Deck 11: Cognitive Control of Behavior

Question 1

A person has made reservations and is planning to visit a five-star restaurant.However,when they arrive,they find out the restaurant had a fire and is closed.According to Tolman,what type of restaurant will the person then settle for?

A)a fast-food restaurant
B)a three-star sushi restaurant
C)a three-star steak restaurant
D)only another five-star restaurant

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Sarah has always cut her hair at Stephan's hair salon because the hairdressers are excellent.Sarah has come to expect an exceptionally good haircut each time she visits Stephan's.This is an example of Dickinson's ______ expectation.

A)behavior-reinforcer belief
B)primary reinforcer belief
C)associative-link
D)S-R associative status

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Individuals expect rewards to occur in certain places,they then follow the path leading to that space.This is a statement ______ would make.

A)Hull
B)Spence
C)Tolman
D)Carpenter

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Grid cells are located in the ______.

A)hippocampus
B)hypothalamus
C)parietal lobe
D)entorhinal cortex

Question 5

For Tolman,which of the following statements is correct?

A)Reward motivates behavior and is necessary for all learning.
B)Reward is necessary for us to develop a cognitive map.
C)Reward motivates behavior but does not affect learning.
D)Learning motivates reward and allows us to develop a cognitive map.

Question 6

Joe always listens to the traffic reports while driving home on the freeway.One day,Joe hears that there is a major traffic jam about 5 miles ahead of his current location.According to Tolman,Joe would ______.

A)continue to drive his usual route
B)begin to experience frustration which disrupts his driving
C)begin to think about an alternate route around the traffic jam based on his past learning
D)go back to his office

Question 7

In general,well-learned behavior is typically under the control of ______ processes.

A)mechanistic
B)cognitive
C)social
D)modeling

Question 8

For Tolman,______.

A)behavior was goal oriented
B)behavior was due to an S-R association
C)behavior reflects an automatic response to an environmental event
D)none of these are correct

Question 9

A person goes to a restaurant that has great sushi.As a result,the person knows that when going to this particular restaurant they will receive great sushi.This is an example of a ______ expectancy.

A)associative
B)concept
C)behavior-reinforcement belief
D)situational

Question 10

In general,the Tolman and Honzik's alternative path experiment demonstrates ______.

A)that animals will always choose the shortest path to reach a goal even when it is blocked
B)that behavior is changed when the reward is different
C)that habits will influence behavior
D)that knowledge of the environment rather than habit often influences behavior

Question 11

Results of Tolman's latent-learning experiments indicate that ______.

A)reward is required for learning to influence behavior
B)learning does not require reward.However,for animals to perform what they have already learned,reward must be present
C)most of what animals learn is hidden from view,and it is only when we remove rewards from a test situation that we are able to know what they have truly learned
D)learning requires that rewards be provided when the correct response is made

Question 12

Learning that occurs without reward is called ______.

A)place learning
B)grid learning
C)concept learning
D)latent learning

Question 13

When an animal or person experiences an event,they develop a mental representation of the experience.This is called ______.

A)an associative link
B)latent learning
C)an expectancy
D)a habit

Question 14

According to the text,response learning is superior to place learning in rats ______.

A)when subjects must quickly learn a behavior to avoid or terminate an aversive event
B)when they are extremely old and cannot orientate to visual cues
C)when they have been genetically bred to be response learners
D)when there are not enough cues available to allow for spatial orientation

Question 15

In the Tolman and Honzik's alternative path experiment,animals were placed in a maze where after several trials they found that one particular path (Path A)was the shortest to get food.The animals then proceed to always use Path
A)After several additional trials,Path A was blocked and the animal needed to choose a different path.Which path did the animal choose?

A)the animal chose random paths to get to the food
B)the animal chose Path B
C)the animal chose Path C
D)the animal stopped responding and did not go on any path

Question 16

______ cells respond when an animal enters a specific location.

A)Marker
B)Place
C)Spatial
D)Map

Question 17

An animal or person's knowledge of the environment is referred to as ______.

A)perception
B)sensation
C)cognition
D)conceptualization

Question 18

______ and ______ cells respond to locations in the physical environment.

A)marker; place
B)marker; grid
C)place; spatial
D)place; grid

Question 19

When a person sees the McDonald's Golden Arches,they immediately think of a Big Mac.This is an example of a ______.

A)behavior-reinforcement belief
B)associative-link expectancy
C)latent learning
D)anticipatory concept learning

Question 20

In general,new learning is under the control of ______ processes.

A)mechanistic
B)cognitive
C)social
D)modeling

Question 21

Expectancies with knowledge that performing a specific behavior will result in the occurrence of specific reinforcement is called ______.

