Deck 4: Theories of Pavlovian Conditioning

Question 1

______ is a reduced sensitivity to pain,while ______ is an increased sensitivity to pain.

A)hyperalgesia; analgesia
B)analgesia; hyperalgesia
C)analgesia; hypoalgesia
D)hypoalgesia; analgesia

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When a stimulus is first presented without an unconditioned stimulus,subsequent conditioning is impaired when that same stimulus is presented with the UCs.This is called ______.

A)counterconditioning
B)higher-order conditioning
C)conditioned stimulus preexposure effect
D)second-order preexposure effect

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to Pavlov,the brain centers responsible for processing the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus ______.

A)create a system such that the conditioned response only responds to the unconditioned stimulus
B)are only activated with the unconditioned stimulus
C)are only activated with the conditioned stimulus
D)are active at the same time

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Joe is running a two-group experiment with dogs.In Experimental Group 1,he uses food powder as an unconditioned stimulus.In Experimental Group 2,he uses steak as an unconditioned stimulus.Which group has the greatest conditioned response?

A)Experimental Group 1
B)Experimental Group 2
C)both experimental groups have the same amount of responding
D)Experimental Group 1 goes on extinction but Experimental Group 2 continues to respond

Question 5

According to Pavlov,when a conditioned stimulus is INITIALLY presented,it excites ______.

A)the same brain area as the unconditioned stimulus
B)the same brain area as the unconditioned stimulus,but only after the unconditioned stimulus has excited it
C)a distinct brain area unrelated to the unconditioned stimulus
D)a distinct brain area unrelated to the unconditioned stimulus,but is only activated after the unconditioned stimulus has excited it

Question 6

Helen drinks wine in a local bar after work.Usually,she has three drinks over the course of an hour.After several months of this behavior,when Helen drinks she experiences minimal effects from the wine.Helen then decides to visit a different bar where she has the same amount of wine.How will Helen feel?

A)Helen will feel about the same as before.
B)Helen will feel higher than she usually does.
C)Helen will not feel as high as she did at the previous bar.
D)Helen will not feel as high,then she will feel nothing at all.

Question 7

Pavlov contends that conditioned stimuli become substitutes for unconditioned stimuli and elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus.This is called ______.

A)stimulus-substitution theory
B)binomial modeling theory
C)biphasic adaptation theory
D)none of these

Question 8

The system responses for fear and pain ______.

A)activate the same brain areas
B)activate the same brain areas but only when the UCS is the same
C)will result in the same conditioned response
D)activate different brain areas

Question 9

Josephine goes into her bedroom,turns on her stereo,and then proceeds to inject methamphetamine.Josephine then decides to stop injecting methamphetamine.However,when she goes into her room and turns on her stereo,she begins to experience depression and withdrawal.After several times,the withdrawal symptoms no longer occur.Josephine then goes to visit her brother for several days.When she returns to her room and turns on her stereo,what will happen?

A)Josephine began to feel high.
B)Josephine will begin to experience withdrawal.
C)Nothing will happen to Josephine.
D)Josephine will begin to feel high,then experience withdrawal.

Question 10

Mark goes into his bedroom,turns on his light,and then proceeds to inject heroin.Mark then decides to stop shooting heroin.However,when he goes into his room and turns on his light,he begins to experience withdrawal symptoms.After several times,the withdrawal symptoms no longer occur.Mark then goes away to the beach for a week.When he returns to his room and turns on his light,what will happen?

A)nothing
B)Mark will begin to feel high.
C)Mark will begin to experience withdrawal.
D)Mark will begin to feel high,then experience withdrawal.

Question 11

Lucy consumes gin and tonic in her local bar.Usually,she will consume three beverages over the course of 2 hr.One day,the bar ran out of tonic and instead substituted 7 Up.When Lucy consumes the same amount of Gin and 7 Up,how will she feel?

A)Lucy will not feel as high,then she will feel nothing at all.
B)Lucy will feel about the same as she did before.
C)Lucy will become more intoxicated.
D)Lucy will become less intoxicated.

Question 12

According to Siegel,______.

A)the conditioned response and unconditioned response are different
B)the conditioned response and the unconditioned response are the same
C)the conditioned response is activated by multiple conditioned stimuli
D)the unconditioned response is activated only by one conditioned stimulus

Question 13

According to Pavlov,the conditioned response ______.

