcement theory is a motivation theory that looks at the relationship between behaviour and its consequences.

Question 30

The use of positive and negative reinforcement encourages desired or functional organizational behaviours.

Question 31

Goal-setting theory suggests goals must be specific and difficult.

Question 32

Vicarious learning is also called observational learning.

Question 33

Process theories focus on how to motivate employees.

Question 34

According to Herzberg,motivator factors determine the degree of employee satisfaction.

Question 35

The use of extinction and punishment aim to decrease undesirable and dysfunctional workplace behaviours.

Question 36

Valence is the extent to which employees desire the outcome or reward they would receive for high levels of performance.

Question 37

In expectancy theory,a perception about the extent to which performance will result in the attainment of outcomes is known as instrumentality.

Question 38

Organizational behaviour modification is the systematic application of operant conditioning techniques.

Question 39

Valence is the degree of effort employees perceive they have to expend in order to result in a high level of performance.

Question 40

Curtailing the performance of dysfunctional behaviours by eliminating whatever is reinforcing them is known as punishment.

Question 41

Which of the following theories supports that outcomes such as pay should be linked to the attainment of goals?

A)Expectancy
B)Goal-setting
C)Equity
D)Learning
E)Needs

Question 42

Joelyn feels that she has outcomes equal to 50 and inputs equal to 10.She perceives that Linda has outcomes equal to 60 and inputs equal to 10.In this case Joelyn is most likely to experience:

A)overpayment inequity
B)underpayment inequity
C)equity
D)value
E)perspective inequity

Question 43

Michael does not believe that his high level of effort will actually increase his performance level.Michael's belief is centered on his:

A)Goals
B)Valence
C)Expectancy
D)Instrumentality
E)Productivity

Question 44

All of the following are examples of a manager's input to the organization except:

A)Skills
B)Work behaviour
C)Experience
D)Education
E)Culture

Question 45

For most managers,a promotion is considered to be:

A)Self-efficacy
B)Vicarious learning
C)A negative valence
D)A positive reinforcer
E)A lateral move

Question 46

Managers cannot distribute merit pay to people in the form of a salary increase or a bonus on top of regular salaries.

Question 47

All motivation theories suggest that pay be distributed so that high performers receive more than low performers (other things being equal).

Question 48

From a motivation standpoint,stock options are used not so much to reward past individual performance but,rather,to motivate employees to work in the future for the good of the company as a whole.

Question 49

A total reward strategy includes both extrinsic and intrinsic motivating factors.

Question 50

For most managers,praise from their superior is considered to be:

A)An extinction
B)A negative valence
C)A positive reinforcer
D)A negative reinforcer
E)Self-efficacy

Question 51

Which of the following theories alludes to the importance of pay and suggests that pay should be based on performance:

A)needs theories
B)expectancy theory
C)equity theory
D)goal-setting theory
E)retribution theories

Question 52

________ proposed that all workers seek to satisfy five basic needs.

A)Victor Vroom
B)Frederick Herzberg
C)Abraham Maslow
D)J.Stacy Adams
E)Locke and Latham

Question 53

An example of high levels of job characteristics would be:

A)A worker at McDonald's who grills hamburgers for the entire shift
B)A cashier at a coffee shop
C)A firefighter who rescues people and property from devastation
D)An automotive assembly line worker
E)A worker in a textile factory who operates a machine that cuts cloth

Question 54

All of the following are likely examples of intrinsically motivated behaviour,except:

A)Responsibility
B)Pay
C)Autonomy
D)Interesting work
E)A feeling of accomplishment

Question 55

Which of the following are inputs from organizational members?

A)Time
B)Pay
C)Benefits
D)Satisfaction
E)Security

Question 56

Which of the following theories supports that outcomes such as pay should be distributed in proportion to the level of inputs?

A)Expectancy
B)Goal-setting
C)Equity
D)Learning
E)Needs

Question 57

Pay is an important extrinsic motivating factor addressed by both need and process theories.

Question 58

All of the following are likely examples of extrinsically motivated behaviour,except:

A)stock options
B)job security
C)cafeteria style benefits
D)vacation time
E)responsibility

Question 59

Providing job security and adequate medical benefits at work is an example of how managers can help satisfy _________ needs of employees.

A)self-actualization
B)esteem
C)belongingness
D)safety
E)physiological

Question 60

Vicarious learning occurs when a person (the learner)becomes motivated to perform a behaviour by watching another person (the model)perform the behaviour and be positively reinforced for doing the same.