A)behavior-reinforcement beliefs
B)reinforcement evaluation effect
C)punishment devaluation effect
D)behavioral enhancement

Question 22

Jack has recently graduated college and is applying for jobs.However,nothing he seems to do helps him get a new job.Now Jack has begun to believe that he can do nothing to get a job and that his life cannot be controlled by his behavior.Jack is experiencing ______.

A)situational awareness
B)learned autonomy
C)learned helplessness
D)learned irrelevance

Question 23

Joe believes that external forces determine his success or failure.This is an example of an ______.

A)global attribution
B)external attribution
C)specific attribution
D)creational attribution

Question 24

According to Dickinson,______ is (are)initially under the control of behavior-reinforcement beliefs.However,with more training,S-R ______ develop and control behavior.

A)operant behavior; habits
B)Pavlovian conditioning; contingencies
C)habits; contingencies
D)operant behavior; expectancies

Question 25

Seligman contends depression develops because ______.

A)structures in the prefrontal cortex stop stimulus response associations
B)outside forces create contingencies that stop stimulus response associations
C)internal forces create contingencies that stop stimulus response expectations
D)people believe they are helpless to control their own destinies

Question 26

In the original work by Maier and Seligman,dogs that displayed the learned helplessness effect received ______ before being trained in an avoidance task.

A)tone-food pairings
B)passive avoidance conditioning
C)tone-shock pairings
D)inescapable shock

Question 27

The control of response by habit rather than by expectation is called ______.

A)irrelevant expectancy
B)reinforcer devaluation
C)behavioral autonomy
D)operant reinforcer contingency

Question 28

An expectation is defined as ______.

A)a stimulus-response association that is strengthened by reward
B)a response-reinforcement association developed through operant conditioning
C)a mental representation of event contingencies
D)the ability to perceive the intentions of others

Question 29

Tina has suffered many rejections lately.Nothing she seems to do prevents those rejections,and now she has begun to believe that events in her life cannot be controlled by her behavior.According to Seligman,the expectation that life events cannot be controlled is called ______.

A)learned optimism
B)learned irrelevance
C)learned helplessness
D)learned autonomy

Question 30

Risley demonstrated that depressed people attribute their success to ______.

A)external factors such as help from others
B)external factors such as luck and task ease
C)internal factors such as effort
D)internal factors such as knowledge about the contingencies

Question 31

Animals who are helpless and humans who are depressed often experience ______.

A)increased interest in rewarding activities
B)decreased interest in rewarding activities
C)situational interest in rewarding activities
D)only focus on rewarding activities that provide significant reinforcement

Question 32

According to Dickinson,associative-link knowledge contains information about ______.

A)a response and reinforcement relationship learned on the basis of drive reduction
B)knowledge of the contiguity between two events
C)an irrelevant incentive effect
D)a drive contingency learned on the basis of contiguity

Question 33

According to Dickinson,expectations containing information about the consequences of a specific action are called ______.

A)behavior accommodation
B)means-end-readiness
C)a behavior-reinforcer belief
D)experience-based behavior

Question 34

Learned helplessness theories in humans have produced only small effects.One reason for this result may be due to ______.

A)ethical issues associated with exposing human subjects to severe aversive events
B)shock in humans is not as aversive as it is within animal subjects
C)humans have more cognitive processing and are more immune to learned helplessness
D)humans have alternative escape mechanisms that are different from animals

Question 35

Damage to the ______ mediates the development of S-R habits.

A)amygdala
B)dorsolateral striatum
C)prefrontal cortex
D)thalamus

Question 36

Dickinson contends that Pavlovian conditioning is based on ______,while operant conditioning is based on ______.

A)behavior-belief representation; associative-link expectancy
B)a CS-CR association; response-reinforcement
C)a CS-UCR association; response contingency
D)a CS-UCS associative link; behavior-reinforcer belief

Question 37

Individuals learn that events occur independently of their behavior.For Seligman,the expectancy that these events are uncontrolled is called ______.

A)expectancy depreciation
B)learned helplessness
C)pathological depression
D)fate

Question 38

Which is not a causal attribution or explanations of failure for Seligman?

A)personal-universal
B)global-specific
C)stable-unstable
D)personal-global

Question 39

Rizley demonstrated that depressed individuals attribute their failure to ______.

A)external factors such as prejudice
B)external factors such as luck
C)internal factors such as lack of effort
D)outside factors that are independent of their effort

Question 40

The ______ plays a critical role in associating environmental events with food and the establishment of behavior-food reinforcement outcome representations.

A)hypothalamus
B)basal ganglia
C)basolateral amygdala
D)thalamus

Question 41

When a person takes a biochemistry exam and fails,they may become depressed if only one instructor teaches the class but not if there are multiple instructors.This relates to the concept of ______ attributions.

A)global versus situational
B)personal versus universal
C)causal versus specific
D)stable versus unstable

Question 42

A man's proposal for a date is rejected.If he attributes his rejection to an internal,stable,global factor,he will ______.

