Deck 5: Motivation at Work

Question 1

In what way are the motivation theories of Maslow and Alderfer similar?

A) Maslow's belongingness falls into Alderfer's growth.
B) Maslow's five classifications align to Alderfer's three classifications.
C) Maslow progression theory aligns to Alderfer's regression hypothesis.
D) Maslow's self-actualization falls into Alderfer's existence classification.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What are the first and last needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs model?

A) achievement,power
B) security,social
C) power,affiliation
D) physiological,self-actualization

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is a relationship between Alderfer's growth category and Maslow's need hierarchy?

A) safety and security
B) self-esteem and self-actualization
C) interpersonal esteem
D) social

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which statement best exemplifies current motivation theories?

A) The reinforcement approach to motivation has been found to be superior to other motivational models.
B) The motivational models that make strong economic assumptions regarding human motivation have received the most universal acceptance.
C) There are several approaches to motivation,and one or another may be useful in specific organizational contexts,with specific individuals or groups,at different times.
D) Freud's psychodynamic theory of motivation has generally been supported with the strongest empirical evidence.

Question 5

You have accepted a job offer and will shortly begin working in your first professional job.Your company provides a very competitive salary and benefit package.Your attention is now directed to learning and advancement opportunities.What would Alderfer and McGregor call your new concerns?

A) relatedness and Theory X
B) existence and Theory Y
C) growth and Theory Y
D) growth and Theory X

Question 6

What need applies to wanting to be successful in your job?

A) security
B) achievement
C) affiliation
D) power and dominance

Question 7

According to research done on Herzberg's two-factor theory,what is both a hygiene factor and a motivational factor?

A) achievement
B) pay
C) advancement
D) coworker relations

Question 8

Which statement best summarizes Maslow's progression hypothesis?

A) Needs are ordered.
B) Individuals will move down the hierarchy as well as up the hierarchy.
C) Only ungratified needs motivate behaviour.
D) Higher order needs are more important than lower order needs.

Question 9

Nora,as a manager,has a high concern for others and is interested in pursuing organizational goals as part of the larger group.What does Nora demonstrate?

A) high need for personal power
B) high need for socialized power
C) high need for affiliation
D) high need for achievement

Question 10

If hygiene factors are poor or absent,what is most likely to result?

A) A dissatisfied employee will work harder to try to change a poor situation.
B) A dissatisfied employee will complain about whatever is poor.
C) A satisfied employee will complain about their work environment.
D) A satisfied employee will remain loyal to the organization.

Question 11

Suppose you asked your employees to create stories based on pictures and then analyzed them to determine their motivation.Which theory represents this concept?

A) ERG theory
B) Maslow's theory
C) McClelland's need theory
D) Alderfer's theory

Question 12

Who is credited with creating the Protestant ethic?

A) Adam Smith
B) Sigmund Freud
C) John Calvin
D) Max Weber

Question 13

You own and operate a small business that employs 25 people.You are considering cancelling extended health and hospitalization insurance for your employees because of increasing costs.If you do cancel these benefits,which need will become of greater concern to your employees?

A) safety and security
B) self-esteem
C) affiliation
D) self-actualization

Question 14

Your manager has a strong desire to control others.Which learned need does this manager subconsciously exhibit?

A) power
B) achievement
C) affiliation
D) safety and security

Question 15

Which statement applies to Herzberg's beliefs?

A) People have the need for affiliation.
B) People want to avoid pain and have the need for affiliation.
C) People want autonomy and a desire to psychologically grow.
D) People want to avoid pain and have a desire to psychologically grow.

Question 16

After working as a sales associate in an appliance store for six months,you become dissatisfied with various rules and regulations.What explains your dissatisfaction?

A) relatedness concerns
B) motivation factors
C) hygiene factors
D) Theory Y assumptions

Question 17

What is a major difference between motivation factors and hygiene factors?

A) Motivation factors concern negative aspects of the job environment; hygiene factors concern personal appearance.
B) Motivation factors are controlled by supervisors; hygiene factors are contained within the job.
C) Motivation factors can be activated only when pay and benefits are acceptable; hygiene factors allow self-actualization whenever present.
D) Motivation factors deal with job characteristics that are intrinsic to the job; hygiene factors deal with characteristics of the work environment or factors extrinsic to the job.

Question 18

What is a valid conclusion regarding Herzberg's two-factor theory and an employee's desire to excel on the job?

A) Hygiene factors are of critical value.
B) Motivation factors are not necessarily essential.
C) Both motivational and hygiene factors are essential.
D) Hygiene factors are of some importance up to a threshold level.

Question 19

Which of the following is based on the needs related to the avoidance of pain and the desire for psychological growth?