Question 61

A manager who derives a sense of accomplishment from managing a large corporation and strives to reach year-end targets in order to obtain large stock options is said to be:

A)intrinsically motivated
B)intrinsically and extrinsically motivated
C)experiencing underpayment inequity
D)extrinsically motivated
E)bilaterally engaged

Question 62

In Herzberg's theory,needs that are related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed are known as:

A)expectancy needs
B)instrumentality needs
C)motivator needs
D)hygiene needs
E)valence needs

Question 63

In order for employees to experience no dissatisfaction at work,_________ must be adequately met.

A)expectancy needs
B)instrumentality needs
C)motivator needs
D)hygiene needs
E)valence needs

Question 64

In Herzberg's theory,all of the following are examples of hygiene needs except:

A)responsibility
B)pay
C)job security
D)effective supervision
E)good relationships with coworkers

Question 65

A school teacher who does this type of work because he or she enjoys teaching children is an example of:

A)negatively reinforced behaviour
B)extrinsically motivated behaviour
C)extinction behaviour
D)intrinsically motivated behaviour
E)overpayment inequity behaviour

Question 66

Luke would always get a reaction from his manager when he disrupted meetings with meaningless questions.In an effort to stop this undesirable behaviour Luke's manager stopped recognizing Luke when he raised his hand in meetings.Which reinforcement technique was Luke's manager practicing?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Extinction
D)Punishment
E)Valence

Question 67

George feels that if he increases his effort he can increase his output,but he does not feel that he will be recognized for his contribution.About George,we could correctly say that:

A)his instrumentality is high
B)his instrumentality is low
C)his expectancy is negative
D)his expectancy is low
E)his valence is high

Question 68

Anything a person contributes to his or her job is known as a(n):

A)need
B)value
C)input
D)expectancy
E)outcome

Question 69

The motivator-hygiene theory was developed by:

A)Maslow
B)Freud
C)Herzberg
D)Hackman
E)Oldman

Question 70

Hamid's manager usually reprimands him when he comes to work late.One day Hamid was on time and his manager did not reprimand him.Which reinforcement technique was Hamid's manager practicing?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Extinction
D)Punishment
E)Valence

Question 71

Fiaz believes that if she spends five hours preparing for her exam,she will be able to ace the exam and get an "A" in the course,however,she only wants to get a passing grade and so she doesn't expend the effort to study.In this case,Fiaz has:

A)high expectancy,high instrumentality,and a positive valence
B)low expectancy,high instrumentality,and a positive valence
C)high expectancy,low instrumentality,and a negative valence
D)high expectancy,high instrumentality,and a negative valence
E)low expectancy,low instrumentality,and a negative valence

Question 72

In Herzberg's theory,needs which are related to the nature of the work itself and the degree of challenge contained in the work are known as:

A)expectancy needs
B)instrumentality needs
C)motivator needs
D)hygiene needs
E)valence needs

Question 73

A requirement or necessity for survival and well-being is known as:

A)need
B)value
C)input
D)expectancy
E)outcome

Question 74

Behaviour that is performed for its own sake is known as:

A)motivation
B)intrinsically motivated behaviour
C)extrinsically motivated behaviour
D)needs behaviour
E)equity

Question 75

Deep Check
Expectancy theory is based largely on the work of:

A)Clayton Alderfer
B)
B)
C)Frederick Herzberg
D)Victor Vroom

Question 76

Which of the following is important in goal-setting theory?

A)Goals should be general and vague
B)Employees should receive feedback on progress
C)If employees are included in the goal-setting process,they are less likely to be committed to the goals
D)If employees are included in the goal-setting process,they are less likely to accept the goals
E)Employees should not receive feedback on progress

Question 77

The need theory that distinguishes between two sets of needs is known as:

A)Alderfer's ERG theory
B)Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory
C)Maslow's hierarchy of needs
D)Expectancy theory
E)McClelland's Need theory

Question 78

Behaviour that is performed to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment is known as:

A)motivation
B)intrinsically motivated behaviour
C)extrinsically motivated behaviour
D)needs behaviour
E)equity

Question 79

Noor's manager docked her pay after she came late to work every day for a week.Which reinforcement technique was Noor's manager practicing?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Extinction
D)Punishment
E)Valence

Question 80

A computer salesman who chooses this occupation because he enjoys receiving a sales commission on each computer sold is said to be:

A)extrinsically motivated
B)experiencing extinction
C)experiencing underpayment inequity
D)intrinsically motivated
E)laterally engaged