A)is the same as the unconditioned response
B)is different than the unconditioned response
C)is the same only when the unconditioned stimulus is presented
D)is the same only when the conditioned stimulus is presented

Question 14

Morphine is provided to a person and the result is pain reduction.A light is then turned on before morphine is administered.After several pairings,the light causes ______.

A)a reduction in pain
B)an increase in pain
C)there is no change in pain
D)the pain increases then decreases

Question 15

When Mark drinks some alcohol,it causes his body to become colder.Mark then turns on the light before he drinks his alcohol.When this occurs,what happens to Mark's body temperature?

A)His temperature becomes warmer.
B)His temperature remains the same.
C)His temperature becomes colder than before.
D)His temperature goes up,then down,then back up again.

Question 16

According to Holland and Ross,______.

A)conditioned stimuli always elicit the same level of conditioned responding as the unconditioned stimuli
B)conditioned stimuli elicit higher levels of conditioned responding than the unconditioned stimuli
C)conditioned stimuli can elicit lower levels of responding than the unconditioned stimulus
D)conditioned stimuli always elicit lower levels of responding than the unconditioned stimulus

Question 17

When you place your hand on a hot stove you remove it after a period of time.Then when you are given some morphine,you place your hand on the hot stove and leave it on the stove longer than before.A tone is then given,you are given morphine and place your hand on the stove.What will occur?

A)You will leave your hand on the stove longer.
B)You will remove your hand faster.
C)You take your hand off the stove then put it back on.
D)You leave your hand on the stove longer but then jerk it away.

Question 18

Maxine is running a two-group experiment with cats.In Experimental Group 1,she uses food powder as an unconditioned stimulus.In Experimental Group 2,she uses fresh fish as an unconditioned stimulus.Which group has the greatest conditioned response?

A)both experimental groups have the same amount of responding
B)Experimental Group 1
C)Experimental Group 2
D)Experimental Group 1's behavior increases,while Experimental Group 2's behavior decreases

Question 19

In Pavlov's experiment,he presented a tone with food powder.The result was salivation.Over time the tone alone elicited salivation.Pavlov believed that the salivation to the tone ______.

A)increased only when the tone occurred after the presentation of the food powder
B)that the salvation changed when the tone was given
C)that the salvation remained the same when either the tone or the food powder was given
D)that the tone changed the way the animal responded

Question 20

Insulin is given and the result is lower blood sugar in the body.A light is then paired with insulin.When this occurs,the result is ______.

A)the blood sugar goes down
B)the blood sugar goes down,then up,then back down
C)the blood sugar goes up
D)the blood sugar does not change

Question 21

According to Wagner's SOP model,______.

A)both A1 and A2 components can be conditioned
B)only the A1 component can be conditioned
C)the conditioned response and unconditioned response are always the opposite
D)only the A2 component can be conditioned

Question 22

Which of the following individuals provided the most impressive support for sometimes-opponent-process theory?

A)Hall
B)Siegel
C)Martin and Walters
D)Thompson

Question 23

In drug addiction,the conditioned withdrawal reaction refers to ______.

A)an intense craving for the drug when exposed to new environments
B)the inability to extinguish withdrawal responses in longtime users
C)spontaneous recovery of the emotional response to the drug
D)the experience of withdrawal responses in situations where the drug has been previously used

Question 24

For individuals who are addicted,exposure to small doses of the drug ______.

A)produces the same symptoms as a larger dose
B)produces fewer symptoms as a larger dose
C)initially produces more symptoms
D)causes you to become addicted to lots of other drugs

Question 25

Janice is an alcoholic who consumes alcohol in the living room of her house.Janice then decides to quit alcohol.However,whenever she enters her living room,she begins to crave alcohol.The reason for this includes ______.

A)the alcohol caused a conditioned response
B)the alcohol is actually a conditioned stimulus,not an unconditioned stimulus
C)the contextual cues produce withdrawal symptoms
D)the contextual cues cause the alcohol to have a more significant impact

Question 26

Why do people overdose from taking the same amounts of heroin?