A) Herzberg's two-factor theory
B) McClelland's need theory
C) Maslow's need hierarchy
D) McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

Question 20

Derek's manager considered him lazy and self-centred.What theory is this an example of?

A) Theory X
B) Theory Y
C) Theory Z
D) motivation

Question 21

According to the textbook,what is a requirement for goal-setting theory?

A) extrinsic rewards
B) moral maturity
C) autonomous workforce
D) employee commitment

Question 22

What is one way that North American motivation theories differ from that of other cultures?

A) Other cultures do not value Maslow's hierarchy of need as much.
B) Other cultures do not value achievement as much.
C) Other cultures do not value motivation as much.
D) Other cultures do not value goal setting as much.

Question 23

What factor is commonly used to motivate Olympic athletes?

A) extra training rewards
B) recognition rewards
C) cash rewards
D) patriotism rewards

Question 24

Which statement best exemplifies the relationship between hygiene and motivation factors?

A) They are independent.
B) They are interdependent.
C) They are additive.
D) They are positively related.

Question 25

What is one of the limitations of expectancy theory?

A) It cannot explain why people work to maximize their personal outcomes.
B) It cannot explain altruistic behaviour for the benefit of others.
C) It cannot explain the consistent results of the research.
D) It is the valence of an outcome.

Question 26

Which factor would be an element of a goal that states sales must increase by three percent?

A) time bound
B) measurable
C) achievable
D) realistic

Question 27

What is a defining characteristic of equity theory?

A) It focuses on distributive justice.
B) It focuses on procedural justice.
C) It focuses on interactional justice.
D) It focuses on equation justice.

Question 28

Josh is comfortable with an equity ratio greater than Dan,even though they perform the same job,work the same hours,and their work effort is very similar.According to revisions in equity theory,which statement exemplifies Josh?

A) Josh is an Entitled.
B) Josh is a Giver.
C) Josh is a Benevolent.
D) Josh lacks loyalty.

Question 29

According to expectancy theory,what do individuals base their behaviour on?

A) dissatisfaction
B) unfulfilled needs
C) feelings of equity
D) anticipated outcomes

Question 30

What type of individual is an employee who does not show concern over a colleague's larger bonus?

A) an equitable individual
B) an entitled individual
C) an equity-sensitive individual
D) a Benevolent

Question 31

According to expectancy theory,what is the probable employee reaction in the case of repeated failure when the likelihood of reward has dropped?

A) reducing effort
B) increasing input
C) increasing effort
D) raising outcome valence

Question 32

Which statement best summarizes equity theory?

A) There is a high need for power,affiliation,and achievement.
B) Motivation is a function of perceived fairness in a social exchange.
C) It is based on motivation and hygiene factors.
D) The theory is based on a hierarchy of needs.

Question 33

An important revision to Adams's original equity theory involves individual preferences for equity.Which of the following applies to an equity-sensitive individual?

A) uncomfortable with an equity ratio less than that of a comparison other
B) uncomfortable with an equity ratio greater than that of a comparison other
C) comfortable with an equity ratio less than that of a comparison other
D) comfortable with an equity ratio equal to that of a comparison other

Question 34

What does the statement,"What are my chances of getting the rewards I value if I satisfactorily complete my job" exemplify?

A) valence
B) instrumentality
C) expectancy
D) equity

Question 35

What motivational theory uses the terms specific,measurable,achievable,realistic,and time-bound?

A) goal-setting
B) need
C) ERG
D) expectancy

Question 36

Which statement would best express your feelings if you did not receive the same recognition as your colleague,for the same amount of effort and work,in a project you had completed together?

A) benevolence
B) negative inequity
C) positive inequity
D) distributive justice

Question 37

What has research indicated is a result of assigning goals to negotiators,which are specific and challenging?

A) The negotiator consistently achieved on average goals.
B) The negotiator consistently achieved lesser profits.
C) The negotiator consistently achieved more profits.
D) The negotiator consistently achieved goals based on past experience.

Question 38

Which theory includes the factors of effort,performance,and outcomes?

A) goal-setting
B) two-factor
C) ERG
D) expectancy

Question 39

According to the expectancy theory of motivation,what can employees most easily adjust?

A) reward
B) expectancy
C) reward distribution
D) effort

Question 40

What is the term for the importance and value placed on a reward in expectancy theory?

A) instrumentality
B) valence
C) need satisfaction
D) likelihood

Question 41

Instrumentality is the value of a reward.

Question 42

Alderfer's growth need,McClelland's need for achievement,and Maslow's self-actualization are similar.