A)experience anxiety
B)create an external explanation for the rejection
C)identify external explanations for the rejection
D)become depressed

Question 43

Severe depression occurs when individuals attribute their failure to ______.

A)external,situational,and specific factors
B)internal,global,and stable factors
C)internal,situational,and specific factors
D)external,situational,and global factors

Question 44

A person will not become depressed if they attribute rejection on a date to ______.

A)external,stable,specific factors
B)external,unstable,specific factors
C)internal,stable,specific factors
D)internal,global,unstable factors

Question 45

A ______ of a concept is the object that contains the greatest number of attributes in common with other members of the concept.

A)attribute
B)genotype
C)prototype
D)expectation

Question 46

One major brain structure involved with learned helplessness is ______.

A)the amygdala
B)the locus coeruleus
C)the basal ganglia
D)the prefrontal cortex

Question 47

Sally contends that many new factors determine whether or not she will be successful at her job.This is an example of a ______.

A)global attribution
B)stable attribution
C)specific attribution
D)unstable attribution

Question 48

A symbol that represents a class or group of objects with common properties such as an airplane or dog is called a ______.

A)concept
B)association
C)expectation
D)phoneme

Question 49

Positive explanatory styles create expectations of ______.

A)hopelessness
B)hopefulness
C)situational arousal
D)conflict avoidance

Question 50

Which of the following is a type of learned helplessness?

A)universal
B)situational
C)global
D)specific

Question 51

The following neurotransmitters have been implicated in learned helplessness: ______.

A)glutamate and norepinephrine
B)dopamine and ketamine
C)acetylcholine and glutamate
D)norepinephrine and acetylcholine

Question 52

A person will become depressed if they attribute their rejection on a date to ______.

A)internal,unstable,specific factors
B)external,stable,global factors
C)internal,stable,global factors
D)internal,global,specific factors

Question 53

Josephine contends that her past successes will determine future outcomes.This is an example of a ______.

A)stable attribution
B)global attribution
C)specific attribution
D)creational attribution

Question 54

______ defines which objects or events are examples of a concept.

A)Attributes
B)Rules
C)Associations
D)Expectations

Question 55

Which of the following is a type of learned helplessness?

A)global
B)specific
C)personal
D)situational

Question 56

When a person believes they can or cannot execute a particular action,this is called ______.

A)situational contrast
B)context specification
C)ideation control
D)efficacy expectation

Question 57

When a person states,the reason I failed the exam is because I am totally incompetent.This is an example of ______.

A)situational helplessness
B)universal helplessness
C)personal helplessness
D)global helplessness

Question 58

Concepts have two main properties.They include ______.

A)rules and attributes
B)size and color
C)phonemes and expectations
D)concepts and associations

Question 59

When a person takes an accounting exam and believes it is so difficult that no one could pass,this is an example of ______.

A)situational helplessness
B)personal helplessness
C)universal helplessness
D)global helplessness

Question 60

A person states,no matter what course I take or how much I study for a test,my grades never show how much I have learned.According to the attributional model of depression,this person appears to be making an attribution that is ______.

A)internal,stable,and global
B)external,stable,and specific
C)internal,unstable,and specific
D)external,unstable,and global

Question 61

The prototype of the concept is the object that has the greatest number of attributes in common with other members of the concept.

Question 62

Describe Tolman's view of learning.

Question 63

Seligman developed the concept of learned helplessness.

Question 64

The word car is an example of a concept.

Question 65

Concept learning occurs through ______.

A)associative learning only
B)hypothesis testing only
C)situational testing only
D)associative and hypothesis testing

Question 66

Cognition refers to an animal or person's knowledge of the environment.

Question 67

The similarity of behavior between helpless subjects and depressed individuals provides support for Seligman's model of learned helplessness.

Question 68

Attributes are features of an object or event that varies from one instance to another.

Question 69

Concepts can be learned by ______ about the attributes of the concept or about the rules defining the concept.

A)creating expectations
B)testing hypotheses
C)examining the situation
D)generalizing

Question 70

A behavior-reinforcement belief expectancy contains knowledge of the contiguity between two events.

Question 71

For Tolman,expectations will transfer into behavior even if we are not motivated.

Question 72

The role of response by habit rather than expectation is called behavioral autonomy.

Question 73

Neurons in the prefrontal cortex encode the motivational and reinforcing properties of cues leading to reinforcement-seeking behavior.

Question 74

What is the importance of place cells and grid cells? Where are they found?

Question 75

Learning must have a reward.

Question 76

Place cells and grid cells respond to specific locations in the physical environment.

Question 77

An external attribution is the belief that internal characteristics cause the outcome.

Question 78

For Hull,concept learning was a form of ______ learning.

A)generalization
B)discrimination
C)associative
D)operant

Question 79

Expectancies are mental representations of event contingencies.

Question 80

For Tolman,expectations control the direction of our drives.