A)Changing the environment reduces the conditioned opposing response.
B)Remaining in the same environment causes extinction.
C)Moving to a new environment causes a conditioned emotional response.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 27

According to Wagner,the Secondary A2 component of an unconditioned response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus ______.

A)is elicited slowly and decays rapidly
B)is elicited rapidly and decays slowly
C)is elicited slowly and decays slowly
D)is elicited rapidly and decays rapidly

Question 28

According to Wagner,the Primary A1 component of the unconditioned response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus ______.

A)is elicited slowly and decays rapidly
B)is elicited rapidly and decays slowly
C)is elicited rapidly and decays rapidly
D)is elicited slowly and decays slowly

Question 29

A theory to explain why some conditioned responses and conditioned responses are the same and some are different is called ______.

A)response alteration theory (RAT)
B)reciprocal inhibition theory (RIT)
C)sometimes other response theory (SOR)
D)sometimes-opponent-process theory (SOP)

Question 30

According to Wagner,the unconditioned stimulus elicits ______ unconditioned responses.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)seven

Question 31

In Pavlov's theory of conditioning,the conditioned response is ______.

A)the result of conditioning and opponent process response
B)elicited when the UCS cortical center is activated by the CS
C)the result of inhibition of the cortical UCS center
D)elicited when the CS excites the cortical center for the unconditioned response

Question 32

In morphine conditioning,Siegel has shown that the ______.

A)conditioned response and unconditioned response are analgesia
B)the unconditioned response is analgesia,but the conditioned response is hyperalgesia
C)the conditioned response and unconditioned response are hyperalgesia
D)the unconditioned response is analgesia,but the conditioned response is hyperalgesia

Question 33

When an animal is exposed to brief shock,initial reaction is hyperactivity followed by hypoactivity.If the CS is paired with the shock,the result is the ______.

A)conditioning of hyperactivity called the acquired excitement response
B)conditioning of an increased sensitivity to pain known as the hyperalgesia response
C)conditioning of the freezing response known as the conditioned emotional response
D)conditioning of a decreased sensitivity to pain known as the conditioned hyperalgesia response

Question 34

The AESOP model introduces the principle that ______.

A)each unconditioned stimulus elicits two distinctive A2 reactions,one elicited by the emotive properties of the unconditioned stimulus and the other by the sensory properties of the unconditioned stimulus
B)one conditioned stimulus can only support one reaction
C)backward conditioning and delay conditioning procedures produce conditioned responses of the same strength
D)conditioning of fear occurs much easier than conditioning of a salivary reaction

Question 35

Thompson examining air puffs to rabbit eyes found ______.

A)there was a fast A1 response circuit and then a slower A2 secondary circuit
B)there was a fast A2 response circuit and a fast A2 secondary circuit
C)there was a fast A1 response circuit and then an even faster A2 secondary circuit
D)there was a slow A1 response circuit and a fast A2 secondary circuit

Question 36

Jerry usually injects heroin in his bedroom listening to music.One day,Jerry went to a hotel room where he injected the same amount of heroin than he usually did in his bedroom.What will happen to Jerry?

A)Nothing will happen.
B)Jerry will feel higher than he normally does.
C)Jerry will feel less high than he normally does.
D)Jerry will overdose.

Question 37

When animals are exposed to brief shock,their initial reaction is hyperactivity followed by hypoactivity.If a conditioned stimulus is paired with the shock,the results will be ______.

A)conditioning of hyperactivity known as the acquired excitement response
B)conditioning of increased sensitivity to pain known as the hyperalgesia response
C)conditioning of the freezing response known as a conditioned emotional response
D)conditioning of a decreased sensitivity to pain known as the conditioned hyperalgesia response

Question 38

The most important assumption of Wagner's SOP model is that ______.

A)only the A2 component elicited by the unconditioned stimulus can be conditioned
B)conditioned responses and unconditioned responses are always the same responses
C)conditioned responses and unconditioned responses are always opposite responses
D)the nature of the conditioned response cannot be predicted from the nature of the unconditioned response

Question 39

Wagner and Brandon introduced AESOP to replace SOP because ______.