Question 43

When an employee's knowledge and skills match job task demands,an acceptable individual-organizational match will take place.

Question 44

Inequity exists when one person's ratio of inputs to outputs is different than the ratio of a comparison person.

Question 45

Treating employees fairly in who gets what is known as interactional justice.

Question 46

As organizations become increasingly international,pay inequities will become less prevalent.

Question 47

The work an employee does is considered as job satisfaction in Hertzberg's theory.

Question 48

The key constructs in the expectancy theory of motivation are the valence of an outcome,expectancy,and equity.

Question 49

Needs of workers are similar across cultures.

Question 50

A distinguishing feature of Maslow's need hierarchy is the progression hypothesis that says only ungratified needs motivate behaviour.

Question 51

Workplace injustice can trigger aggressive reactions that harm both individuals and the organization.

Question 52

A 'to-do' list is an example of a goal setting activity that focuses you on what is important.

Question 53

Expectancy theory contends that employees must see a strong link between their efforts and results.

Question 54

Hygiene factors are key motivators in New Zealand.

Question 55

Motivation factors relate to job satisfaction and hygiene factors relate to job dissatisfaction in Herzberg's model.

Question 56

ERG theory explains both progression need and gratification up the hierarchy and regression when people are faced with frustration.

Question 57

Managers often make assumptions about what motivates employees.

Question 58

Process theories identify internal factors,typically deficiencies that influence motivation.

Question 59

According to McClelland,personalized power benefits many.

Question 60

McGregor's Theory Y states that people are by nature resistant to change.

Question 61

Briefly identify and explain the goal-setting theory.

Question 62

Match the following:
a.Arousal and activation of goal-directed behaviour
b.Work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain
c.Factors and conditions outside the person that may explain and predict a person's behaviour
d.What is most appropriate and beneficial to the individual
e.Attributes and characteristics inside the individual that determine behaviour
External

Question 63

Match the following:
a.Basic needs for food and water
b.The assumption that people naturally resist change
c.Fulfillment of potential
d.Feeling of self-worth
e.Assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by higher-order needs
Self-Actualization

Question 64

Match the following:
a.Arousal and activation of goal-directed behaviour
b.Work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain
c.Factors and conditions outside the person that may explain and predict a person's behaviour
d.What is most appropriate and beneficial to the individual
e.Attributes and characteristics inside the individual that determine behaviour
Hygiene Factors

Question 65

Maslow and Herzberg approach the study of motivation somewhat differently,but there are also similarities in their ideas.Compare and contrast their views of motivation.

Question 66

Match the following:
a.Arousal and activation of goal-directed behaviour
b.Work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain
c.Factors and conditions outside the person that may explain and predict a person's behaviour
d.What is most appropriate and beneficial to the individual
e.Attributes and characteristics inside the individual that determine behaviour
Motivation

Question 67

Match the following:
a.Basic needs for food and water
b.The assumption that people naturally resist change
c.Fulfillment of potential
d.Feeling of self-worth
e.Assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by higher-order needs
Theory Y

Question 68

Is McGregor's Theory Y more appropriate given today's issues of managing organizational behaviour? Explain.

Question 69

Match the following:
a.Basic needs for food and water
b.The assumption that people naturally resist change
c.Fulfillment of potential
d.Feeling of self-worth
e.Assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by higher-order needs
Physiological Needs

Question 70

Match the following:
a.Arousal and activation of goal-directed behaviour
b.Work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain
c.Factors and conditions outside the person that may explain and predict a person's behaviour
d.What is most appropriate and beneficial to the individual
e.Attributes and characteristics inside the individual that determine behaviour
Self-Interest

Question 71

Equity theory can be used to explain consequences stemming from differences in pay.Assume many employees in a department feel underpaid.What do you predict their behaviour and performance to be?

Question 72

Match the following:
a.Basic needs for food and water
b.The assumption that people naturally resist change
c.Fulfillment of potential
d.Feeling of self-worth
e.Assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by higher-order needs
Theory X

Question 73

How can expectancy theory be used to understand behaviour and predict performance?

Question 74

Match the following:
a.Arousal and activation of goal-directed behaviour
b.Work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain
c.Factors and conditions outside the person that may explain and predict a person's behaviour
d.What is most appropriate and beneficial to the individual
e.Attributes and characteristics inside the individual that determine behaviour
Internal

Question 75

Match the following:
a.Basic needs for food and water
b.The assumption that people naturally resist change
c.Fulfillment of potential
d.Feeling of self-worth
e.Assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by higher-order needs
Self-Esteem

Question 76

Collectivistic cultures often reject individual-based incentive plans.

Question 77

What are some of the characteristics of high achievers?