A)not every response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus can be conditioned to a conditioned stimulus
B)drugs like morphine support opponent conditioned responses but shock supports normal conditioned responses
C)different A2 responses elicited by the same unconditioned stimulus have correspondingly different optimal CS-UCS intervals
D)the acquisition and extinction of conditioned responses appear to obey different laws of conditioning

Question 40

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,the conditioned strength is determined by the ability of the ______ to support conditioning.

A)conditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)unconditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Question 41

Roxana and Martin decide to quit smoking by administering shock to their fingers each time they light up a cigarette.They desire to create an association between the cigarette and pain causing an aversion to the cigarette.Roxana has smoked for 20 years but Martin for only 6 months.According to CS preexposure effect,who will stop smoking first?

A)Roxana
B)Martin
C)Roxana and Martin will stop at the same time.
D)Roxana and Martin will not be able to stop.

Question 42

The ______ model proposes that an association may exist between conditioned stimulus 2 and unconditioned stimulus.However,it may not be evident in terms of a response because there may be a stronger conditioned stimulus 1-unconditioned stimulus association.

A)Wagner-Bernard
B)preexposure
C)comparator
D)Wilcox-Johnson

Question 43

When a salient cue and a nonsalient cue are presented together with an unconditioned stimulus,the salient cue will accrue more associative strength than the nonsalient cue.This is called ______.

A)preconditioning
B)overshadowing
C)potentiation
D)behavioral contrast

Question 44

Which of the following is correct?

A)Associative strength is greatest at the beginning of training.
B)Associative strength is weakest at the beginning of training.
C)Associative strength increases as training progresses.
D)Associative strength remains the same as training progresses.

Question 45

Which of the following is part of Mackintosh's view of conditioning?

A)Animals seek information from their environments in order to predict important events.
B)Animals actively participate in the conditioning process.
C)A stimulus that carries no information about the unconditioned stimulus will be ignored.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 46

In the comparator model,a conditioned stimulus paired with the unconditioned stimulus will elicit a response only if ______.

A)overshadowing by another conditioned stimulus occurs
B)no other conditioned stimuli in the conditioning situation have a higher associative strength with the unconditioned stimulus
C)all other conditioned stimuli have been extinguished
D)the conditioned stimulus's associative strength is potentiated by the presence of additional conditioned stimuli

Question 47

The cue deflation effect is due to ______.

A)the development of increased associative strength to a more salient conditioned stimulus when a less salient conditioned stimulus is removed
B)resistance to extinction that occurs to a conditioned stimulus that is a reliable predictor of the unconditioned stimulus
C)the removal of all overt conditioned stimuli leaving time for other conditioned stimuli
D)increased responding to a less salient conditioned stimulus when the more salient conditioned stimulus has undergone extinction

Question 48

Which of the following is incorrect about the Rescorla-Wagner model?

A)There is a maximum associative strength that can develop between a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus.
B)Associative strength decreases with each training trial.
C)The rate of conditioning varies depending upon the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus used.
D)Conditioning on one trial is influenced by the amount of prior conditioning and previous conditioning to other stimuli paired with the UCS.

Question 49

One area not predicted well by the Rescorla-Wagner model includes ______.

A)potentiation
B)CS preexposure
C)cue deflation
D)all of these

Question 50

Wagner and Brandon introduced AESOP to replace SOP because ______.

A)not every response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus can be conditioned to a conditioned stimulus
B)drugs like morphine support opponent conditioned responses but shock supports normal conditioned responses
C)the acquisition of extinction of conditioned responses appears to obey different laws of conditioning
D)different A2 responses elicited by the same unconditioned stimulus have different optimal conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus intervals

Question 51

Mackintosh's attentional theory claims that conditioned response strength is determined by the ability of the ______ to support conditioning.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)conditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)unconditioned response

Question 52

Wagner and Brandon contend there are two distinct unconditioned response sequences.These include ______.

A)an emotive sequence and a pain sequence
B)a sensory sequence and an emotive sequence
C)an olfactory sequence and a sensory sequence
D)a pain sequence and an emotive sequence

Question 53

John is exposed to two stimuli (a bright blue light and a dull,light blue light)together with an unconditioned stimulus.Which light will accrue the most associative strength?

A)the bright blue light
B)the dull,light blue light
C)Both will accrue the same associative strength.
D)Neither will accrue associative strength.

Question 54

During the past 3 months,you have had several bouts of the flu.Recently,you went to a restaurant where you consumed a new food you had never tasted before.That evening you became sick.However,you do not associate eating this new food with being sick.This is called ______.

A)contrast blocking
B)overshadowing
C)cue confabulation
D)UCS preexposure effect

Question 55

According to Wagner's research,______.

A)backward conditioning can yield an excitatory conditioned response
B)forward conditioning does not yield an excitatory conditioned response
C)backward conditioning always produces lower excitatory conditioned responses
D)none of these are correct

Question 56

In the Rescorla-Wagner model,associative strength increases on each trial until ______.

A)the maximum conditioning supported by the conditioned stimulus is reached
B)the maximum conditioning supported by the unconditioned stimulus is reached.
C)the maximum conditioning supported by the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus interval is reached
D)the maximum conditioning supported by the conditioned response is reached

Question 57

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,why does blocking occur?

A)the initial conditioned stimulus requires most of the conditioning supported by the unconditioned stimulus leaving little to conditioning for the additional conditioned stimulus
B)when conditioning to the original conditioned stimulus makes it difficult for the animal to attend to the additional conditioned stimulus
C)when the initial conditioned stimulus is more salient than the added conditioned stimulus
D)the initial conditioned stimulus is contiguous with the unconditioned stimulus,while the added conditioned stimulus is not

Question 58

Overshadowing,blocking,and predictiveness phenomena have been explained by the ______.

A)Rescorla-Wagner model
B)comparator model
C)attentional model
D)all of these are correct

Question 59

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,the UCS preexposure effect is due to ______.

A)conditioning contextual cues during preexposure blocks conditioning to the conditioned stimulus
B)the total amount of associative strength supported by the unconditioned stimulus declines with preexposure
C)the surprise value of the unconditioned stimulus is weakened by preexposure
D)the animal is less likely to attend to the conditioned stimulus after unconditioned stimulus preexposure

Question 60

Ben and Jerry are at the mall enjoying some licorice ice cream.However,Jerry has a cold and can taste the ice cream but not smell it.After consuming massive amounts of ice cream,both Ben and Jerry suffer severe stomach cramps.Ben forms a strong aversion to the licorice ice cream,while Jerry only forms a milder version.This is probably due to ______.

A)overshadowing
B)CS preexposure effect
C)potentiation
D)higher-order conditioning

Question 61

The Rescorla-Wagner model cannot successfully explain the CS preexposure affect and the UCS preexposure affect.

Question 62

Different amygdala circuits are activated by predictive and surprising events.

Question 63

According to Wagner and Brandon's AESOP model,a conditioned stimulus would activate a strong conditioned response but only a weak emotive conditioned response or vice versa .

Question 64

The procedure in which tone-shock follows rather than precedes tone light shock pairings is called backwards conditioning.

Question 65

Describe Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory.

Question 66

Explain sometimes-opponent-process theory.

Question 67

Preexposure to a conditioned stimulus retards the development of a conditioned response to that same stimulus compared with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 68

According to Siegel,what is drug tolerance? What evidence is available to support Siegel's model?

Question 69

Animals generally seek information from the environment that predicts the occurrence of unconditioned stimuli.

Question 70

Overdoses are possible when any drug that has been experienced enough to produce tolerance is consumed in a new environment.

Question 71

The conditioned response of fear activates the same sensory systems as the conditioned response for pain.

Question 72

Depending upon the environment,small amounts of drugs can produce the same symptoms as a larger dose.

Question 73

Explain how retrospective processing,Mackintosh's attentional,and Rescorla-Wagner account for CS preexposure.

Question 74

Divergent results obtained from different measures of conditioning are a problem with sometimes-opponent-process theory.

Question 75

Backward conditioning can yield an excitatory conditioned response if the CS is presented just prior to the peak of the A2 unconditioned response.

Question 76

According to Rescorla and Wagner,associative strength increases with each training trial.

Question 77

According to McIntosh,preexposure to the conditioned stimulus before conditioning produces learned irrelevance to the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 78

Wagner contends that conditioning only occurs to the A1 component of the unconditioned response.

Question 79

Pavlov contends the conditioned response and the unconditioned response are the same thing.

Question 80

How does Rescorla-Wagner,comparator,and attentional theory explain the blocking effect?